Developed countries especially United States of America(USA) and Canada hadn't taken any Countervailing Measures(CVM) against China before 2004, because they regarded China as a non-market economy(NME) country, and they thought NME country didn't exist the market price, and it is difficult their to calculate or apply the CVM rate in NME country. But China was invoked by Canada and USA with anti-subsidies investigation since April 2004 still they regarded China as a non-market economy(NME) country. So this paper will mainly analyze the case concerning among China, USA and Canada anti-subsidies investigations against China in the Special Import Measures Act(SIMA) in Canada, United States Countervailing Duty Law(USCVD) in USA, WTO SCM Agreement, and discuss the substantive claims of contracting parties, and find the problems of Chinese subsidy system and Chinese granted' WTO SCM Agreement. Through these cases, Chinese government should adjust its domestic industrial system and subsidy system which will lead to international disputes especially prohibited subsidies.

미국 인구 십만명당 무려 756명이 교정시설에 수용되어 있으며, 이는 세계의 인구 십만명당 158명이 재소자인 것과 비교할 때 거의 다섯 배가 많은 것이다. 나아가 거의 5백만명이 보호관찰 대상자이거나 가석방 이후 보호관찰을 받고 있다. 이로 인해 미국은 매 년 680억 달러의 예산을 부담하고 있다. 2008년 이후 경제적 불황이 계속되자 미국 정부는 교정예산을 절감할 방안을 모색하기 시작 했으며, 2009년 이후 연방정부 및 주정부는 본격적으로 교정예산을 삭감하였다. 각 주정부는 수용자에 대하여 가석방조건을 완화하여 대대적인 가석방을 진행 하고 있으며, 재소자에 대하여 식사횟수를 줄이거나 간식지급 중단, 의료적 지원 중단 및 제한 등의 수용비를 절감하는 조치들을 취하고 있다. 또한 교정공무원들에 대한 임금동결이나 임금삭감은 물론이며, 관리직을 없애거나 감원시키고 있다. 또한 일부 주에서는 신규채용을 전면적으로 중단하였다. 이와 함께 각 교정당국이 지역사회에 위탁운영하던 지역사회 교정처우 프로그램을 중단하거 나 축소하는 조치를 취하고 있으며, 심지어는 성범죄자 및 약물중독자들에 대한 특수 교정프로그램을 중단하는 등 교정예산을 절감하기 위한 정책들을 앞 다퉈 내놓고 있다. 그러나 이러한 미국의 교정개혁은 갑자기 석방된 범죄자들에 의한 재범위험으로 시민의 안전이 위협받는다는 지적과 예산감축을 이유로 구금처우 가 필요한 수용자들까지 사회내 처우로 전환하는 것은 바람직하지 않다는 지적을 받고 있다. 또한 가족과 지역사회로 복귀한 가석방 대상자들에 대하여 교정에 대한 전문지식이 없는 가족이나 지역주민에게 교정의무를 부담지운다는 문제점이 있다. 나아가 결국은 이러한 방법들이 교정예산을 감축하는 효과는 있지만 결국은 교정의 사회적 비용을 증가시키는 것에 불과하다는 비난도 있다. 이 와 같은 미국의 교정행정 개혁의 문제점이 있음에도 불구하고 이러한 교정행정은 기존의 구금처우위주에서 탈피하려는 정책이나 범죄자 교정처우에 가족과 지역사회를 적극 활용하는 등의 시도는 경제적 불황이라는 공통의 문제를 각국에 그 영향을 줄 수밖에 없다. 따라서 이점에서 한국의 교정행정은 다음과 같이 그 정책적 시사점을 정리할 수 있다. 첫째, 교정행정예산의 배정과 사용에 대한 엄격한 통제와 감시가 있어야 한다. 둘째, 구금처우를 줄이고 이를 대체할 수 있는 중간처우 혹은 사회내 처우를 다양하게 개발하여야 한다. 또한 이에 대한 효과와 비용분석이 따라야 한다. 셋째, 특수사범에 대한 의료적 지원과 교정프로 그램에 대한 효과적인 운영 및 이들에 대한 예산지원의 한계에 대한 분석과 사회적 합의를 이끌어낼 필요가 있다. 넷째, 재소자에 대하여 비용부담이 가능한 것인지 그 한계 등에 대한 연구와 검토가 필요하다.

The Y generation born between 1981 and 1995 is the largest consumer group in the United States. This study is to provide an insight of understanding Y generation’s decision factors of purchasing Jeans and the fit issues. This study investigated their purchasing decisions factors, including fit, cost, brand, color, and the media/internet influences. It is revealed that the Y generation might have access to the internet, but they still rely more on their peers and savvy skills to decide what they purchase. They preferred to shop from the land based retail stores rather than the internet. The fit was the most important factor of their purchasing decision, but less concerns of the brand. In this study, 87% of them chose “fit” as the reason to buy a pair of jeans. Fit problems were related to the price category. This study suggests apparel manufacturers should understand Y generation’s fit issues in the global market.

Deciduous tree fruits such as pears and apples are widely grown in the Pacific Northwest of the United States and are well adapted to the seasonal environment in that region. Extended cold periods provide adequate chilling to break dormancy and reinitiate growth in the spring. Cold exposure synchronizes the physiological processes and makes sure that bloom is uniform and that fruit matures in a uniform manner. As a result of global warming, some fruit-growing areas may experience inadequate cold exposure during the winter months, gradually shifting the southern boundary for production of deciduous fruits further north. However, climate change will affect not only growth and fruiting habits of fruit trees but also the insect and mite pests which feed on them. There is general agreement that in temperate regions a trend towards warmer summers and milder winters will generally benefit insect and mite pests and increase their injuriousness. Temperature changes in particular will impact the development, mortality, phenology, and voltinism of fruit pests. Here we discuss how climate change may affect pests and control practices on deciduous tree fruits in the Hood River Valley of northern Oregon. This small valley extends in a north-south direction from the Columbia River to the foothills of Mt. Hood and is characterized by a varied topography and large altitudinal differences (sea level to 600 m). The major pest of pears and apples in that area is codling moth, Cydia pomonella L., a cosmopolitan pest which is present in most deciduous fruit-growing areas of the world. Like its host trees, the codling moth is well adapted to a seasonal environment. Diapause is the principal mechanism which synchronizes its phenology with the tree and the presence of fruit, the larval food source. Diapausing overwintering larvae require cold exposure (chilling) to terminate diapause in late winter or early spring. At the lower elevations close to the Columbia River the codling moth is bivoltine but gradually becomes univoltine at the higher elevations where the growing season is shorter and fewer heat units (above 10oC) are available for development. Long-term temperature records from the lower Hood River Valley indicate that the 25 years since 1985 have been considerable warmer than the 25 years prior to 1985. For instance, the average heat units available for codling moth development over a season have increased by more than 10% over the last 25 years. The codling moth is adapting to this warming trend by gradually increasing its voltinism (number of generations). As a result, the severity of codling moth as a pest can be expected to increase. Therefore, fruit growers will have to adjust and intensify control practices to keep fruit free from codling moth damage. We will also explore how other fruit and foliage feeding pests which are part of the pest complex of pears and apples in northern Oregon fare under different global warming scenarios compared to codling moth.

미국에서 CAFC의 Mallinckrodt 판결, Bandaq 판결 등의 일련의 판결에 의하여 특허권소진은 실제적으로 쉽게 적용을 피할 수 있는 원칙으로서 거의 특허실무에서 실무가들의 기억에서 사라진 원칙이었다. 그런데 LG v. Quanta 사건을 통하여 미국 연방대법원이 방법특허의 예외를 인정하지 않고, 계약에 의한 배제를 위한 조건부 계약의 인정에 대해서도 특허법에 의한 적용에 있어서는 특허권 소진을 인정하지 않았다. 다만 계약에 의한 권리구제의 가능성을 남겨두었다. 미국 연방대법원이 Univis 사건에서 천명하였던 원칙은 여전히 살아있어 반제품의 경우에도 단순한 작업이 남아있다는 사실만으로 특허권의 소진이 인정되지 않는다고 함으로써 특허권침해를 방어하기 위하여 방어하는 측의 소송대리인이 특허권소진항변을 하고 이를 받아들이도록 하는 것은 쉽지 않은 원칙이었다. 미국 연방대법원이 LG v. Quanta 사건을 통하여 전통적인 특허권소진의 부활을 천명함으로써 향후 특허실무상 라이센스 계약을 체결할 때 이중 특허라이센스를 통한 라이센스의 이중수취라는 비난과 함께 특허권소진을 통한 수익감소라는 손해를 입지 않기 위해서는 특허권소진을 충분히 고려하여야 할 것이다.

The incidence of oral cancer varies widely worldwide. Its treatment often produces significant functiona l and cosmetic morbidity and its mortality continues to be high. Strategies for diagnosing, managing and preventing the disease must be based on an understanding of r isk factors and the pathogenesis of the disease locally. The World Health Organizat ion has documented that few countries have a comprehensive a pproach to the diagnosis , management and prevention of cancer at various anatomic sites. This presentation will review the United States’ experience with oral cancer and its strategies fo1' affecting incidence and prognosis . The greatest obs tacles are often political and economic, not scientific.

마약류나 유해화학 물질의 남용에 의한 중독은 사용물질의 종류에 상관없이 질병으로 간주되어야 하고 약물남용자의 치료와 재활은 하나의 일관된 개념에 의해 통합적으로 다루어져야 할 필요가 있다. 그러나 현재 우리나라 약물남용자의 처벌과 치료․재활은 각기 다른 법률에서 다루어지고 있으며 그 처우의 정도가 서로 다르게 규정되어 있고 누락되어 있는 경우도 있다. 또한 치료보호규정이 있는 경우에도 치료와 보호는 형식적으로 운용되고 있어서 중독에 대한 진정한 치료가 불가능하고 재범과 재발을 반복하고 있는 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 미국의 약물법정제도를 분석하여 우리나라의 약물법정제도 운영에 관한 도입 방안을 제시하였다. 특히 본 연구에서는 구체적인 서비스 흐름을 보다 명확하게 하기 위하여 서비스의 전문성, 적절성, 포괄성, 그리고 통합성 등의 서비스 전달체계 중심으로 분석하였다.

The purpose of this paper is to show that South Korean students of Japanese have a gap between their knowledge and usage of Japanese honorifics, and to illustrate misusage of Japanese honorifics by the South Korean students through the analysis of the example sentence, “My father went to the United States.” According to analysis of this paper, native Japanese speakers are influenced by both the UCHI-SOTO relation and the vertical relation of age when they refer to their father. But the students are influenced only by whether “father” is their father or other’s father. Furthermore, the students don’t necessarily recognize the rule in Japanese honorifics, that is, “Do not use the honorifics when you speak of your father to a person outside the family (SOTO).” The conclusion of this paper gives the following suggestive points to the teaching of Japanese honorifics. First, we have to teach that how to refer to “father” varies with the listener. Second, it is required to fully explain the concept of UCHI-SOTO and to make well-known the rule in Japanese honorifics, that is, “Do not use the honorifics when you speak of a person in your group to a person outside your group.”

In the United States, the implementation of educational technology is influenced by many factors, but in elementary-secondary and higher education the recent economic recession forced a slowdown in investments.. In higher education, analog media, such as overhead projection, videos, and slides, are still heavily used. Digital media use is growing, but at a slower rate each year. Most instructors exchange e-mail with students, but smaller percentages use more sophisticated applications. Course management systems, now ubiquitous, are prompting the integration of technology into instruction. Over two-thirds of all universities offer distance education, and enrollments grow by about 25 percent per year. In elementary-secondary education, technology integration has been influenced by the “No Child Left Behind” initiative. Hence, the focus has been on the use of computers as a tool for assessment. When at school, students in grades 4-12 use computers predominately in a computer lab, most commonly to find information, visit school websites, and to take tests. K-3 students use technology to play learning games, create pictures, and practice spelling and reading. The student-per-Internet– connected computer ratio was 4.3:1 in 2004. Schools are going wireless fast. Professional development continues to lag behind teachers’ needs. The largest barriers to greater adoption and use of computers are lack of time to prepare and insufficient technical support. Virtual schools continue to proliferate and attract new students. These findings indicate that pervasive access to information technology infrastructure does not guarantee its use. Social and psychological factors impinge on educators’ use of ICT.

The purposes of this study are to suggest issues to provide more effective vocational training of inmates by investigation differences in training system between Korea and United States. Current training systems are analysed from the viewpoints of operating body, curriculum and performance measurement. The Bureau of Prisons(BOP) in both counties has long recognized the importance of vocational training as an opportunity for inmates to improve their knowledge and skills and to support successful integration into the society. While American BOP establishes open network with other administrative bodies and professional institutes to ensure quality of training, Korea BOP carries out training independently. In addition, in many cases, American institute starts with needs assessment to provide more suitable training based on the level of inmates and try to measure performance results. According to the Federal Bureau of Justice, There is an inverse relationship between recidivism rates and vocational training. The more training received, the less likely an individual is to be re-arrested or re-imprisoned. To improve quality of vocational training of inmates, Korean BOP needs to cooperate with other government bodies and to establish open training network by including professional institutes. In addition, the benefits of vocational training should be measured and publicized to ensure quality of training and to secure funds for inmate vocational program. Furthermore, various job placement programs should be accompanied to provide smooth transition to the society.