The biomethane fuel used in this study was produced from domestic biogas plants and used the same fuel currently used for CNG vehicles. The components were analyzed, and a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (GC/MS) was used for component analysis. As a result of analyzing 4 peak values of them, phenethylamine, cyclotrisiloxane, cyclotetrasiloxane and cyclopentasiloxane were detected at the running times of 1.422min, 6.550min, 11.500min, and 14.833min. Most of them were composed of siloxane series, and some other components were present.

consumption, has been attempted to replace with sharing economy which is consumer-to-consumer’s activity of obtaining, giving, or sharing the access to goods and services (Hamari et al., 2016). Research argued that the sharing economy develops based on information and communication technology (ICT) as it is an emerging economic-technological phenomenon, proliferation of using social networking site (SNS) (e.g. Instagram, Facebook, YouTube), and increased consumer awareness (Belk, 2014; Hamari et al., 2016). SNS refers to a digital environment that allows individual to create his/her space where sharing and constructing relationship with others are possible (Lin & Lu, 2011). Among the numbers of SNSs, Instagram is gaining notable attention as powerful marketing tool which may especially be important for fashion industry. Hutchins (2017) reported that number of its daily active users exceeds 400 million, and 90% of users are under 35 who may be familiar with the idea of the sharing economy. In terms of marketing, 53% of Instagram users are found to follow their favorite brands (Hutchins. 2017). According to Ryan and Deci (2000), consumer behavior of using information technology such as Instagram was influenced by extrinsic and intrinsic motivations. Although numerous researches have done with the sharing economy and SNS respectively, despite the recognized role of SNS in the sharing economy, comprehensive and empirical study of the sharing economy and SNS is very limited. Hence, the purpose of this research is to investigate consumer’s motivations to use Instagram for participating sharing economy by developing research framework based on the motivation theory (Ryan & Deci, 2000) perspective.

PURPOSES: This study proposes the road asset valuation approach using alternative depreciation methods. It has become necessary to have asset management system according to the adoption of accrual basis accounting for governmental financial reporting and the amendment of the road act. Therefore, it is very important to analyze the effect of depreciation methods on road asset value as a basic research for road asset management system. METHODS: The Ministry of Strategy and Finance (MOSF) has mainly performed road asset valuation based on Write down Replacement Cost and Straight Line depreciation method. This study suggests some appropriate asset valuation methods for road assets through case analysis using three depreciation methods: Consumption-based depreciation method, Condition-based depreciation method, and Straight Line depreciation method. A road asset valuation data of national highway route 1 (year 2014) is used to analyze the effect of three depreciation methods on the road asset value. Road assets include land and structures (pavement, bridge, and tunnel). This study mainly focuses on structures such as bridges and tunnels, because according to governmental accounting standards, land and road pavement assets do not depreciate. RESULTS : The main results of this study are as follows. Firstly, overall asset value of national highway route 1 was estimated at 6.97 trillion KRW when MOSF's method (straight-line depreciation method) is applied. Secondly, asset value was estimated at 4.85 trillion KRW on application of consumption-based depreciation method. Thirdly, asset value was estimated at 4.37 trillion KRW when condition-based depreciation method is applied. Therefore, either consumption-based or condition-based depreciation methods would be more appropriate than straight-line depreciation method if we can use the condition data of road assets including land that are available in real time. CONCLUSIONS : Since road assets such as pavements, bridges, and tunnels have various patterns of deterioration and condition monitoring period, it is necessary to consider a specific valuation method according to the condition of each road asset. Firstly, even though road pavements do not depreciate, asset valuation through condition-based depreciation method would be more appropriate when requirements for application of non-depreciation approach are not satisfied. Since bridge and tunnel facilities show various patterns of deterioration and condition monitoring period by type and condition level, consumption-based depreciation method based on deterioration model would be appropriate. Therefore, it is necessary to have a reasonable asset management system to apply condition-based depreciation method and a periodic condition investigation to manage road assets well.

In this study, we attempted to find alternative materials to rice bran (Japonica in Korea) such as rice bran pellet (Indica in Pakistan), corn distillers dried grains with solubles, sesame oil meal, and kapok meal for bottle cultivation of Pleurotus eryngii. Among all treatments, the total carbon content of the mixed substrate was the highest in T1 and the total nitrogen content was the highest in T4. The C/N ratio of T2 was comparable to that of the control and was higher than that of other treatments. The diameter of the pileus was the largest in T1 and T2, and the length of the stipe was the largest in T1 and T2. The yield and bio-efficiency of the fruit body were higher in T2 than in the other treatments, and were similar to that of the control plot. Therefore, the findings of our study suggest that rice bran pellet (Indica in Pakistan) could be a suitable alternative to rice bran (Japonica in Korea) for the cultivation of P. eryngii.

The group formation problem of the machine and part is a critical issue in the planning stage of cellular manufacturing systems. The machine-part grouping with alternative process plans means to form machine-part groupings in which a part may be processed not only by a specific process but by many alternative processes. For this problem, this study presents an algorithm based on self organizing neural networks, so called SOM (Self Organizing feature Map). The SOM, a special type of neural networks is an intelligent tool for grouping machines and parts in group formation problem of the machine and part. SOM can learn from complex, multi-dimensional data and transform them into visually decipherable clusters. In the proposed algorithm, output layer in SOM network had been set as one-dimensional structure and the number of output node has been set sufficiently large in order to spread out the input vectors in the order of similarity. In the first stage of the proposed algorithm, SOM has been applied twice to form an initial machine-process group. In the second stage, grouping efficacy is considered to transform the initial machine-process group into a final machine-process group and a final machine-part group. The proposed algorithm was tested on well-known machine-part grouping problems with alternative process plans. The results of this computational study demonstrate the superiority of the proposed algorithm. The proposed algorithm can be easily applied to the group formation problem compared to other meta-heuristic based algorithms. In addition, it can be used to solve large-scale group formation problems.

Populus euramericana is emerging as a viable feedstock for producing bioethanol from renewable resources. Steam explosion pretreatment of P. euramericana can solubilize a significant portion of the hemicellulosic component and enhance the glucose conversion of the remaining cellulose for fermentation into ethanol. In this study, steam explosion condition of P. euramericana is performed in a steam explosion reactor at severity log Ro 4.02 and severity log Ro 4.37. Glucose conversion varied from 72.3% to 80.1% of steam exploded P. euramericana at severity log Ro 4.02 and severity log Ro 4.37. Ethanol yields(%) based on sugar content after enzymatic hydrolysis after 48 h fermentation ranged from 87.0% to 88.4%. As a result, from 100 g of raw material, 14.0 g of ethanol are recovered of 47.3 g available cellulose content. This research of steam explosion pretreatment was a promising method to improve glucose conversion and ethanol yield for bioethanol production.

This study was conducted to identify suitable experimental conditions for the Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability (BCOP) assay, after which the assay was employed using 11 substances listed in the OECD test guideline (TG) 437. The opacity of the corneas was checked on days 1, 2, 3, 4, and 10 after extraction. The only day 1 showed the opacity of below 7 (limit value), which indicated the corneas have to be used in a day after extraction. The treatment time of test substances was evaluated at 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 min to determine the opacity, permeability and IVIS values. Suitable IVIS values were observed at 5, 10, and 15 min. Two culture temperature conditions, 25°C and 32°C, had similar IVIS values. The washing method suggested in the OECD TG 437 resulted in the most suitable IVIS value. Based on the established conditions, the BCOP assay was conducted using the 11 substances listed in OECD TG 437, and the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy matched those in the guidelines for all test substances. Taken together, the results of this study indicate that suitable domestic conditions for BCOP assay as an alternative eye irritation method were established. The results presented herein will be useful to future studies of other Korean alternative researches.

본 연구는 의료법이 처음 제정된 이래부터 현재까지 논란이 된 보완대체요법과 의료행위 간의 모 호한 경계를 명확히 하기 위한 목적으로 실시되었다. 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위하여 대한민국법원 종합법률정보와 로앤비를 검색엔진으로 사용하여 판례를 수집하였다. 그 결과 총 15편의 판례에서 의료행위에 대한 간접조항, 무면허 의료행위의 정의, 보완대체요법에 대한 헌법재판소와 대법원의 입 장을 확인할 수 있었다. 그러나 의료법에서 의료행위를 규정한 조항은 찾지 못했다는 점에서 의료행 위와 보완대체요법의 경계가 불명확하다는 사실이 재확인되었다. 본 논고에서 판례조사를 통해 얻은 결론에 따르면 소정의 의료행위란 의학적 전문지식을 기초로 하는 경험과 기능으로 진찰, 검안, 처 방, 투약 또는 외과적 시술을 시행하는 질병의 예방 또는 치료행위를 말한다. 이 행위에는 의료인이 행하지 않으면 보건위생상 위해가 생길 우려가 있는 행위도 포함하고 있다. 따라서 비의료행위에 해 당하는 무면허 의료행위란 의학적 전문지식이 있는 비의료인이 행한 질병의 예방, 치료행위가 사람 의 생명이나 신체, 공중위생에 위해를 발생시킬 우려가 있는 행위인 것이다. 보완대체요법이 의료법 상 법적 규제로부터 자유롭게 이용되기 위해서는 사회적 문제화를 일으키고 있는 부분별한 시술을 제한할 수 있는 제도적인 장치(관련 규정의 정비 등)와 과학적 검증이 선행되어야 한다. 또한 과학적 인 검증을 통하여 안전성과 효율성을 확보하게 된다면 지금보다 더 다양한 보완대체요법이 이용되어 건강관련 종사자의 증가와 국민의 건강증진에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것이다.

This study was designed to develop and to qualify a coffee alternative beverage using a mixture of coffee beans and roasted black beans (Rhynchosia nulubilis). Therefore, the total isoflavone content (TIC), total phenol content (TPC), antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity, NFATc1 (Nuclear factor of activated T-cells c1) expression in RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and sensory evaluation were measured for 5 different Cb (coffee bean)-RoS (roasted seomoktae) mixture extracts (Cb100RoS0, Cb75RoS25, Cb50RoS50, Cb25RoS75, and Cb0RoS100). Cb0RoS100 had the highest TIC (516.83±36.61 mg/100 g) and TPC (18.11±1.77 mg TAE/100 g) along with the highest antioxidant activity as measured by DPPH radical scavenging activity (73.55±8.11%) and ABTS radical scavenging activity (63.27±7.27%). Also, Cb0RoS100 showed the highest anti-inflammatory activity as measured by NO production (13.57±2.21 μM) and PGE2 production (3.25±0.21 ng/mL). The more the RoS ratio was increased in the mixtures of Cb-RoS, the more the NFATc1 protein expression was decreased in RANKL-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In case of sensory evaluation, Cb50RoS50 had the highest scores for flavor, delicate flavor and overall quality, which were similar to those in Cb alone (Cb100RoS0). We suggest that the use of RoS replacement instead of Cb in/as a coffee alternative beverage may help to reduce the risk of caffeine-related bone loss and/or bone disease by effectively blocking NFATc1 expression in RANKLstimulated RAW264.7 cells compared with Cb alone.

According to the statistics, occupational fatal injuries by the fork lifts were about 30 per year in whole industrial. Fork lifts are widely used in various parts of industries to improve the efficiency of the work. In this study, the current regulations to be adequate in industrial site have to be renew in order to prevent the fatal injuries by the fork lifts. Fatal injury analysis were conducted with several accident cases by the fork lifts. For each accident, the causes of the injuries were examined and proper safety measures were proposed. In this study, the fork lift showed a high fatality rate in industrial accidents and no detailed cause analysis of fatal accidents was conducted in terms of unsafe acts or conditions. First, fork lifts were the highest of the machines caused the accidents. In order to prevent fatal injuries by the fork lifts, the tarket was manufacturing industry. Second, the order of the cause of cognitive engineering agenda in the manufacture industrial was visibility, responsibility and affordance, and revision of acts was proposed. Third, there was not a lots of different points of human error between occurrence types and business sizes. Forth, number of fatalities by the attacker was more than by the inducer.

This study was performed to evaluate the alternative improvement plans for removal efficiency of plating wastewater treatment processes with high concentrations of heavy metals and total nitrogen in the influent. The average removal efficiency rates of the existing wastewater treatment plant were 58% of CODcr, 74% of CODmn, 78% of TN, 99% of TP, respectively. However, the concentration of SS (about 250 mg/L) was over the emission standard (120 mg/L). TN and Cu2+ concentrations were over the emission standard; about 62 mg/L and 5.2 mg/L, respectively. Carbon source quantity, fed into the anoxic tank of the biological wastewater treatment process, was controled by calculating the optimum required COD amount for denitrification. The removal efficiency rates of Zn2+, Cu2+, and Ni2+ were achieved using an electrolysis reactor 89%, 89%, and 99%, respectively. Therefore, it was recommended to modify the existing wastewater treatment process including the chemical precipitation to the electrolysis reactor as an efficient and environmentally effective alternative.

본 연구에서는 농업 분야 유용미생물 자원의 국가적 확보 현황을 파악하기 위해 이들의 생물분류학적 정보를 수집하였으며 이들에 대해 생물 종 다양성 지수를 도입하여 평가하였다. 대표적인 생물다양성 평가방법인 Margalef’s richness 및 Mehinick’s index를 각각 적용한 경우 세균은 각각 8.537, 3.546, 진균은 각각 3.349, 2.167의 값을 나타내었다. 높은 수준의 다양성을 가지고 연구·개발되고 있는 이들 농업 분야 유용미생물 및 농산물의 수확 후 선도저하를 유발한다고 보고된 주요 미생물들의 분류학적 위치를 비교하였을 때 일부 미생물이 유사한 분류학적 위치를 보이는 것이 확인되었다. 따라서 친환경 농업 분야 유용미생물의 연구개발 및 작물 내생 미생물에 관한 연구 등 농업 분야 미생물에 대한 전반 적인 연구현황을 고찰하여 농산물의 수확 후 선도관리를 위한 보완책을 제시하고자 하였다.

최근 사형존폐론의 끝없이 대립되는 이론적 논쟁보다는 사형의 대체방안으로 적합한 것이 절대적 종신형인지 상대적 종신형인지의 문제가 핵심적인 주제로 부상하고 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 절대적 종신형의 도입론과 근거 및 제기되는 비판에 대해 구체적으로 검토하는 한편 상대적 종신형 도입론의 정당성과 문제점에 대해서 고찰하였다. 양 제도의 형벌로서의 정당성과 장⋅단점을 파악하고 현재의 우리나라 상황에서 절대적 종신형과 상대적 종신형을 도입할 경우 각각 발생하는 문제점과 비판을 다각적으로 검토함으로써 나아가 보다 바람직한 새 제도를 정비할 수 있고 그것이 한편으로는 사형폐지를 앞당기는 것에도 일조할 수 있다고 생각되기 때문이다. 본 논문의 연구결과 절대적 종신형은 응보감정의 충족이나 범죄예방, 그리고 사회방위 뿐 아니라 형벌선택의 다양성을 보장하는 한편 우리 형벌체계와도 부합한다는 측면에서 장점을 가진다. 위헌성과 재사회화의 문제도 사면⋅감형을 허용하고 교정처우를 잘 운용한다면 절대적 종신형의 도입을 필요적으로 반대할 근거는 되지 못한다. 유기징역 최고 50년, 무기징역시 가석방의 최소기간이 20년으로 규정되어 있는 현재 우리나라의 형벌체계에서 상대적 종신형을 도입할 의미와 필요성은 쇠퇴할 수밖에 없다. 현 상황에서 상대적 종신형의 도입시 형벌체계와의 균형성에 있어서 문제가 발생하고 가석방을 제한하기 위해 가석방 제도의 이원화나 사면법 개정 등 많은 난점이 발생할 것도 고려해야 한다. 따라서 현재 우리나라의 제도와 상황에서는 사형의 대체방안으로서 사면이나 감형은 허용하되 가석방이 없는 절대적 종신형을 도입하는 것이 보다 실현가능성이 높고 적합하다고 생각된다.