The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the spectator experience and satisfaction with a focus on attachment and a sense of community. The survey was given to random spectators who watched KBO (The Korea Baseball Organization) games in 2018. With 189 surveyed participants, this study used exploratory factor analysis and reliability analysis to verify the reliability and validity of the measured variables. The hierarchical multiple regression correlation was employed as a statistical method for the hypotheses of this study. The findings showed that spectators’ experiences have influences on satisfaction. Among the experience factors, education and entertainment affect attachment, and education has the only significant influence on a sense of community. In addition, spectators’ attachment and a sense of community positively influence satisfaction. Attachment and a sense of community have a relatively mediated effect on spectators’ experiences and satisfaction. This study confirmed the need for various spectator experiences at KBO games, and the importance of place attachment or a sense of community.

본 연구는 교사의 민감성, 행복감 및 직무스트레스가 만1세 영아의 교사 애착 형성에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 알아보는데 목적이 있다. 연구대상은 인천, 서울, 세종시에 소재한 국공립, 민간 어린이집의 교사 중 만1세 영아를 담당하고 있는 영아반 교사 300명을 대상으로 설문을 진행하였으며, 불성실한 응답(7명)을 제외한 293부를 최종적으로 통계분석에 사용하였다. 본 연구에서의 자료 분석은 교사의 민감성, 행복감 및 직무스트레스와 만1세 영아반 교사의 애착에 대한 평균과 표준편차를 산출하였고, 교사의 민감성, 행복감 및 직무스트레스와 만1세 영아반 교사와 영아의 애착관계를 알아보기 위하여 Pearson의 적률상관분석을 실시하였으며, 단계적 중다회귀분석을 통하여 만1세 영아의 교사 애착 형성에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석하였다. 분석결과 첫째, 교사의 민감성, 행복감 및 직무스트레스와 만1세 영아의 교사 애착형성과 상관관계에서 민감성과 행복감, 영아의 애착형성은 정적 상관을 민감성과 행복감, 영아의 애착형성은 직무스트레스와 부적 상관이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 교사의 민감성의 하위요인인 ‘적절성’, ‘즉시성’, ‘정확성’, 행복감의 하위요인인 ‘자기조절행복감’, 직무스트레스의 하위요인인 ‘동료관계’가 교사에 대한 영아의 애착형성에 유의미한 영향을 주는 변인으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과는 영·유아를 보육하는 교사의 행복감과 민감성을 향상시키고 직무스트레스를 줄일 수 있는 다양한 방안모색과 함께 이를 지원할 수 있는 정책에도 관심을 가져야 함을 시사한다.

This paper has two goals. First, it aims to carefully examine whether a bi-clausal (movement) approach to -yo attachment in Korean Right Dislocation (RD) constructions is tenable. Yim (2013) argues that -yo marking on an RD-ed element lends support to what is called the 'bi-clausal' approach to RD in Korean. We present an issue and data that solicit reconsideration of Yim's view on the syntax of -yo attachment. In particular, the bi-clausal approach endorsed by Yim is shown to have difficulty capturing two types of coordinate structure, namely interwoven dependency and additive coordination. Second, we demonstrate that the availability of these two types of otherwise puzzling coordination in the RD construction involving -yo marking can be captured under a 'mono-clausal' approach, in conjunction with M-K Park's (2009) midway conjunction analysis, where External Remerge, originally suggested by de Vries (2009), is assumed to play a crucial role in building coordinate structure at issue.

Accurate chromosome segregation is critical to ensure genomic integrity during cell division. This process is facilitated by the kinetochore, a multiprotein structure that is assembled on centromeric regions of chromosomes. The kinetochore establishes a mechanical link between the chromosomes and spindle microtubules and modulates cell cycle progression by regulating spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). Defects in this process result in an aneuploidy, leading to miscarriages, infertility and various genetic disorder such as Down’s syndrome. Although the numerous kinetochore proteins have been identified and studied, the mechanisms that engaged in kinetochore assembly and chromosome segregation are poorly understood. Here we investigated the function of kinetochore protein Zwint-1 on homologous chromosome segregation during oocyte meiotic maturation. We found that Zwint-1 was localized at the kinetochore during meiotic maturation. Knockdown of Zwint-1 caused premature polar body extrusion, indicating acceleration of meiosis I. Interestingly, Zwint-1 knockdown impaired the recruitment of Mad2 at the kinetochores. However, BubR1 localization at the kinetochores was not affected by Zwint-1 knockdown, suggesting that Zwint-1 selectively regulates the recruitment of SAC components into the kinetochores. We also found that Zwint-1 knockdown abrogated chromosome alignment and segregation, thereby resulting in a high incidence of aneuploidy. These chromosomal defects were mostly due to the abnormal kinetochore-microtubule (kMT) attachments. Intriguingly, chromosome misalignment mediated by SAC inactivation was repaired, when anaphase onset was delayed by treating oocytes with proteasome inhibitor MG132. However, surprisingly, chromosomal defects following Zwint-1 knockdown were not restored by delaying anaphase onset. This result suggests that chromosomal defects induced by Zwint-1 knockdown are less likely associated with the failure of SAC activation. In addition, we observed that Aurora B/C kinase activity was not affected by Zwint-1 knockdown. Nevertheless, the meiotic defects induced by Zwint-1 knockdown were similar to those observed in Aurora B/C inhibition, suggesting that Zwint-1 is a downstream effector of Aurora B/C kinase during meiosis. Consistent with this, in Zwint-1 knockdown oocytes chromosomal defects following Aurora B/C inhibition were not restored when Aurora B/C inhibitor was removed, whereas the defects were well rescued in control oocytes after removing Aurora B/C inhibitor. This result suggests that the role of Aurora B/C kinases that correct erroneous kMT attachment is primarily regulated by Zwint-1. Collectively, our results demonstrated for the first time that Zwint-1 is an essential downstream effector of Aurora B/C kinase that corrects erroneous kMT attachment and regulates SAC activity, which ensures accurate homologous chromosome segregation during oocyte meiosis.

This study investigates whether L2 learners employ similar processing strategies as native speakers when disambiguating attachment of a relative clause (RC) in Korean as a second language (KSL). Different processing strategies were tested with temporarily ambiguous sentences containing RCs when the head NP is a complex NP (NP1 of NP2), in which either NP1 (low attachment, LA) or NP2 (high attachment, HA) can be an antecedent. The RCs were controlled for length (short vs. long) and position-sentence initial (scrambled word order) vs. sentence medial (canonical word order). Native speakers consistently showed a clear HA preference regardless of the length or the position of the RCs, whereas KSL learners showed a clear LA preference. The attachment differences between L1 and L2 are discussed in terms of transfer and prosodic sensitivity.

This study aims to investigate the relative clause attachment resolution process of second language learners of English from various aspects. Three experiments were conducted: off-line test(Expt. 1), on-line test(Expt. 2), and a quasi-interview survey of their strategy(Expt. 3). As a result, second language learners of English showed different RC attachment preferences from native speakers of English in the off-line test; however they showed similar preferences of NP2 following the recency effects. Also, the different RC attachment preferences were observed between the off-line test and on-line test among the participants, second language learners of English. The results from reading time and responding time measurement in the experiment 2 and the strategy survey in experiment 3 supported these asymmetric results between the two tests. The findings may have implications that second language learners of English do not follow the consistent and complete cognitive process for the RC attachment resolution process.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of "resident participatory education programs". This study methods was that applied this education programs to the residents of the fishing village after develop of education programs, and was surveyed to ninety five residents of these. As a result of the survey, "community attachment" and "sense of community" showed statistically significant differences from consciousness before and after education. Also, difference of residents consciousness according to the presence or absence of an education showed the same trend too. And, If in the presence or absence of the educational experience, residents consciousness was improved after the education programs. In other words, an education programs applied to in this study can be said to effective to that raise awareness of the residents. And this can be said to contribute in empowerment too.

본 연구에서는 벽면녹화에 사용되고 있는 덩굴성 식물 5종의 벽면재질별 부착유무 및 식재방향에 따른 생장특성에 관한 연구를 진행하였다. 시험은 2010년 5월에서 9월까지 진행하였다. 시험에 사용된 벽면 재질은 흙벽돌, 적벽돌, 유리벽, 목재, 콘크리트, 알루미늄 방음벽으로 6가지 유형이었으며 시험에 사용된 덩굴성 식물은 능소화, 바위수국, 송악, 은빛줄사철, 금빛줄사철이었다. 덩굴성 식물의 초장의 생육은 능소화, 송악, 은빛줄사철, 금빛줄사철, 바위수국 순으로 높았으며 피복율은 능소화, 금빛줄사철, 송악, 은빛줄사철, 바위수국 순으로 높았다. 능소화는 초장 생육과 피복율이 모두 높게 나타났다. 하지만 은빛줄사철, 바위수국, 송악은 초장 생육에 비하여 낮은 피복율을 보였다. 덩굴성 식물의 남·북 방향에 따른 초장 생육의 차이는 송악은 남향에서 높았으며 능소화, 바위수국, 은빛줄사철은 북향에서 초장의 생육이 높았다. 그리고 금빛줄사철은 5~7월에는 남향에서 8~9월에는 북향에서 초장 생육이 높았다. 벽면재질별로 덩굴성식물들의 부착유무는 능소화는 목재, 흙벽돌, 적벽돌, 콘크리트 벽면 재질에 부착이 가능하였고 은빛줄사철은 목재, 적벽돌에 부착이 가능하였다. 그리고 금빛줄사철, 바위수국, 송악은 목재에 부착이 가능하였다. 그러나 유리벽과 방음벽에는 모든 식물이 부착하지 못하였다.

본 연구는 장소애착이 자연지역 내 케이블카 설치에 대한 방문객의 태도에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 시행되었다. 본 연구의 분석을 위해 2010년 9월 중 수집된 총 126명의 무등산도립공원 방문객에 의한 설문답변이 이용되었다. 분석결과, 장소애착은 케이블카 설치에 대한 방문객의 태도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 장소애착이 낮은 응답자는 높은 응답자에 비해 케이블카 개발을 지지하는 경향이 있었다. 전반적으로 장소애착은 케이블카 설치로 인한 잠재적 영향에 대한 신념(beliefs about the potential impacts of cable car: BICC)과 통계적 관련이 없었다. 장소정체성은 BICC와 관련이 있었지만 장소의존성은 BICC와 관련이 없는 것으로 조사되었다. 연령, 거주지, 거주기간, 무등산도립공원 방문경험수준이 장소애착과 관련이 있었다. PA는 사람들의 친환경 행동을 이끌 수 있는 선행인자로서의 역할 가능성을 보유하고 있다. 자연공원을 보다 바람직한 방향으로 관리하기 위해서 PA를 높일 수 있는 영향인자의 규명과 이러한 영향인자의 조절 및 활용을 위한 방법 모색이 필요하다.

This study has considered on basis of constitutionality that the attachment order of electronic device for tracking location doesn't violate the principle of prohibition against double jeopardy, over-prohibition, and rights to equality. The attachment order of electronic device for tracking location doesn't violate the principle of prohibition against double jeopardy because it is a security measure to restrict freedom without imprisonment. However double assessment of second conviction dangerousness at additional punishment to repeated offense and sentence of the attachment order of electronic device for tracking location could be raised objection of double jeopardy. A sex offence has a character that second conviction dangerousness and crime victimization are serious. Thus to release sex offenders is very dangerous, and protection of victims and social defence are necessary. Therefore the attachment order of electronic device for tracking location doesn't violate the principle of over-prohibition because there is a balance between human rights violation and public interest. The attachment order of electronic device for tracking location is applied special offences, but it doesn't violate the principle of rights to equality because of a sanction to character of sex offenders.

This paper discussed about the effect of Zoogloea ramigera on the initial microorganism attachment and the biofilm growth. The additions of 5, 10 and 15%(w/w) of Zoogloea ramigera were facilitated for the initial attachment on the surface of the acryl disk. At biofilm growth, the more Zoogloea ramigera added to the activated sludge, the more biofilm dry weight was obtained. In order to get the stable biofilm and to minimize the start-up periods, initial biofilm formation using activated sludge with floe forming microorganisms like Zoogloea ramigera was recommended rather than that without floe forming microorganisms.

This paper discussed effect of the surface roughness and the hydrophobicity of support material on the microbial attachment in a rotating biological contactor. The hydrophobicity of each support material was determined by the measurement of contact angle of water and the surface roughness was measured by the surface roughness instrument. Microorganisms have well attached on the surface of more hydrophilic support material like Nylon6 than that of the hydrophobic support material like PE. When the relatively hydrophilic surface was roughen, the microbial attachment was increased but when the relatively hydrophobic surface was roughen, the attachment was slightly increased because the hydrophobicity of support material was increased by roughening the hydrophobic surface. Although both variables, the surface hydrophobicity and the surface roughness, have influenced the microbial attachment, the influence of the surface roughness overruled that of the surface hydrophobicity. Support material whose surfaces were roughened about l㎛, 6㎛ and 11㎛ were allowed for attached 3, 7 and 24hr, but the differences of maximum and minimum attachment of each material gave nearly constant values and similar trend with time.