This study investigated how Korean high school students use English connectives in argumentative writing. The participants were 71 high school second year students. Analysis of data focused on three aspects of connective use: 1) the frequency and kinds of connectives used, 2) commonly used words in each category of connectives, and 3) frequently used positions of connectives. Considering the possible effect of topical knowledge and general English ability, the analysis included the comparison between two topic groups and between two language ability groups. The results showed there was a high similarity between different topic groups and ability groups in the use of connectives, but a significant difference was also found in some limited features. Based on the results, the study concludes that Korean high school students, regardless of the writing topic and language ability, share common features in the use of English connectives. Some suggestions are made for further research and writing instruction.

This paper aims to investigate the effectiveness of the process-genre approach on EFL learners’ writing improvement. A total of 48 Chinese college freshmen students participated in this study, and they were divided into high-level (n=20) and low-level (n=28) groups. All the participants were instructed by the same teacher in the College English class for 14 weeks, during which they were taught how to compose in three writing genres: narration, exposition, and argumentation. After comparing the writing scores of pre- and post-tests from both groups, it can be concluded that the processgenre approach is helpful in enhancing the EFL learners’ writing competence because both groups of students had significantly improved their writing abilities. Besides, both group learners attained a salient achievement in expository writing after they were trained by the process-genre approach. Compared with the high-level learners, the low-level learners made larger progress in all three writing genres. It indicates that enough teaching time and teacher’s scaffolding systems are crucial for the learners’ writing development.

This study investigated the effect of automated writing evaluation (AWE) feedback on Korean university students’ revision behavior. Specifically, it explored the extent to which the quality of essays differed between first drafts and second drafts. Furthermore, the way individual students dealt with incorrect feedback in revising essays was examined. In this study, ETS’ Criterion program, one of the most popular AWE programs, was employed. In cases where incorrect feedback was detected, the first and second drafts were closely compared to find out how students altered the text in response to the incorrect feedback, and this was classified into one of three categories: successful changes, unsuccessful changes, and text deletion. The results showed that students’ second drafts were rated significantly higher than first drafts by two NS raters, which indicates that many students followed the revision suggestions made by the Criterion program. As students’ Criterion scores increased, their ability to identify and make successful changes in response to incorrect feedback improved. The findings of the study can advance our understanding of AWE use in an EFL context and should contribute to broader examination of how Korean university students engage in revision of their essays.

The study investigates the effects of corpus-based formulaic sequences learning on developing learners’ writing skills and attitudes. For this purpose, fifty-four high school students participated in the study and were divided into two groups. The experimental group learned formulaic sequences with the corpus-based method, while the control group learned the target items through the definition-centered method. The results of the study showed that no significant difference in writing ability was found between corpus-based formulaic sequences learning and traditional formulaic sequences learning. The corpus-based formulaic sequences learning showed a greater effect on improving grammatical accuracy of writing. The traditional formulaic sequences learning was effective in the acquisition of productive knowledge of formulaic sequences. The results of the survey questionnaire showed that the students showed a positive attitude toward corpus-based formulaic sequences learning, which may mean corpus-based learning can play an important role in increasing students’ motivation. These results may suggest that various corpus-based activities for EFL class need to be developed.

In this study, we propose a link between L2 rhetorical concepts and ELF as a way of the analysis of the development of a single concept, of an EFL college student’s rhetorical knowledge. Using Vygotskian sociocultural theory as analytical lenses, we examine whether L2 rhetoric can be mastered and internalized as a culturally neutral concept, i.e., the formulaic knowledge of L2 writing the student has learned from the NEST through instruction; and how the student’s L1 rhetorical concept and ELF performance together mediate his L2 concept development in his academic writing. The data consist of a student’s personal narratives, text-based interviews and academic writings. Rather than the mastery of a single variety of English, he produced texts that reflect the flexibility and variability inherent in written ELF. From ELF perspectives, this study offers an opportunity of establishing a new normal, in which rhetorical conventions of texts should be viewed as constructs that are dynamic, emergent, and therefore negotiable and adaptable.

Lawyers express their opinions mainly by writing. In particular, legal scholars are obliged to write scholarly papers and publish them. A good lawyer also includes being a good writer. However, it is not easy for young lawyers or law students to write a good, scholarly paper. To be a good writer, they should possess discipline. Nonetheless, there are a few practical guidelines for young lawyers or law students to refer to when they begin writing scholarly articles. The primary purpose of this research is to present the core guidelines of scholarly legal writing-what to consider and what to avoid - for beginners; following the author’s experience of editing globally recognized journals in international law as well as writing and publishing scholarly papers at leading academic law magazines in the world. This research paper contains the meaning of good scholarly legal paper, topic and title, research methodology, writing, referencing, research ethics and publication.

Second language (L2) peer response literature is defined in part by discourse research, yet there is scant research on text-specific comments, or comments that make explicit text references, thus resisting generic qualities. The purpose of this case study was to examine such peer response activities in an English writing course at a South Korean university. The data comprises two essay assignments with peer response conducted between two drafts – as accomplished during class time on the class learning management system (LMS) – as well as the subsequent revisions in second drafts. This paper expands on previous coding schemes accounting for area, nature and type commentary to account for a specificity dimension, and also links these categories to revision practices. While students entertained diverse commenting and revising options, popular practices included generic evaluating or revising local or surface-level concerns. This paper offers implications for modelling response activities as well as for how to better define specific and complex idea construction exhibited during response.

Grammatical complexity constitutes an indispensable subconstruct of L2 writing ability. Nonetheless, rating scale descriptors for grammatical complexity have heavily relied on degree modifiers or adjectives. Thus, this study attempts to explore the potential for the use of nominal modifiers as discriminators for adjacent levels of L2 writers in the context of an English Placement Test. This study analyzed 374 argumentative essays written by international undergraduates. Seven nominal modifiers in the developmental stages of grammatical complexity were examined and a cumulative ordinal logistic regression model with proportional odds was fitted to explore the relative effects of those grammar features on placement decisions. Four nominal modifiers were found to be positively associated with placement decisions, after adjusting for the effects of other variables. One educational implication is for the use of nominal modifiers to be incorporated into rating scale descriptors as discriminators for L2 writers who are not advanced enough to be exempted from an English Placement Test.

본고는 19세기 말 예천지역에서 동학농민운동에 참여한 경험을 서술한 박학 래의 자서전인 『학초전』에 관해 연구한다. 박학래는 유년시절의 경제적 가난 을 비롯하여, 동학농민운동 참여를 문제시 삼는 사람들에 이르기까지 다양한 고 난을 경험했다. 그는 유년 시절 경험한 고난들에서는 삶의 의미와 연결되는 가 치를 발견하지만, 동학농민운동을 실패한 이후에는 실존적 좌절을 경험한다. 하 지만 그는 자서전적 글쓰기를 통해 사회적 갈등에 대한 논증 경험을 서술하며, 이러한 실존적 좌절을 넘어 삶의 의미를 탐색하고 실천하려 한다. 이를 통해 박 학래는 실존적 좌절의 상황 속에서도 이전에 자신이 삶의 의미를 수행하던 방 식을 매개로 자신의 현존을 보여주는 사건을 실천하기 위해 노력하는 과정을 서술한다. 그리고 자신이 앞으로 성취해야할 잠재적 삶의 의미를 밖으로 불러오 기 위해 분투하는 정신적 역동성을 표현한다. 이러한 모습은 비록 그가 실존적 좌절의 상황에 놓여 있을지라도 자서전적 글쓰기를 통해 과거 삶을 의미 있게 바라보고, 이를 통해 현재의 고난을 넘어 미래의 삶을 의미 있게 살아갈 수 있 도록 해주는 로고테라피의 실천으로 볼 수 있을 것이다.

In this study, we analyzed the development of high school students’ argumentation through their writings on socio-scientific Issues (SSI) related to the Climate Change Unit in the Earth Science I curriculum. Pre- and post-writing assignments on the two main causes of global warming were analyzed and compared. In addition, an in-depth interview of the focus group was conducted with 7 students who showed a distinct change in the level of argumentation. According to the results, 16 of 52 students remained at the same argumentation level in pre- and post-writing assignments, and students remaining at Level 2 among five levels had difficulty in understanding the Toulmin’s argument pattern (TAP) structure. Using the TAP structure, 29 of 52 students demonstrated increased argumentation levels in the post-writing assignments. The conclusions include that writing lessons on SSI using the TAP in Earth science classes can improve the level of high school students’ argumentative writing, and that the level of students’ argumentation can develop with the elaboration of their level of falsification. Also, it is suggested that the science curriculum should increase students' science writing competencies by specifying science writing as one of the goals.

This study was designed to explore effective techniques to be used in IERW (Integrated English Reading and Writing) classes for college students. The study last for 15 weeks and included 457 students and 11 instructors at E University. The participants were freshmen who were taking a compulsory English reading and writing class, and the instructors were seven native English speakers and four Koreans. To ensure the effectiveness of IERW classes, it is important to identify what teaching activities are being used and which activities students prefer. To address these issues, the instructors were interviewed regarding their teaching activities in IERW classes. From the interview results, a survey was made that asked students which class activities they consider useful. The results show that most students responded positively to the activities that the instructors were using, with a preference of around 70 percent. Notably, pair or group activities were rated as less favorable than other activities, with a score of under 50 percent. Some implications of the findings and suggestions for teaching activities for IERW classes are provided.

This study explored the effect of writing activity on EFL participants’ speaking performance. In order to attain this purpose, three research questions were presented; 1) What are the characteristics of learners’ writing? 2) How does their speaking fluency change during the writing sessions?, and 3) What is the effect of writing practice on learners’ speaking fluency, in terms of features of spoken grammar? Four college students participated in this study. Pre- and post-oral proficiency test scores, the participants’ writing products, and recorded data of their speaking performance were used for data analysis. Results of data analysis showed that, first, the more proficient participants were, the fewer the errors they made in their writing. Second, there was an increase in scores of intermediate- and beginning-level of students between the pre- and post- oral tests while the scores of advanced level of students did not show any differences between those two tests. Lastly, the result shows that the learners with higher proficiency in writing ability have higher recognition to the spoken grammar. Pedagogical implications are also made on the effective teaching of English writing and speaking in the Korean classroom setting.

비고츠스키(Vygosky)의 사회문화 이론은 특히 제2외국어 학습에 있어서 중요한 의미를 갖는다. 학생들은 협동적인 학습 활동을 하면서 영어를 더 잘 배우고 성장하며 발전한다. 게다가 쓰기단계는 사회적 상호작용을 통해 복잡한 인식과정을 거쳐 향상되고 발전한다. 본 논문은 쓰기 수업을 하는 학생들로부터 피드백을 도출하기 위해 구글 독스(Google Docs)를 이용하여 사회문화이론이 쓰기수업에 어떻게 적용되었는지를 설명하고자 한다. 본 연구는 한국 모 대학의 영어수업에서 진행되었고, 참가자는 영어교육과 학생 11명이다. 연구자는 반성적 실천(Reflective Practice), 비계설정(Scaffolding), 동료 피드백 촉진(Peer Feedback Facilitation) 등의 과정을 통해 강사가 학생들이 한 문장에서 시작하여 단락까지 씀으로써 결국은 영어로 에세이를 쓸 수 있게 효과적으로 준비할 수 있었다. 이 연구에서 다섯 단락 정도의 에세이를 쓸 수 있을 만큼 학생들의 작문실 력은 향상되었고, 격려를 통해 서로 성장하고 발전할 수 있었다. 또한 이 과정에서 학생들의 사회적 기술과 공감능력이 향상되었고 수업 분위기도 개선되었다. 이러한 기술적인 동료 피드백은 동기부여를 위한 효율적인 방식이며, 학생들에게는 영어쓰기학습에서 자신감을 주는 것으로 나타난다. 사회문화이론의 적용을 통해 학생들은 제2외국어에 대한 지식을 습득 하고 더 발전시킬 수 있으며, 낮은 단계의 이해에서 더 높은 수준의 지식 으로 나아가게 하는 상호작용의 시너지를 만들어 낸다.

The present study aimed at investigating the effects of the two types of teacher feedback―direct corrective feedback (DCF) and metalinguistic explanation (ME)―on the development of EFL learners’ knowledge of the English indefinite article and on their use of it in writing. For this study, 58 college students classified into three groups (two experimental groups and one control group) took the error correction test and performed three writing tasks. The results of the study are 1) there was no group effect of the two types of feedback in the development of their explicit knowledge of the target feature in the test, whereas a time effect was found that their knowledge of the target feature developed significantly after the treatment; and 2) no group differences were found between the two types of feedback in the use of the target feature in the revised writing and among the three writings, though the DCF group outperformed the ME group in the accurate use of the target feature in writing. Theoretical and pedagogical relevance of the findings is addressed.

We examined the role of L1 writing on L2 writing performance by repeating the same topic twice through L1 writing first and L2 writing later. We designed what we call a ‘L1 + L2 writing task’ and a ‘L2-only writing task’ respectively. In the L1 + L2 writing task, students wrote a text in their L1, and wrote the same topic in L2, by removing the initial L1 essay. We focused on validating which task conditions (± L1 writing) account for the variation in linguistic performance in EFL high-school students’ writing. Our study was conducted with two intact classes (n = 60) assigned to the L2-only, and students from the other two classes (n = 60) assigned to the L1 + L2. The findings indicate that L1 writing may push students to direct their attentional resources toward effective text construction, thereby mitigating a large number of simultaneous demands on attention. We add to empirical knowledge on the effects of L1 writing in task repetition, by exploring how task repetition affected our students’ L2 writing performance.

조선시대에는 여성들을 위한 규범서가 있다. 그 가운데 여사서는 영조시대에 중국으로부터 유입된 책으로 여성의 교육과 덕행 및 수 양 등을 기록한 책이다. 1736년에 간행한 초간본과 1907년에 간행한 중간본 그리고 이후 중간본을 토대로 19세기경에 한글로 필사한 필 사본이 전해지고 있다. 이 가운데 국립한글박물관에 소장되어 있는 필사본은 간행본과 달리 한글로만 필사되어 있고 한글서예가들이 범 본으로 삼고 있다. 본 논문에서는 이 필사본을 참고로 하여 먼저 간단하게 서지학을 살펴본 후 이를 기저로 하여 필사본 ‘정자’에 나타난 결구와 서사기법의 특징 및 예술적, 서예적 가치를 살펴보았다. 이에 대한 연구 방법은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 서지학 연구는 『여사서』가 국내로 유입, 간행한 동기ㆍ시 대배경ㆍ언해자ㆍ내용ㆍ여사서의 종류와 서체 등을 살펴보았다. 초간본은 1736년(영조 12년)에 홍문관 제학 이덕수에게 4권 3책의 『여사서』를 언해하도록 명하여 간행하였고 출판된 번역본에 영조 가 직접 서문을 썼다. 언해 순서는 『여계』ㆍ『여논어』ㆍ『내훈』 ㆍ『여범』순이고 언해 방식은 원문에 독음과 구결을 단 후에 한 칸 낮추어 언해를 첨부하였다. 중간본은 1907년에 간행한 목판본 『여사서』가 있다. 이는 박만환 이 한글로 번역한 뒤 송병순이 서문을 쓰고 전우가 발문을 적은 것 이다. 순서는 초간본과 달리 『여계』ㆍ『내훈』ㆍ『여논어』ㆍ『여 범』의 순서로 실려 있다. 이 중간본은 언해가 초간본과 전혀 다르다. 한자음은 없고 한문 원문을 싣고 그 뒤에 언해를 붙였는데 이 언해 는 초간본에 비해 의역체인 점이 크게 다르다. 초간본의 판 사항은 활자본이고 중간본의 판 사항은 목판본이며 이후 중간본을 모본으로 삼고 필사한 필사본은 모두 년대와 필사자가 미상이다. 둘째, 국립한글박물관에 소장되어 있는 <여사서> 필사본 가운데 정자를 선택하여 서사기법의 특징을 결구와 기법으로 나누어 살펴보 았다. 초성과 중성에 접필하여 필사한 가로 점은 앙ㆍ평ㆍ부와 같이 3종류로 분류하여 부드럽고 우아함이 나타난다. 기필 부분은 45° 각 도의 노봉으로 꺾어 예리하고 굳세다. 가로획 수필 부분은 대체로 무 겁게 눌러 필획을 전환하면서 수렴 회봉하여 굳세고 온후하며 부드 러운 느낌이 나타난다. 필획의 굵기와 방향은 변화를 많이 주지 않았 고 자간은 붙이고 행간을 넓혀 시원해 보인다. 공간 배분은 비율이 같아 형상은 단아하고 아름다우며 엄숙함이 나타나 규범서로서 손색 이 없는 글씨이다. 셋째, 한글 필사본 자료의 가치는 예술적 가치와 서예적 가치를 함 유하고 있다. 먼저 예술적 가치는 한글이 가지고 있는 미적 조형의 규율에 따라 예술적으로 갖추어야할 법도가 충족 되고 우리글의 우 수성과 아름다운 글씨로서 손색이 없다. 서예적 가치는 범본으로 삼 고 있는 필법이 부합되어 한글서예 작품으로 가장 핵심적인 가치라 할만하다. 이상과 같이 본 논문에서는 <여사서>의 서지학과 서사기법에 대 한 이론을 연구하였다. 비록 문자의 결구와 기법에 대한 간단한 연구 이나 이후 한글서예의 이론 연구에 기초가 될 것이라 생각한다.

In the era of the 4th industrial revolution, creativity plays a pivotal role in the competitiveness of a country. The importance of creativity education therefore cannot be overemphasized. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of discussion-based English reading and writing activities on Korean high school students' creativity, English writing, and self-assessed creative thinking. The participants were 45 high school students in Seoul, Korea. They were divided into two groups: the discussion-based English reading and writing group (n=24) and the traditional English instruction group (n=21). The experiment was administered during two semesters of the 2017 academic year. The major findings are as follows: First, the experimental group showed significant improvement on the creativity test, especially in the areas of fluency, flexibility, and original thinking. Second, the experimental group outperformed the control group on the writing test. Third, the experimental group showed positive changes in their self-assessed flexible thinking, convergent thinking, and intrinsic motivation. All of these indicate the beneficial effects of the discussion-based English reading and writing activities. Based on the results, some pedagogical suggestions were made for the effective integration of creativity education into the teaching of English as a foreign language.

예이츠는 정신자동현상과 자동기술을 사용하여 새로운 시 창작 모형의 시 세계를 연다. 정신자동현상은 시인이 의식이 아닌 무의식의 상태, 다시 말해서 대 립자아에서 전달자와 의사소통할 수 있는 의식의 상태이다. 자동기술은 대립자아 상태에서 뮤즈 신과 의사소통한 것을 기록한 것이다. 그는 이러한 상태를 「모든 영혼들의 밤」에서 죽은 사람의 영혼을 불러내어 그들과 대화하는 기법으로 새로운 시 창작의 기법을 제시한다. 요컨대 그는 시 창작에서 시인의 심리적 상태의 변화를 구체화하여 시 창작에 대한 그의 시학의 원리를 체계적으로 주장함으로써 현대시의 새로운 시 창작 원리를 제시하려고 시도한다.

홍콩의 비중국어권 학습자의 실용문 학습과 상황에 맞는 정확한 표현 능력의 제고를 위해 홍콩대학 Dr. Mark Shum Shiu Kee (岑紹基) 연구팀은 교육국의 연구비 지원을 받아 2016~ 2017년 비중국어권 학습자용 실용문 교재를 개발하였다. 본 논문은 기능 어법 이론을 바탕으로 비중국어권 학습자용 실용문 교재를 어떻게 설계했는지를 밝히고, 본 교재가 비중국어권 학습자의 기능어 운용 능력 향상에 끼친 영향에 대해 고찰하였다. 또한 연구팀이 개발한 실용문 교재가 비중국어권 학습자의 기능어 운용 능력 향상에 어떠한 성과를 가져왔는지를 밝히는 것을 본 논문의 주목적으로 삼았다. 연구팀은 체계 기능 언어학 이론을 바탕으로 비중국어권 학습자용 실용문 교재를 개발하였으며, 실용문의 종류에 따라 달라지는 의사전달 기능, 도식 구조, 어법 특징을 고려하여 읽기 예문의 주제를 선정하였다. 또한, 비중국어권 학습자가 기능어와 구문 활용에서 갖는 어려움을 실용문 종류에 따라 나누어 분석하였다. 아울러, ｢文類功能(문체기능)｣ 이론 및 ｢閱讀促進學習(읽기촉진학습)｣ 교수법을 참고로 읽기 쓰기 통합형 쌍방향 연습법을 개발하여 학습자가 모범 예문을 분석, 해체 및 재구조화를 할 수 있게 하고, 더 나아가 학습자가 스스로 실용문 쓰기를 할 수 있도록 도왔다. 이외에도, 교육 일선에서 지도하고 있는 중국어 교사들을 초청하여 시범적으로 교수법을 시행하고 이를 통해 본 교재의 실제 효과를 검증해 보았다. 학습자가 작성한 실용문을 교수법 시행 전후로 비교 분석하고 교사와 학습자 인터뷰도 함께 진행하여, 본 실용문 교재가 비중국어권 학습자의 기능어 운용과 실용문 쓰기에 끼친 효과를 평가하였다. 아울러, 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 비중국어권 학습자 실용문 교육을 위한 실행 가능한 몇 가지 방안을 제시하였다.