We investigated pollination and foraging activities of honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) and bumblebee (Bombus terrestris L.) during flowering season of the asian pear (Pyrus pyrifolia N.) under different weather conditions. There was no significant statistical difference about the pollination activities of two species. However, the pollination activities of bumblebee were more active than those of honeybee under low temperature and rainfall period. The activities of honeybee and bumblebee were more influenced by temperature than other factors (i.e. illumination and wind velocity). Honeybee was more sensitive to temperature and illumination than bumblebee. At low temperatures (<20℃) on cloudy days (<30,000 lux) with a certain wind velocity (>4.0 m/s), the pollination activity of the honeybee was lower twice than that of bumblebee.

Large companies like Nike, Walmart or the German media company Hubert Burda have recently started to use weather data to predict sales and to advertise certain products and services. Technical innovations in particular geo-targeting via GPS and mobile display advertising enable and boost this emerging trend. However, weather not only influences what services and products consumers buy, but also their motivation, mood and risk-taking behavior. Until now there is limited knowledge about the causal effect of weather and so to answer the question: How should advertisers frame their messages depending on the weather condition to increase advertising effectiveness? This study is the first one which addresses this question by conducting a laboratory experiment with 200 participants. The results unravel the underlying mechanism of weather suggesting that good (bad) weather positively (negatively) influences mood, lowers (rises) risk perception and changes motivation/aspiration (i.e., regulatory focus). Most important for advertiser, we found that gain-framed messages were more effective in good weather situation, whereas loss-framed messages were more effective in bad weather.

Efficient and sustainable sea transport is a key aspect to ensure cost competitive ship operation. The constant need to increase economic feasibility, energy efficiency and safety while complying with emission regulations motivates further developments and improvements in voyage optimization and weather routing systems. These systems optimize a voyage based on meteorological and oceanographic information taking into account ship characteristics and routing information. The quality of the provided route not only depends on the quality of this data, but also on the modeling of the optimization problem and the algorithm chosen to solve it. Due to the wide range of mathematical approaches and consequently challenges in decision making, this paper aims to give a comprehensive and comparative overview of the existing state-of-the-art methods by a thorough literature review and elaboration of different modeling approaches, optimization algorithms, and their application in weather routing systems. The research shows that approaches range from modeling the weather routing problem as a constrained graph problem, a constrained nonlinear optimization problem or as combination of both. Based on the formulation of the ship weather routing optimization problem different methods are used to solve it ranging from Dijkstra’s algorithm, dynamic programing and optimal control methods to isochrone methods or iterative approaches for solving nonlinear optimization problems. However, it can be concluded that the determination whether an approach is suitable, produces sufficient results and may be recommended, strongly depends on the specific requirements concerning optimization objectives, control variables and constraints as well as the implementation.

본 연구에서는 재분석 자료(reanalysis data)를 이용하여 동아시아 계절별 평균 기상장을 분석함으로써 동아시아 주요 화산체 분화 시 화산재 확산에 따른 피해 위험 지역을 예측해보고자 하였다. 또한 FALL3D 모형으로 임의의 과거 6개월 간 가상의 백두산 분 화에 따른 화산재 확산 결과를 모의하고, 그 결과를 이용하여 화산재 확산 패턴을 클러스터로 유형화하였다. 마찬가지로 FALL3D에 이용된 WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting model) 기상장 데이터를 기반으로 기상장 클러스터를 정의하였다. 화산재 클러스터와 기상장 클러스터를 비교분석함으로써 화산 분화 당시의 기상장이 화산재 확산 패턴에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다.

월동기간 동안 월동조류의 생리 및 영양학적 상태는 이후 번식지로의 이동성공과 번식성공에 영향을 줄 수 있음은 잘 알려져 있다. 그러나 환경적 요인들이 월동기간 동안 어떻게 몸 상태에 영향을 주어 장기적으로 이동과 번식에 영향을 주는지에 대해서는 아직까지 잘 알려져 있지 않다. 본 연구는 월동기간 동안 온도변화와 월동지에서의 인간 활동에 따른 방해가 개체수준에서의 월동하는 조류의 생활사에 미치는 영향과 번식지로의 이동 및 잠재적 번식 성공에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 동적상태의존 월동 생활사 모델을 개발하였다. 모델에 사용된 지수는 월동개체군에 대한 연구가 잘 수행되어 있는 철원의 두루미 자료를 이용하였다. 모델은 온도 변화나 인간의 방해요인의 영향이 생존과 번식지로의 이동을 위한 에너지 축적 그리고 누적된 스트레스의 감소를 위한 자원 분배에 영향을 주는 것으로 예측하였다. 특히 월동지에 도래한 두루미 몸무게의 회복률은 기온변화가 적고 방해요인의 영향이 낮을수록 빨랐으며, 체내의 누적 스트레스는 기온변화가 크고 방해요인의 영향이 높을수록 회복속도가 낮을 것으로 예측되었다. 또한 월동지의 취식지를 공유하는 다른 종의 밀도가 높을수록 두루미의 몸무게 회복률이 낮은 것으로 예측되었다. 끝으로 모델의 예측된 결과를 통해 월동지에서의 월동조류 보전전략에 대해 고찰하였다.

The high plateaus in west China may provide suitable sites for astronomical observations with the institute's middle-range telescopes and possibly with larger telescopes. Under China-Japan collaborations for site survey in west China, we have been conducting searches for good sites and monitoring their characteristics over several years. As recent results of our site survey show, sites in west Tibet are revealed with a high possibility of good astronomical observations. Weather characteristics at Gar in Ali, Tibet, show its high clear-sky ratios, especially in winter, com- parable to Mauna Kea, Hawaii. But it has some wind problem in winter, where stronger wind speeds, over 20m/sec, occur frequently even though the sky is clear. To find calmer sites, we have conducted numerical simulations for the Ali area using the Japan Meteorological Agency NonHydrostatic Model. We have found another site, named ZoZo Hill, near Gar. We will continue to monitor the Gar site to clarify weather characteristics over the whole year and hopefully start to negotiate for site monitoring at ZoZo Hill this year.

Padded outers (jackets, jumpers or coats) are a popular and “must have” item for cold weather because they provide light weight warmth and good style. This study investigates Korean female’ attitudes and factors on purchase decisions for luxury padding outers by level of involvement. A total of 287 female respondents participated in the survey with data obtained using a random sampling method from on and off line respondents aged20’sto40’sinthe Seoul and Gyeonggi area. The study was based on the Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs and Zaichkowsky’s concept. Respondents were asked to indicate their degree of agreement on a 5 point Likert scaled that measured involvement, attitudes, and decision purchased factors. Factor analysis, cluster analysis, correlation and T test were conducted. A factor analysis on 9 needs/motivation measures about padded outer products indicated two factors of a motivation factor and physiological factor for “expectations to have a more positive outcome”. Involvement related to 10 measures about padded outer products indicated two factors of “personality/desires” and “interest/value”. In addition, two other factors were extracted in attitude measure variables of “positive attitudes” and “negative attitudes” towards premium outers. We realized that “expectations to have a more positive outcome” motivation influenced positive attitudes more than “physiological” motivation about premium padded outers. “Personality” involvement factor correlated highly with “positive” attitude factor towards exclusive padded outers (Pearson r=0.766), while the “interest” involvement factor correlated slightly. We can interpret individuals are very positive towards premium products if someone has expectancy to achieve desirable outcomes and wants to express personality. Clustering from involvement measures based on needs, values and interests were classified into two groups. There was a significant difference in the respondents’ purchase decision factors between two segments based on the levels of involvement (p<0.001). The high product involvement group was brand and country of origin conscious, material conscious, trend sensitive, luxury image seeking, and less padding outer price conscious. The low product involvement group was more color conscious in purchases. The findings imply that different marketing approaches are recommended to target each segment in the outer clothing markets.

Agriculture is classified as a hazardous industry worldwide according to NIOSH and ILO. However, farmers are vulnerable compared to people working in fields (such as mining and construction) that have a greater attention on safety and health. One of the hazardous factors in agriculture would be injury mortality related to extreme environmental conditions. Wearable items in agriculture (including clothing) are the nearest environment of the human body; subsequently, to understand the current state can be a way to establish an active prevention strategy against heat stress health risks from summertime agriculture work. This study investigates agricultural work wear and accessories that elderly farmers use. This study enrolled 120farmers (49males and 71 females) working in nine separate sites on different days. The average age of subjects was 61 years-old. Investigators examined the types of working posture, clothing, and items that the farmers used and/or wore. They also interviewed farmers to understand why they used such items when working. Nine surveys were conducted in 6 regions of South Korea from July 2012 to September, 2012. Environmental conditions were measured at 1.2 m heights above the ground at each site. The types of footwear (in order of foot wrapped area and thermal insulation) farmers wore were slippers, rubber shoes, loafers, running shoes, and boots. For example, the smallest area of the foot was wrapped by slippers while boots wrapped the largest area of the foot. This footwear also had different sole thickness. Loafers were used by the largest number of farmers. The second largest number of farmers used rubber shoes and boots. A total of 77.5% of farmers put on socks, and 85.9% of females and 65.3% of males put on socks. The types of hats which farmers wore were a baseball cap, a bucket hat, a sun cap, a hat for farmers, a towel, and a straw hat. The percentage of farmers wearing no hat during work was 39.2%. Baseball caps were worn by large number of male farmers but the largest percentage of female farmers wore ‘hat for farm work’. More than 50% of farmers working in PVC greenhouses did not wear hats and 25.0% of the farmers working in the fields did not wear hats. Accessories consisted of a belt, a scarf/towel, arm sleeves, gloves, a waist bag, a mask, and tools (weed whacker, scissors, hoe, foam seat pad, pick, rice-planting machine, ice-pack, sickle, shovel, lumbar pad, and integrated umbrella chair). Farmers wore lighter footwear as the weather condition was hotter. Footwear showed a difference with facility (ᵪ2=15.117, df=5, p=0.010) and had a relationship with facility. Lighter footwear was used in the PVC greenhouses rather than fields. The large number of the farmers wore loafers or boots in the fields, but the largest number of farmers in PVC greenhouses wore rubber shoes. A hat showed a difference with facility (ᵪ2=8.844, df=1, p=0.003) Hats had a significant relationship with facilities with more used in the fields rather than in PVC greenhouses. Elderly farmers wore a hat with shorter brim in the PVC greenhouse than in the fields. The type of footwear seemed related with facilities as well as weather. Farmers tended to wear lighter footwear when the weather is hotter or they work in PVC greenhouse. The majority of elderly farmers wore loafers and rubber shoes which had indistinguishable thin soles. The type of hats showed a difference between facilities (as well as gender) and only 31.7% of all participants used long brims.

The world energy crisis and the universal interest in comfort buildings are not only leading the thriving Passive House and Nearly Zero Energy House strategies but also encouraging the development of higher performance HVAC systems and alternative energy sources for occupants and sensible energy consumption. However, household appliances have been used to control the indoor environment such as humidifiers, dehumidifiers and air cleaners are became popular, occupants have come to rely on these appliances heavily and are overusing energy on indoor environment manage easily and quickly. In addition, the intense air tightness of current residential buildings makes possible to reduce harmful outdoor conditions but has made the indoor environment isolated from the outdoors. As well, climate change due to global warming and the urban heat island effect have broken the natural bond between humans and the environment. As high-rise, air tight buildings have become the most common residential building type in South Korea, occupants in high-rise residential buildings inevitably lose the chances to have the natural environment by the change of season to feel the warm sunlights of spring and the dry leafy smell on an autumn breeze. In this sense, regional weather data was analysed to establish comfort residential building strategies that commune with nature and o

본 연구의 목적은 휘발성 유기화합물(VOC)과 먼지(PM)의 배출원 프로파일로부터 화학종 분류를 할당하고, 성김 행렬 조작자 핵심 배출량 시스템(SMOKE) 내에 배출원 분류코드에 따른 배출원 프로파일의 화학종 분류와 시간분배계수를 수정하는 것이다. 기솔린, 디젤 증기, 도장, 세탁, LPG 등과 같은 VOC 배출원 프로파일로부터 화학 종 분류는 탄소 결합 IV (CBIV) 화학 메커니즘과 주 규모 대기오염연구센터 99 (SAPRC99) 화학 메커니즘을 위해 각각 12종과 34종을 포함한다. 또한 토양, 도로먼지, 가솔린, 디젤차, 산업기원, 도시 소각장, 탄 연소 발전소, 생체 연소, 해안 등과 같은 PM2.5 배출원 프로파일로부터 화학종 분류는 미세 먼지, 유기탄소, 원소 탄소, 질산염과 황산염의 5종으로 할당하였다. 게다가 점 및 선 배출원의 시간 프로파일은 2007년 수도권 지역에서의 굴뚝 원격감시시스템(TMS)과 시간별 교통 흐름 자료로부터 구하였다. 특별히 점 배출원에 있어 오존 모델링을 위한 시간분배계수는 굴뚝 원격감시시스템 자료의 NOX 배출량 인벤토리에 근거하여 추정하였다.

기상청에서 제공하는 전체 기상자료와 평년값 자료 및 태양에너지학회에서 제공하는 표준기상데이터를 이용하여 위험률별 난방설계용 외기온과 상대습도, 냉방설계용 건구온도, 습구온도 및 일사량 자료를 분석하였다. 표준 기상데이터는 평균에 가장 가까운 대표성을 갖는 1개년의 데이터로 가공 처리한 매시간별 기상자료이고, 평년 값 자료는 30년(1981~2010년) 평균 일별 기상자료이며, 전체 기상자료는 평년값과 동일기간의 매시간별 기상자료이다. 일부 분석방법은 평년값 자료를 이용하는 경우도 있지만 대부분 매시간별 기상자료가 필요하고 대표성을 갖기 위해서는 표준기상데이터를 이용하는 것이 가장 적합하다. 그러나 현재 표준기상데이터는 서울과 6대 광역시 등 7개 지역만 제공되고 있기 때문에 전국을 커버 할 수 있는 지역별 온실 환경설계용 기상자료의 구축에는 전체 기상자료를 이용할 수밖에 없다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 표준기상데이터가 제공되고 있는 7개 지역을 대상으로 전체 기상자료 및 평년값 자료를 이용한 방법으로 분석하여 표준기상데이터로 구한 값과 비교 검토하였다. 위험률별 설계 기상자료는 전체 기상자료를 이용하여 구한 평균값이 표준기상데이터로 구한 결과와 잘 일치하였다. 따라서 표준기상데이터가 없는 지역의 위험률별 설계용 기상자료는 전체 기상자료를 이용하여 구하고, 전체자료 기간의 평균값을 온실의 환경설계 기준으로 사용하며, 최대값과 최소값을 제공함으로써 참고자료로 활용할 수 있도록 하는 것이 합리적인 방법으로 판단된다. 최근의 기후변화 문제로 냉난방 설계기온의 지 속적인 변화가 예상되므로 이에 대응하기 위해서는 전문 가들로 구성된 온실설계위원회와 같은 기구의 설치가 절실히 요청된다. 위원회에서는 자료기간 및 분석방법에 대한 기준을 설정하고, 최소한 10년 간격의 정기적인 검토를 통하여 기상자료를 분석하고 온실설계기준 및 가이드라인을 제공할 필요가 있다.

최근 기후에 대한 관심이 증가하면서 전국단위 뿐만 아니라 지역 단위에서도 기후 지도가 필요하게 되었다. 본 연구에서는 기상청에서 제공하고 있는 무인자동 기상관측장비(AWS) 자료와 LANDSAT 8호 열적외선 영상을 이용하여 지상 기온 분포도를 제작하는 과정을 제시하였다. 지상 기온 분포도 제작을 위하여 기존에 사용되었던 AWS 자료의 공간 보간 기법, 열적외선 영상으로 부터 지표 온도 추출 기법, AWS 자료와 위성영상을 이용한 지상 기온 추출 기법을 비교하고, 지상 기온 분포도에 적합한 지도 제작 기법을 파악하였다. 본 연구의 결과 지상 기온 분포도 제작을 위해 AWS 자료와 위성영상을 이용한 지상 기온 추출 기법이 가장 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 제시한 과정을 통하여 다양한 지역단위의 기후 지도를 제작할 수 있을 것으로 예상된다.

Bumblebee, Bombus terrestris is widely used to pollinate various crops, especially tomato, in greenhouses. Mason bee, Osmia cornifrons, which is using as apple pollinator. Here we investigated characteristics on pollinating activity of B. terrestris and O. conifrons at different weather conditions in apple orchard. The foraging activity of O. conifrons was more sensitive than that of B. terrestris at weather conditions including temperature, illumination intensity and wind velocity. The pollinating activity of O. conifrons was very low than that of B. terrestris at a low temperature, cloudy, rainy and windy weather. Therefore, Our results indicated that B. terrestris was suitable for apple pollinator than O. conifrons, especially in low temperature and bad weather.

This experiment evaluated the interaction effect of extreme heat diet(EHD), inverse lighting, and cool water on the growth performance of broiler chickens under extreme heat stress. There were 4 experimental groups (T1: EHD 1, 10:00-19:00 dark, 19:00-10:00 light, cold water 9℃; T2: EHD 2, 10:00-19:00 dark, 19:00-10:00 light, cold water 9℃; T3: EHD 1, 09:00-18:00 dark, 18:00-09:00 light, cold water 14℃; T4: EHD 2, 09:00-18:00 dark, 18:00-09:00 light, cold water 14℃), each group composed of 25 broilers and the experiment was repeated 3 times. EHD 1 contained soybean oil, molasses, methionine and lysine. EHD 2 contained all nutrients of EHD 1 and vitamin C additionally. As a result, T1 and T2 displayed higher body weight increase and diet intake compared to T3 and T4 (p<0.05). The weights of their liver and gizzard were similar but the weights of the thymus and bursa F were higher for T1 and T2 compared to that of T3 and T4 (p<0.05). It was observed that T1 and T2 displayed higher concentrations of blood triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-C and blood sugar compared to that of T3 and T4 but LDL-C level was higher for T3 and T4 compared to that of T1 and T2 (p<0.05). T1 and T2 displayed higher levels of immunity substances such as IgG, IgA and IgM compared to T3 and T4 but the blood level of corticosterone displayed to be lower for T1 and T2 compared to T3 and T4 (p<0.05). The T1 and T2 contained a higher amount of fecal lactobacillus compared to that of T3 and T4 but the T3 and T4 contained a higher amount of fecal E. coli, total aerobic bacteria, coliform bacteria compared o that of T1 and T2 (p<0.05). T1 and T2 displayed higher concentrations of cecal acetic acid, ropionic acid and total short chain fatty acids compared to T3 and T4 but T3 and T4 displayed igher concentrations of butyric acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid and isovaleric acid compared to T1 and T2 (p<0.05). These results have been observed that broiler chickens exposed to extreme eat stress with feeding EHD, inverse lighting and cold water would improve blood lipid, and elevate the production of immunity substance, beneficial microorganisms, and short chain fatty acids. This provision would also reduce the blood sugar consumption rate as energy sources and these effects will improve the growth performance of the broilers exposed to extreme heat.

Most of steam power plants in Korea are using the method of heating the feed water whenever the ambient temperature around the power plant area below 5°C to prevent freezing water flowing in the pipe in winter time. But this kind of heat supplying system is not useful to save energy. If we take the method that the temperature of the each pipe is controled by direct measure of temperature by attaching sensor on the outside surface of the feed water tubes, then we can expect that a plenty of energy can be saved. In this study, the computer simulation is used to compare the energy consumption loads of both systems. Energy saving rate is calculated for the location of Incheon area in winter season. Four convection heat transfer coefficients for the ambient air and three initial flowing water temperature inside the tube were used. The result shows that the temperature control system using sensor represents more than 95% of energy saving rate in Incheon area. Even in the severe January weather condition, the energy saving rate is almost 75% in two days basis and even 83% in one day basis.