가교는 사슬 간격과 사슬 내 외부의 유동성을 감소시켜 분리막의 선택도, 내화학성 등을 증가시키는 것 과 같이 기체분리막의 성능을 향상시키기 위한 여러 방법 중 하나이다. 본 연구에서는 지방족 가교제 중 선형가교제를 사용하여 폴리이미드 분리막의 기체 분리 성능을 높이고자 하였고, 선형가교제의 알킬 길이에 따른 영향 또한 비교 분석 하였다. 가교 여부는 이미드 그룹의 특성피크 증가와 이미드 그룹의 특성피크 감소를 통해 확인하였다. 기체분리특성은 CH4, N2, O2, CO2 단일 기체에 대해서 측정하였으며 가교제 및 가교도에 관계없이 가교 후 기체의 확산 감소로 인해 네 기체 모두 투과도가 감소하였다. 반면 CO2/CH4, O2/N2 기체상의 선택도는 가교 전보다 향상된 결과를 나타내는 것을 확인하였다.

Human hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a serious public health problem worldwide, as it is one of the main risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Cross-species transmission of HBV has been reported in non-human primates, and pigs may also be infected with HBV or an HBV-like agent. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the presence of HBV antigens and anti-HBV antibodies in pig sera, providing further support for the existence of HBV or an HBV-like agent in pig populations. The HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV e antigen (HBeAg) in pig serum samples were detected using HBsAg and HBeAg ELISA Kits, respectively. Antibodies to HBsAg and the Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) in serum samples were also detected using anti-HBsAg and anti-HBcAg antibody ELISA Kits, respectively. HBsAg and HBeAg were detected in 7 of 442 (1.6%) and 7 of 184 (3.8%) pig serum samples, respectively. Furthermore, antibodies specific to HBsAg and HBcAg were identified in 45 of 442 (10.2%) and 39 of 434 (9.0%) pig serum samples, respectively. However, neither HBV DNA nor antibodies to HBeAg were detected in 409 and 298 pig serum samples, respectively. HBV antigens and anti-HBV antibodies were both present in a considerable number of pig serum samples, suggesting that pigs could be infected with a variant HBV or an HBV-like agent. Further studies will be necessary to confirm cross-species infection of pigs with HBV.

During the aerobic composting of livestock excrement, or leachate, which is generated in the composting process, is distributed through a bulking agent. In this research, a specific microorganism expected to reduce the emission of odor was activated in livestock excrement supernatant, which is similar to the leachate used for water control. While the microorganism was being diffused, odor properties were examined. The bulking agent, in which the specific microorganism was activated, was produced by applying a bioreactor filled with pumice and pellets to the treatment process of livestock excrement activation sludge method. The dominant microorganisms were Pseudomonas genera. Experiment results showed ammonia content was lowered as to 0.27 ppm 1n 15 days; however, it remained at levels of 3.15 ppm in the control reactor. After the composting time was completed, the ammonia concentrations were 0.07 ppm and 3.43 ppm, respectively. The complex odor in the test reactor was 28~30 times greater than of dilution, but was 42~45 times greater in the control reactor. Hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan were not detected in either reactors. Ammonia was thought to be the major odor-producing source during the aerobic composting process of livestock excrement, and it was expected that the odor could be reduced by spraying a microorganism -activated solution as a bulking agent.

Recently, scheduling problems with position-dependent processing times have received considerable attention in the literature, where the processing times of jobs are dependent on the processing sequences. However, they did not consider cases in which each processed job has different learning or aging ratios. This means that the actual processing time for a job can be determined not only by the processing sequence, but also by the learning/aging ratio, which can reflect the degree of processing difficulties in subsequent jobs. Motivated by these remarks, in this paper, we consider a two-agent single-machine scheduling problem with linear job-dependent position-based learning effects, where two agents compete to use a common single machine and each job has a different learning ratio. Specifically, we take into account two different objective functions for two agents: one agent minimizes the total weighted completion time, and the other restricts the makespan to less than an upper bound. After formally defining the problem by developing a mixed integer non-linear programming formulation, we devise a branch-and-bound (B&B) algorithm to give optimal solutions by developing four dominance properties based on a pairwise interchange comparison and four properties regarding the feasibility of a considered sequence. We suggest a lower bound to speed up the search procedure in the B&B algorithm by fathoming any non-prominent nodes. As this problem is at least NP-hard, we suggest efficient genetic algorithms using different methods to generate the initial population and two crossover operations. Computational results show that the proposed algorithms are efficient to obtain near-optimal solutions.

본 연구는 하절기 고품질 토마토 공정묘 생산을 위한 차광제 종류와 처리 농도에 따른 소형 간이온실 내부의 온도 하강 효과와 작물생육에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 실시되었다. 차광제는 Greenshade(Daesung C & S Co. Ltd., Korea)와 Redusol, Reduheat(Mardenkro Co. Ltd., Netherlands)를 각각 30%(water:shade agent = 7:3, v/v)와 60%(30%×2회)의 농도로 처리하였다. 차광제 처리에 따른 식물체 온도는 Greenshade(GS) 30% 처리구에서 가장 낮은 값을 나타냈다. 초장은 처리별 유의차가 없었으며, 경경은 대조구에서 높은 값을 나타냈다. 엽장과 엽폭은 GS 30% 처리구에서 시간이 경과함에 따라 높은 값을 나타냈다. 엽록소 값 역시 GS 30% 처리구에서 가장 높아 Greenshade가 광 선택적 차광제로써 효과적인 것으로 판단된다. 엽록소 형광은 3주차 GS 60% 처리구에서 가장 낮은 값으로 측정되어 스트레스 수치가 높았다. 근장과 엽면적, 지상부와 지하부의 생체중 및 건물중은 차광제 처리에 따른 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 지상부와 지하부의 건물중 무게 비율인 T/R율은 대조구와 GS 30%에서 가장 낮은 값이 나타났다. 따라서 Greenshade 30%를 처리하는 것이 식물체의 온도 저감과 생육에 가장 효과적인 것으로 판단된다.

기체분리막의 성능을 향상시키기 위한 여러 개질 방법 중 가교는 사슬 간격과 사슬 내 외부의 유동성을 감소시켜 분리막의 선택도, 내화학성, 내가소성등을 증가시키는 장점을 지닌다. 본 연구에서는 선형의 지방족 가교제를 사용하여 폴리이미드 분리막의 기체 분리 성능을 향상시키고자 하였으며, 가교제의 알킬길이에 따른 영향 또한 알아보았다. 가교 여부는 이미드 그룹의 특성피크 증가와 이미드 그룹의 특성피크 감소를 통해 확인하였다. 기체분리특성은 CH4, N2, O2, CO2 단일 기체에 대해 측정하였으며 가교제 및 가교도에 관계없이 가교 후 기체의 확산 감소로 인해 네 기체 모두 투과도가 감소하였다. 반면 CO2/CH4, O2/N2 기체상의 선택도는 가교 전보다 향상된 결과를 나타내었다.

본 연구에서는 비소 오염 토양의 안정화소재로서 주로 사용되고 있지만 그 품질관리가 어려운 제강슬래그의 재료적 특성을 파악하기 위한 기초적인 실험을 수행하였다. 제강슬래그의 입도에 따른 화학적 성질의 변화와 비소 안정화에 중요한 성분인 Fe 성분의 입도에 따른 용출특성 그리고 제강슬래그의 주요 성분인 철(Fe)과 칼슘(Ca) 성분의 구성 비율이 비소의 흡착에 미치는 영향 등에 대해서 흡착실험을 실시하여 관찰하였다. 제강슬래그의 입도는 화학적 성질에 영향을 주지는 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 용출은 입도가 작은 분말상태에서 높게 나타났으나 pH=2 조건에서만 용출이 발생되어 실제 자연상태에서 용출이 일어나기는 어려울 것으로 판단되었다. 철과 칼슘성분의 혼합비에 따른 비소의 흡착실험에서는 철과 칼슘이 일정비율 섞여 있는 경우에서 효과가 매우 우수한 것으로 나타났으며, 철이나 칼슘 성분 모두 25%이상만 혼합되면 비슷한 효과를 나타내는 것으로 보인다. 한편 칼슘만 존재하는 경우에는 초기의 효과는 높았으나 시간이 경과하면서 재용출 현상이 나타나 적당하지 않은 것으로 나타났으며, 철 성분만 사용한 경우에는 초기 효과는 낮았으나 시간이 경과하면서 흡착효과가 지속적으로 증가하는 것으로 나타나 장기효과가 높을 것으로 기대되었다.

Porous W with controlled pore structure was fabricated by thermal decomposition and hydrogen reduction process of PMMA beads and WO3 powder compacts. The PMMA sizes of 8 and 50 μm were used as pore forming agent for fabricating the porous W. The WO3 powder compacts with 20 and 70 vol% PMMA were prepared by uniaxial pressing and sintered for 2 h at 1200oC in hydrogen atmosphere. TGA analysis revealed that the PMMA was decomposed at about 400oC and WO3 was reduced to metallic W at 800oC. Large pores in the sintered specimens were formed by thermal decomposition of spherical PMMA, and their size was increased with increase in PMMA size and the amount of PMMA addition. Also the pore shape was changed from spherical to irregular form with increasing PMMA contents due to the agglomeration of PMMA in the powder mixing process.

Spare part management is very important to products that have large number of parts and long lifecycle such as automobile and aircraft. Supply chain must support immediate procurement for repair. However, it is not easy to handle spare parts efficiently due to huge stock keeping units. Qualified forecasting is the basis for the supply chain to achieve the goal. In this paper, we propose an agent based modeling approach that can deal with various factors simultaneously without mathematical modeling. Simulation results show that the proposed method is reasonable to describe demand generation process, and consequently, to forecast demand of spare parts in long-term perspective.

When scanning PET/CT, dose not unwrinkle gastric folds can be difficult to diagnose gastric cancer. In this study, we use an blowing agent to evaluate the extension the stomach and usefulness of it. The study enrolled 30 patients who patient with uptake in stomach between January and February 2013. Stomach extension was described as the vertical length of the Water drink group was 61.7±9.7 mm, horizontal length was 102.5±17.6 mm and the vertical length of the Blowing agent group was 74.1±10.7 mm, horizontal length was 101.5±14.8 mm in transverse section. Stomach extension was described as the vertical length of the Water drink group was 109.3±18.8 mm, horizontal length was 62.7±18.4 mm and the vertical length of the Blowing agent group was 123.1±23.1 mm, horizontal length was 87.6±14.9 mm in coronal section. Water drink group SUV decreased 35% and Blowing agent group SUV decreased 56%. Blowing agent group extension was similar or superior than water drink group. Therefore, when using a blowing agent will be able to help clinical.

목 적 : 자기공명 혈관조영검사 시 사용되는 가돌리늄 함유량이 높은 조영제(1000mmol)는 T1 단축효과가 우수하여 혈관의 신호강도가 높다. 그러나 가돌리늄 함유량이 낮은 조영제(500mmol)에 비해 148%와 19% 높은 점도와 삼투압은 인체에 투여하였을 경우 다양한 부작용의 발생확률을 높인다. 이에 본 연구에서는 가돌리늄 함유량이 높은 조영제의 특성을 파악하여 희석이라는 방법을 통해 단점인 점도와 삼투압을 낮추면서 장점인 신호강도를 높이는 방안을 모색하여 부작용의 가능성을 최소화하고 영상의 질은 향상시키고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 본 연구는 조영제가 인체 내 혈관에 투여되면 혈액과 희석을 통해 mol 농도가 변화되고 이로 인해 신호강도의 변화를 일으키는 원리에 기초하여, 가돌리늄 함유량이 높은 조영제의 mol 농도 변화에 따른 신호강도의 특성을 파악하기 위해 phantom을 자체 제작하여 실험한 후 결과를 바탕으로 임상실험을 시행하였다. 임상실험은 60명을 대상으로 조영제를 희석한 군과 희석하지 않은 군의 조영제 희석에 따른 대조도 차이를 알아보기 위하여 뇌혈관의 신호강도를 비교 하였으며, 영상획득 장비로는 3.0T 초전도 자기공명영상장치와 16channel SENSE NV 코일을 이용하였다. 결 과 : 연구결과, 조영제 m o l 농도 변화에 따른 p h a n t o m의 신호강도는 0.0125mmol부터 급격히 증가하다 20mmol에서 최고점을 이룬 후 완만하게 감소하여 200mmol부터 평형을 이룬다. 이는 1000mmol의 조영제 원액이 혈관에 투여 된 후 시간이 경과함에 따라 혈액에 희석되어 신호강도가 변하는 것으로 조영제 원액의 희석률을 달리하여 20mmol에 근접 시키면 신호강도가 높은 영상을 얻을 수 있음을 의미한다. 이에 근거하여 임상실험을 통한 뇌혈관의 신호강도를 비교한 결과, 영상화 범위의 모든 뇌혈관에서 가돌리늄 함유량이 높은 조영제를 희석하여 검사한 뇌혈관 영상의 신호강도가 높게 나타났다. 이 결과는 phantom실험을 뒷받침하는 것으로 1000mmol 조영제를 직접 사용하는 것보다 500mmol로 희석하여 사용하면 신호강도가 최고점에 이르는 20mmol에 근접시킬 수 있으므로 신호강도가 높은 영상을 획득할 수 있다. 결 론 : 본 연구는 가돌리늄 함유량이 높은 조영제의 특성 중 부작용의 원인이 될 수 있는 점도와 삼투압을 정량적으로 측정하지 못했다는 제한점이 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 가돌리늄 함유량이 높은 조영제의 특성을 분석하여 희석이란 방법을 통해 임상에 적용함으로써 영상의 질을 향상시키고, 부작용의 원인이 될 수 있는 높은 점도와 삼투압을 최소화 할 수 있는 방안을 마련했다는 점에 큰 의의가 있다.

When scanning PET/CT, dose not unwrinkle gastric folds can be difficult to diagnose gastric cancer. In this study, we use an blowing agent to evaluate the extension the stomach and usefulness of it. The record of 30 patients with local or total uptake of stomach between January and February 2013. Stomach extension was described as the vertical length of the Water drink group was 61.7±9.7 mm, horizontal length was 102.5±17.6 mm, the vertical length of the Blowing agent group was 74.1±10.7 mm, horizontal length was 101.5±14.8 mm in transverse section. Stomach extension was described as the vertical length of the Water drink group was 109.3±18.8 mm, horizontal length was 62.7±18.4 mm, the vertical length of the Blowing agent group was 123.1±23.1 mm, horizontal length was 87.6±14.9 mm in coronal section. SUV results in decrease 35% for water drink group, decrease 56% for blowing agent. When the use blowing agent group extension of stomach was similar or superior than water drink group. Therefore, when using a blowing agent will be able to help clinical.

본 연구는 참다래 비가림 시설재배에서 인공수분이 착과 및 과실품질에 미치는 영향과 안정적인 착과를 위한 유효수분기간을 확인하고자 수행하였다. 또한 최근 참다래 재배농가들에서 많이 수행되고 있는 현탁액을 이용한 인공수분의 효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 인공수분은 비가림 시설재배에서뿐 아니라 노지재배에서도 참다래의 착과량이 개선되었으며 중량증가와 당도향상의 과실품질 개선효과가 확인되었다. 유효수분기간 확인을 위하여 만 개 후부터 매일 7일간 인공수분이 수행되었다. 과실의 착과율, 과실당 종자수, 그리고 과실생장량은 만개 후 4 일까지 차이가 나타나지 않았으나 만개 후 5일부터는 분명하게 감소하였다. 결과적으로 참다래 비가림 시설재 배에서 유효수분기간은 만개 후 4일 이내로 나타났다. 또한, 현탁액을 이용한 인공수분은 석송자를 이용한 것과 착과량과 과실품질의 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 따라서, 화분 현탁액을 이용한 인공수분은 참다래 재배에서 노동력을 절감할 수 있는 매우 효율적인 수분방법이 될 수 있을 것이다.

PURPOSES : The objective of this study is to analyze the performance of anti-stripping agent depending on its type and content to reduce pothole, an increasing pavement distress due to abnormal climate intensity. METHODS : In the past years, U.S and many countries in Europe use hydrated lime and liquid anti-stripping agent in asphalt mixtures. Hydrated lime or liquid anti-stripping agent is substituted for filler and binder, respectively, to improve the anti-stripping property of asphalt mixtures. To investigate this, indirect tensile strength test was performed and TSR values were compared for different content of hydrated lime and types of liquid anti-stripping agent in asphalt mixture. RESULTS : Test results indicate that hydrated lime remarkably increased the asphalt mixture performance on anti-stripping denoted by the increased in TSR values from 55% to 100%. Liquid anti-stripping agent also increased the value of TSR but not significant. In addition, depending on the types of aggregate, TSR values and effect of liquid anti-stripping were different. CONCLUSIONS : Using anti-stripping agents improve the anti-stripping property of asphalt mixture especially hydrated lime; however, more experiments should be conducted to improve the reliability about the effect of liquid anti-stripping agent.

This study highlights a novel method and mechanism for the rapid and effective milling of carbon fibers (CFs) in silicon carbide (SiC) powder, and also the dispersion of CFs in SiC powder. The composite powders were prepared by chopping and exfoliation of CFs, and ball milling of CFs and SiC powder in isopropyl alcohol. A wide range of CFs loading, from 10 to 50 vol%, was studied. The milling of CFs and SiC powder was checked by measuring the average particle size of the composite powders. The dispersivity of CFs in SiC powder was checked through scanning electron microscope. The results show that the usage of exfoliated CF tows resulted in a rapid and effective milling of CFs and SiC powder. The results further show an excellent dispersion of CFs in SiC powder for all CFs loading without any dispersing agent.

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a Gram-positive and soil-dwelling bacterium and well known for its ability to produce insecticidal parasporal crystalline protein inclusions, which have attracted worldwide interest for effective pest management. A diseased silkworm by Bt was first discovered by Japanese scientist Ishiwata Shigetane in 1901, and in 10 years, it was re-discovered in Germany by Ernst Berliner, who isolated it as the cause of a disease called Schlaffsucht in flour moth caterpillars. The first commercial product, Bt. kurstaki HD-1 was released to a market in France in 1938. Optimization of mass production for crystal production and cost down enabled the industrialization to be successful, and now many products, such as WP, EC, SC and tablets are used worldwide. In 1976 Robert A. Zakharyan found that plasmids in Bt are involved in the production of crystal proteins and endospores. Pore formation model and signal transduction model were revealed to explain the mode of action of Bt. Works on Bt resistance included a group of receptors of crystal proteins, such as cadherin, APN and ALP. In 1996, a Bt cry gene was integrated to cotton, which successfully reached markets. AtMT technology was used to generate Bt crops. Now the area planted worldwide to genetically engineered Bt crops increased to 66 million hectares. Refuge may be particularly important in slowing the spread of insects resistant to the Bt insecticides. Researchers are trying to increase the insecticidal efficacy of integrated Bt crystal proteins using recent biotechnology.

In this paper, we consider a two-agent scheduling with sequence-dependent exponential learning effects consideration, where two agents A and B have to share a single machine for processing their jobs. The objective function for agent A is to minimize the total completion time of jobs for agent A subject to a given upper bound on the objective function of agent B, representing the makespan of jobs for agent B. By assuming that the learning ratios for all jobs are the same, we suggest an enumeration-based backward allocation scheduling for finding an optimal solution and exemplify it by using a small numerical example. This problem has various applications in production systems as well as in operations management.