The level of aging in Yanbian area has surpassed that in China so that the situation is very serious. With the high proportion of the elderly living alone, the poor elderly in Yanbian area and the premise of insufficient provision for the aged, there are many problems, such as the diversification of the elderly problem, the disparity of the elderly individuals, the weak awareness of the old-age planning and the weak subjectivity of the elderly. The home-based care for the elderly in Yanbian community is also facing great challenges. There are some problems in Yanbian community pension service, such as insufficient special funds, low level of professionalism, contradiction of social service delivery system, and lack of a joint force among the main bearers of social work for the elderly. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a "medical treatment+supporting+nursing" combined, "four in one" multi-linked community home service model and set up a service network system for the elderly to realize the diversification of the service carriers for the elderly, fulfill the diversification and individualization service needs of the elderly groups in Yanbian in the process of service specialization to meet the diversified and individual service needs of the elderly groups.

본고에서는 지난 1990년부터 추진된 포동 개발·개방의 배경과 목적, 추진 과정에서 등소평의 역할, 구체적인 추진 방식, 네 개의 핵심 기능클러스터의 형성 등을 중국의 최근 자료에 기초하여 상세히 고찰하였다. 1990년 개발·개방을 시작한 이래 포동신구의 경제는 경이적인 고성장을 계속하였다. 포동의 GDP는 1990년의 60.2억 위안에서 2006년에는 2,365억 위안으로 급증해, 16년간 연평균 18.4%의 실질성장을 기록하였다. 또 2006년 말까지 외국인 직접투자 계약건수는 1만 4,910개, 계약금액은 357.1억 달러에 이르렀다. 타 성·시에서 투자한 국내기업도 9,300여 사이고, 등록자본은 600억 위안에 이르렀다. 그 결과 전형적인 농촌지역이었던 포동은 이제 외향형, 다기능의 현대화된 신도시로 바뀌었다. 이제 포동은 중국 전역에서 가장 경제발전 수준이 높고, 주변에 대한 파급력이 강하며, 가장 개방적이고 국제화된 지역의 하나가 되었다. 포동의 개발·개방을 계기로 1990년대 이후 장강삼각주 경제권은 전체 중국경제의 새로운 중심으로 부상하게 되었다. 몇 가지 문제점이 없는 것은 아니지만, 전체적으로 볼 때 지난 15~16년간 포동의 개발·개방은 매우 성공적이었다고 평가할 수 있다.

Due to the rapid economic development of Korea, the bridge have been built by government over the several years. Additionally, there are too many mountain and river and the bridge have been built in rural area. But bridge designers weren't considering the bridge landscape. And bridge was a negative factor in regional landscape. Because of this, this study surveyed the landscape preferences of rural bridge landscapes according to different bridge types. The results were summarized as follows: And this research include conducting a study on visual preference according to the bridge's type and background. And, the landscape of arch bridge in the river 1 is landscape of the highest preference. The the landscape of girder bridge in the river 2 is landscape of the lowest preference. In the river 1 and 2 landscape, high preference is observed in the arch bridge and low preference is noted in the girder bridge. In the mountain 1 and 2 landscape, high preference is observed in the cable-stayed bridge and low preference is noted in the girder bridge. In conclusion, the visual preference of bridge landscape depend on the background and bridge shape, the study said. Therefore, when bridge designer design the bridge, designer have to choose proper bridge shape according to the background. This research was conducted only in bridge landscape of rural area but the visual preference of bridge landscape can be changed according to the various background. And further research is needed to analyze visual preference of bridge landscape according to the various background.

The aerosol number concentration have measured with an aerodynamic particle sizer spectrometer(APS) at Gosan site, which is known as background area in Korea, from January to September 2011. The temporal variation and the size distribution of aerosol number concentration have been investigated. The entire averaged aerosol number concentration in the size range 0.25∼32.0 ㎛ is about 252 particles/㎝3. The number concentration in small size ranges(≤ 0.5 ㎛) are very higher than those in large size ranges, such as, the number concentration in range of larger than 6.5 ㎛ are almost zero particles/㎝3. The contributions of the number concentration to PM10 and/or PM2.5 are about 34%, 20.1% and 20.4% in the size range 0.25∼0.28 ㎛, 0.28∼0.30 ㎛ and 0.30∼0.35 ㎛, respectively, however, the contributions are below 1% in range of larger than 0.58 ㎛. The monthly variations in the number concentration in smaller size range(<1.0 ㎛) are evidently different from the variations in range of larger than 1.0 ㎛, but the variations are appeared similar patterns in smaller size range(<1.0 ㎛), also the variations in range of larger than 1.0 ㎛ are similar too. The diurnal variations in the number concentration for smaller particle(<1.0 ㎛) are not much, but the variations for larger particle are very evident. Size-fractioned aerosol number concentrations are dramatically decreased with increased particle size. The monthly differences in the size-fractioned number concentrations for smaller size range(<0.7 ㎛) are not observed, however, the remarkable monthly differences are observed for larger size than 0.7 ㎛.

The present study aims to evaluate the characteristics of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution in roadside and residential areas of two Korean metropolitan cities (Seoul and Incheon) and a background area (Seokmolee). This purpose was established by analyzing temporal and spacial concentration distribution of total and 7 individual PAHs, which were extracted from ambient particulate matters, and by utilizing a multivariate statistical method (principal component analysis, PCA) for the qualitative determination of potential PAH sources. Target PAHs included benzo(a)anthracene (BaA), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF), chrysene (Chr), dibenzo(a,h)anthracene (DahA), and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (IcdP). For all surveyed sites, the concentrations of total PAHs were higher in winter season than in other seasons. However, the concentrations of individual PAHs varied with surveyed sites. In both residential and roadside sites of Seoul and Incheon, BbF revealed the highest atmospheric levels. For all 7 target PAHs, the ambient concentrations were higher in Seoul and Incheon than in a background area (Seokmolee). In both residential and roadside areas, the concentrations of 4 target PAHs (BaA, BbF, BkF, DahA) were higher in Incheon than in Seoul. However, both the residential and roadside Chr concentrations were comparable in Seoul and Incheon. In addition, the residential IcdP concentrations were higher in Incheon than in Seoul, whereas the roadside concentrations were higher in Seoul. The roadside and residential BaP concentrations exhibited the reverse result to the IcdP concentrations. An PCA analysis suggested that atmospheric PAHs in both residential and roadside areas would be due to combined effects of several potential sources such as gasoline- and diesel-fueled vehicles, coal/oil combustion, and waste incineration.