There are many other detection methods for Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. However, Baermann funnel method, PCR-based methods, which are laborious and time consuming processes that are unsuitable to rapid diagnose the Pine Wilt Disease (PWD) on the field. For these reasons, the aim of our experiment is not only to apply field diagnostic for pine wood nematode (PWN) but also to reduce total time for detection PWN in the pine trees by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) with phosphate (Pi)-induced coloration reaction which could be yes or no answer for detection of PWN has not required UV detector but it just could be discriminated by naked eyes within 30 min. Genomic DNA was directly extracted from pine wood chips by Wood Chips Direct Lysis procedure which can be used for LAMP only after simple dilution. Our results suggest that LAMP-Pi detection method, simple and rapid method for detection of PWN, could be applied to the field diagnostic for PWD.

목판본 ｢탐라지도｣는 여타의 제주도 지도와는 달리 격자 형태의 방격과 한라산을 중심으로 하는 방사상의 방위선이 그려져 있어서 일찍부터 학계의 관심을 끌었다. ｢탐라지도｣는 지도에 기재된 내용으로 볼 때, 1706년에서 1716년 사이에 제작된 것으로 추정된다. 전체적인 해안선의 윤곽과 표현 기법 등은 1709년의 ｢탐라지도병서｣와 유사하여 같은 계열의 지도로 평가된다. 지도는 텍스트인 주기문을 같이 수록하고 있는데 제주도의 위치관계, 도서, 명소 등에 대한 내용으로 이루어져 있다. ｢탐라지도｣는 방격법과 방위선법을 사용하고 있다. 방격법은 중국에서 전래된 것으로 거리 관계를 명확히 하려는 목적을 지니고 있고, 방위선법은 주변국과의 위치관계를 정확하게 표현하려는 의도를 지니고 있다. 방위선법은 서양의 포르톨라노 지도와 유사하나 실제 항해용으로 사용하지는 못했던 것으로 보인다.

It is difficult to identification between Bursaphelenchus spp. and Pine Wood Nematode (PWN) by morphological characteristics without expertise about nematode taxonomy. Furthermore, Baermann funnel method, which is nematode extraction method from wood chips or soil, requires at least 24 hours to extract nematode that is unsuitable to rapid diagnose the Pine Wilt Disease (PWD). For these reasons, the aim of this experiment is not only to improve accuracy of a PCR based method but also to reduce total experiment time for detection Bursaphelenchus spp. and PWN in the wood chips of PWD infected pine tree. In this experiment, we had been employed two PCR primer sets, which were originated from PWN specific Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequence region and Bursaphenchus spp. universal mitochondrial Cytocrome Oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) sequence region in order to discrimination between Bursaphelenchus spp. and PWN at the same PCR reaction. This experimental procedure was able to reduce experiment time and cost as well as to improve accuracy of detection than previous PCR based detecting method by not using Baermann funnel method and commercial genomic DNA extraction kit but using direct pine wood chips lysis method.

This experiment was designed to assess the physical and chemical properties of growing media substituted with a range of increasing concentrations of pretreated wood and to relate these properties to plant growth responses. For preparing the growing media, each material was combined with rural soil, peat, perlite and pretreated wood. Physicochemical properties studied were similar to ideal substrate ranges for plant growth on growing media, including pretreated wood. Physical properties were also well maintained over time. In comparison to plants growing in 100% rural soil, tall fescue(Festuca arundinacea) in the prepared growing media achieved better growth, especially when using the 50% rural soil + 50% PPW(peat + perlite + pretreated wood, 3:1:6(w/w/w)) and 30% rural soil + 70% PPW (peat + perlite + pretreated wood, 3:1:6(w/w/w)), and showed improved germination percentage. We confirmed the potential use of growing media, including pretreated wood. Furthermore, our results show a correlation among the physicochemical properties of tall fescue(Festuca arundinacea); physical properties were significantly influenced by germination and aerial parts. The root length of physicochemical properties was correlated with bulk density and organic compound (p<0.01).

To investigate the adhesion effect of various kinds and contents of polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanates (pMDIs) on adhesion performance, wood adhesives (A-1~5) were synthesized and characterized. As results, when the amount of pMDI increased in adhesives, the dry tensile strength was found to be proportionally increased sustaining at around 16.0~21.6 kgf/cm2. The polyurethane (PU) resin, which used M11S as a source of pMDI showed the best wet tensile strength at 11.9 kgf/cm2 and cyclic boil tensile strength at 8.1 kgf/cm2, which satisfied the requirement of over 7 kgf/cm2. Thermal properties of the rice powder (RP) based polyurethane resins were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Thermal stability of polyurethane resins increased to 250℃ with adding pMDIs. The more pMDI (M5S) was added to adhesive, the higher thermal stability of the resin was observed by TGA.

This study was performed to investigate the effects of heat treatment on the physical properties of two species of wood under different heating conditions including at 180℃ for 12 h and 24h, and at 210℃ for 3h and 6h. Heat treatment tests for Pinus densiflora and Larix kaempferi were performed in order to assess the effects on the properties of dimension, weight, density loss, and water absorption. The results showed heat treatment caused significant changes in physical properties such as the dimension, weight, density loss and amount of water absorption. The dimension, weight and density of wood after heat treatment decreased as the heating temperature and time were increased. The amount of water absorption was lower in heat-treated wood than that in solid wood until 48hours. However, the water absorption of heat-treated wood was higher in heat-treated wood than that in solid wood at 96hours. The amount of water absorption of solid Pinus densiflora was higher than that of solid Larix kaempferi.

본 연구는 2015년 3월부터 9월까지 충청남도 공주시, 금 산시, 부여군, 충청북도 영동군, 옥천군 일대에 입구의 크기 별로 제작한 인공둥지(150×150×250mm, 입구지름 40mm; 250×250×350mm, 입구지름 70mm; 300×300×400mm, 입 구지름 100mm)를 설치하여 조류의 번식생태를 연구하고, 입구의 크기가 조류의 번식생태에 미치는 영향을 알아보고 자 수행하였다. 연구기간 동안 인공둥지에서 번식이 확인된 조류는 참새 (Passer montanus), 박새(Parus major), 곤줄박이(Parus varius), 파랑새(Eurystomus orientalis), 소쩍새(Otus sunia), 원앙(Aix galericulata) 총 6종이였다. 입구의 크기 별 로 살펴보면 지름 40mm에서 참새, 박새, 곤줄박이, 70mm 에서 박새, 곤줄박이, 파랑새, 소쩍새, 100mm에서 박새, 곤 줄박이, 소쩍새, 원앙이 각각 번식하였다. 특히, 법정보호종 (천연기념물)은 원앙과 소쩍새 2종이 번식하였다. 최초 번 식시기는 박새와 곤줄박이 등 소형의 삼림성 조류가 가장 빨랐으며, 상대적으로 참새, 소쩍새, 파랑새, 원앙이 늦었다. 번식성공률은 종별로 차이가 있었으며, 다양한 실패요인이 확인되었다. 주요 번식실패요인으로 박새는 곤줄박이와 원 앙에 의한 둥지강탈, 곤줄박이는 원앙에 의한 둥지강탈, 소 쩍새는 미부화, 원앙은 사람에 의한 인위적인 방해로 둥지 포기가 확인되었다. 상대적으로 크기가 작은 조류는 입구의 크기가 큰 둥지를 선택하였을 때 대체로 번식에 실패하였으 며, 같은 시기에 번식장소를 선택하는 조류에 있어서 종간 경쟁이 상당히 치열했다. 특히, 원앙의 경우에는 상대적으 로 경쟁력이 높았으며, 소형조류가 둥지 내부에 이끼를 이 용해 산좌를 깔아놓은 곳을 강탈하거나, 또는 알을 훼손하 고 둥지를 차지하였다. 그러나 원앙은 민가와 인접한 지역 에 둥지를 트는 경우가 많아 인간에 의한 갑섭이 크게 작용 하였다. 연구결과, 각종 개발과 도로건설로 인하여 산림 및 나무 의 훼손이 수반되어 자연생태계에는 조류가 산란할 장소가 부족한 것을 알 수 있었으며, 짧은 번식기간 중 조류의 종간 및 종내 경쟁은 치열했다. 특히, 시간이 지남에 따라 경쟁에 서 뒤쳐지는 소형의 조류는 번식실패와 개체수 감소가 심화 될 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 입구의 크기를 달리 제작한 인 공둥지를 설치함으로 다양한 야생조류의 대체 산란지를 제 공하고 생물다양성 증가에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 판단된 다.

The functional wood plastic composite(WPC) is one of the noted materials for landscape architecture and residential construction. Iron band, embossing and drain holes are improve the strength and skid resistance of the WPC. In this study, we had developed an automatic manufacturing system for the functional WPC that has vertical pattern embossing and drain holes. The system is consist of an automatic vertical pattern embossing device, multi-spindle drilling M/C, sanding device, inspection equipment, and some facilities developed in the previous research. The performance tests on the several functional items of the system and manufactured WPC represented satisfactory values except the skid resistance and absorption thickness expansion rate.

나무말뚝은 국내 온실에서는 적용된 사례는 많지 않으나 네덜란드에서는 비교적 많이 사용되고 있다. 강관말 뚝 및 PHC말뚝에 비해 경제적이고 공기가 단축되며 친환경적 공법이라는 장점을 가지고 있다. 부식방지를 위해 지하수면 아래에서 시공되어야 하는 제한적 조건이 있으나 국내 간척지의 경우 지하수위가 높은 지역이 많기 때문에 간척지에서 온실기초 보강을 위한 나무말뚝의 활용도는 높을 것으로 예상된다. 본 연구에서는 간척지에서 나무말뚝기초에 대한 기초설계자료를 제공할 목적 으로 현장인발재하시험을 통해 나무말뚝기초의 인발저항력을 측정하였고, 기초 설계시 기존의 인발저항력 산정 이론식에 대한 적용성을 검토하기 위해 현장인발재하시 험을 통해 얻어진 최대인발저항력과 기존의 인발저항력 산정 이론식을 비교하여 검토하였다. 본 연구에서 사용한 나무말뚝의 수종은 소나무이며, 직경 25cm와 직경 30cm의 나무말뚝에 대하여 근입깊이 1m, 3m, 5m별로 현장인발재하시험을 진행하였다. 그 결과, 나무말뚝의 인발저항력은 근입깊이가 증가할수록 선형적으로 뚜렷하게 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 근입깊이 5m를 기준으로 최대인발저항력은 직경 25cm와 직경 30cm의 나무말뚝이 각각 9.38tf, 10.56tf로 모두 9tf 이상의 인발저항력이 나타났다. 나무말뚝의 최대인발저항력 산정을 위해 기존의 산정 이론식에 대한 적용성을 검토한 결과, a 방법으로 부터 얻어진 인발저항력의 경우 전반적으로 현장시험결 과에 근접하는 수치를 제공하는 것으로 나타났고 Das & Seeley 이론식의 경우 현장타설말뚝과 강관말뚝의 인발저항력 값 사이에 현장시험의 나무말뚝의 인발저항력 값이 위치하는 것으로 나타났다.

In this study, we have developed an automatic manufacturing system for functional wood plastic composites(WPC) which are one of spotlighting materials for landscape architecture and residential construction material. In addition to the existing facilities, this manufacturing system is consist of an automatic hole manufacturing device, iron band supply and winding device, mold with the iron band insert system, calibration unit, control system, etc. We have performed the performance tests for the system such as the specific gravity, bending strength, screw holding power, percentage of moisture content, formaldehyde, absorption thickness, expansion rate, cold resistance(appearance & bending strength), and shock resistance. As a result, the performance of the prototype system satisfies all the objects of this study.

경상도, 전라도와 제주도 삼나무 임지에 대하여 임분 내 임분피해특성과 역학적 특성들 간의 상관관계를 분석하고 피해목 발생량을 조사하였다. 임분피해특성 샘플을 정상목, 변색목, 동공, 수간부 굴곡 그리고 상처로 구분하여 표준지에서 채취하였다. 각 샘플의 물리 및 역학적 특성을 분석한 결과, 압축강도 값은 정상목, 부후목, 변색목, 동공, 수간부굴곡, 상처에서 각각 53.22, 40.63, 54.14, 51.65, 59.11, 51.87 Mpa 이었고 평균전단강도 값은 15.65, 12.10, 15.51, 15.47, 16.69, 14.57 Mpa이었다. 부후목의 압축 및 전단강도는 정상목 보다 각각 24%, 23% 감소하였지만 다른 임분 피해요소의 큰 차이는 없었다. 부후목 발생량은 경상남도, 전라도, 제주도에서 각각 16.39, 9.09, 10.00%이었다.

The thermal death kinetics of the Black timber bark beetle, Xylosandrus germanus, was investigated to develop a heat treatment for control of infested wood packing materials used to export goods. To determine the feasibility of microwave irradiation as an alternative control method, laboratory experiments irradiating wooden blocks of Douglas fir (200×200×250mm), which were artificially infested with adults, with 2.45 GHz of microwave energy. All (100%) Ambrosia beetle adults were killed by both hot water treatments and microwave irradiation at 52˚C and 58˚C, respectively. Probit analyses estimated the internal wood temperature required to produce Probit (0.99) efficacy to be 64.7˚C (95% CI 62.4-69.9˚C) at one minute after microwave treatment.

The effects of thinning on community diversity of wood-boring beetles were examined in Japanese Larch (Larix kaempferi) forest in In-je, South Korea in 2013. Three study sites were selected and thinning in the plots was conducted in 2010, spring 2012, and autumn 2012, respectively. Wood-boring beetles were collected every week using the 12-unit Lindgren multi-funnel traps with pheromone lure (Ipsdienol +50/-50 40mg, Ipsenol +50/-50 40mg) from mid-April to early November. Total 5 families (Cerambycidae, Curculionidae, Dryophthoridae, Scolytidae, Platypodidae), 62 species, and 26,638 individuals were collected. Diversity indices were 2.08, 2.02 and 0.76, and evenness indices were 0.55, 0.49 and 0.19 in 2010, spring 2012 and autumn 2012 thinning area, respectively. Among wood-boring beetles, the number of species of bark and ambrosia beetles were accounted for 44.4, 41.9 and 46.3% in 2010, spring 2012 and autumn 2012 thinning area, respectively. The number of individuals of bark and ambrosia beetles were accounted for 86.9, 82.2 and 98.4% in 2010, spring 2012 and autumn 2012 thinning area, respectively. Our results showed that the density of wood-boring beetles was the highest in the most recent thinning area, suggesting that thinning timing can influenced on the abundance of bark and ambrosia beetles. Among them, Ips subelongatus, I. acuminatus, and I. sexdentatus are species that mainly attack Japanese Larch. Ips subelongatus emerged faster than others and was the most dominant species.

본 연구에서 사용한 QRD(Quadratic Residue Diffusor) 마이크로파는 일반적인 마이크로파와 달리 파장의 위상차를 변화시켜 균일한 살균을 유도할 수 있어 저전력으로 효과를높일수있는새로운기술로알려져있다. 따라서친환경적이고 에너지 소비가 적은 QRD 마이크로파를 이용하여 목재를 소독 할 가능성에 대한 기초적인 연구를 수행하였으며 얻은 결과는 아래와 같다. 본 연구에 사용된 QRD microwave의 효율성은 E=5.75e0.32S (R²=0.908)로 나타났으며 초기 수분 함수율은 일정하지 않았고 평균 수분함수율은 30.3%이었다. 자연건조 1주일 후의 수분 함수율은 22.6%로써 평균 약 8% 수분함량이 줄어들었다. 또한 마그네트론의 용량이 3 kW에서 9 kW까지 증가할수록 지수함수적인 관계로 온도 상승시간이 줄어드는 것을 알 수 있었다. 목재 강도 시험 결과에서는 QRD microwave 처리 전후로 휨강도, 압축강도, 할렬의 차이는 없었다. 따라서 QRD microwave 용량을 3, 5, 7, 9 kW로 제작하여 실험한 결과 9 kW가 가장 효율성이 높은 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 목재 내부의 선충이나 흰개미 등의 퇴치를 위해서 QRD microwave 용량을 일정부분까지 높여 공급할수록 에너지 효율성에서 유리한 것으로 나타났다.

Thermal death kinetics of the Japanese pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus, was investigated to develop a heat treatment method that controls the pest in wood packing materials used in the export of goods. To determine the feasibility of microwave irradiation as an alternative treatment, laboratory experiments were performed on blocks (200x200x250 mm) of Douglas fir artificially infested with live larvae and pupae irradiating the blocks with 2.45 GHz of microwave energy. One hundred percent mortality of larvae and pupae of Japanese pine sawyer was observed by hot water treatment at 64°C and 68°C, respectively. One hundred percent mortality of treated Japanese pine sawyer was achieved above 67°C for larvae and 70°C for pupae based on the measured wood temperature, regardless of the irradiation time.

Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) technique method using a resonance frequency by free vibration mode was carried out for damaged and sound black pine woods( Pinus thunbergii ) by Matstucoccus thunbergianae in order to utilize damaged trees. There were a close relationship of dynamic modulus of elasticity and static bending modulus of elasticity to MOR. It was found that there were a high correlation at 1% level between dynamic modulus of elasticity and MOR, and static modulus of elasticity and MOR in all conditions. However, the result indicated that correlation coefficient is higher in dynamic modulus of elasticity to MOR than that in static modulus of elasticity to MOR. Therefore, the dynamic modulus of elasticity using resonance frequency by free vibration mode is more useful as a nondestructive evaluation method for predicting the MOR of sound and damaged woods by Matstucoccus thunbergianae.

시판 목초액과 죽초액의 품질특성, 항산화 및 항균활성을 측정한 결과 목초액과 죽초액의 pH, 가용성 고형분 및 총산도는 각각 3.02와 2.45, 5.61과 5.98 Brix, 3.12와 3.24%였으며, L, a 및 b값은 각각 43.00, 51.02, 73.59와 58.32, 37.02, 75.98이었다. 목초액과 죽초액에 함유되어 있는 총 페놀성 화합물 함량은 13.67과 13.86 mg/mL로 목초액보다 죽초액에서 높은 함량을 보였다. 목초액과 죽초액을 농도별로 처리한 후 ABTS 라디칼 소거활성 및 환원력을 측정한 결과 농도 의존적인 활성을 보였다. 또한 tyrosinase 저해활성은 목초액과 죽초액의 농도 10 μL 첨가시료에서 각각 99.27와 99.22%로 두 시료 간에 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 목초액과 죽초액은 높은 항균활성을 보였으며, 특히 20 μL의 농도에서 E. coli O157:H7균에서 각각 15.6과 14.8 mm로 가장 높은 항균활성을 보였다. 따라서 목초액과 죽초액은 천연 항산화제 및 항균제와 같은 식품첨가물로 이용가능성이 높을 것으로 판단된다.

Thermal death kinetics was examined to develop a heat treatment method to control the Pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, in wood packing materials for export goods. To determine the feasibility of microwave irradiation as an alternative treatment, we performed laboratory experiments on the blocks (200x200x250mm) of Douglas-fir artificially infested with live adults with subsequent 2.45GHz microwave energy irradiation. The 100% mortality of treated Pine wood nematode was achieved above 64℃ of the measured wood temperature, regardless of irradiated time. All measurement points in the blocks reached 64℃ within 84-312 seconds with microwave irradiation by wood weight. Likewise, the 100% mortality of nematodes were observed by hot water treatment on 62℃. We need further experimental verification, but commercial microwave (2.45GHz) treatment is a feasible alternative to conventional heat treatment to control Pine wood nematode on the wood packing materials for export goods.

Wood boring insects are the major problem of many industries, such as hardwood brokers, importers, merchants, and manufacturers of furniture. Phosphine (PH3) is highly toxic to insects and is known to penetrate treated material. In this study, effectiveness of PH3 which is altered methyl bromide, was examined with Monochamus saltuaris, Platypus koryoensis, Cryphalus fulvus, and Xyleborus mutilatus. Fumigation to M. saltuaris, P. koryoensis, C. fulvus, and X. mutilatus was carried in a desiccator (12L) at 20℃ for 24 h. As a result, LC99 of PH3 to M. saltuaris, P. koryoensis, C. fulvus, and X. mutilatus was showed 0.455 mg L-1, 0.804 mg L-1, 0.243 mg L-1 and 0.046 mg L-1 in a desiccator(12L) at 20℃, respectively. M. saltuaris, P. koryoensis, C. fulvus, and X. mutilatus 100 % mortality was showed in a fumigation chamber (10 m3 and 100 m3) at normal temperature. In these results indicates that PH3 described could be useful for fumigant agent of 4 species wood pests.