본 연구는 국내 일반 사양환경에서 ROSS 육용계의 성장능력을 조사․분석하고, 사료효율을 고려한 도계의 적정시기를 산출하며, 도체성적을 분석하여 ROSS종 육계의 국내 활용 가능성을 검증하고, 성장관련 유용유전자를 발굴하여 조기선발을 위한 육종 전략을 수립하는데 목적으로 실시하였다. ROSS308 육계는 부분육 생산에 탁월한 능력을 지닌 품종으로 국외에서는 일반적으로 42일령에 도계를 실시하지만 국내에서는 55일령까지는 도계시기를 연장해도 좋지만 그 이후에는 사료효율이 저하되기 때문에 55일령을 도계시기로 선정하는 것이 바람직하다. 일반성장능력은 일당증체량이 83.4±10.4g, 사료섭취량은 4.5±1.4g, 출하체중은 4,833.2±570.7g, 정강이 길이는 9.36±5.4㎜, 가슴중량은 1,088.6± 125.0g, 넓적다리 중량은 864.8±86.9g으로 조사되었다. 초기 성장에서 능력이 저하되는 개체들은 조기 도태를 유도하여 계군 전체의 성장 능력 및 도체 성적을 개선할 수 있을 것으로 사료되며 이를 위하여 4개의 후보유전자인 TGFBR1, TGFBR1, IGF2, POUF1 등을 활용하여 조기선발을 유도하는 것이 유용할 것으로 사료된다.

천화분이 육계의 생산성에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 부화 직후, 육계병아리에게 천화분추출물을 급여한 후, 혈액의 생화학적 성상 및 항산화능을 비롯한 각종 생체기능에 관여하는 생물학적 수치들을 검토했다. 시험사료 급여 14일간의 각 처리군 별 사료섭취량, 증체량 및 사료효율은 처리군 간에 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. total cholesterol농도는 천화분 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 하락했다. HDL-cholesterol농도는 천화분 0.2% 및 0.3% 첨가군들이 대조군보다 높은 값을 나타내었다. LDL-cholesterol농도는 대조군과 비교하여 천화분 첨가군 모두가 낮은 값을 나타내었으며, 천화분 처리군 간에서는 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 혈장 TG농도는 0.2% 및 0.3% 천화분 첨가군 들이 대조군보다 낮은 값을 나타내었다. glucose 농도는 전 처리군 간에 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. FFA농도는 천화분 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 하락하였다. 혈장 AST, ALT, ALP 및 LDH의 활성치는 천화분 처리군 모두가 대조군보다 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 그러나 천화분 처리군들 간에서는 유의한 차이를 나타내지는 않았다. 처리군 별 혈장 Albumin, Globulin, Total protein의 농도는 전 처리군 간에 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 간장 total cholesterol은 천화분 0.2% 및 0.3%군들이 대조군과 비교하여 하락하는 경향을 보였으나, 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 혈장 및 간장의 TBARS량은 천화분 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 하락하는 경향을 나타내었다. 또한 천화분 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 SOD 및 CAT의 활성치는 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 이상의 결과를 종합해보면, 부화 직후의 육계 초기사양에서 천화분 추출물은 에너지이용과 체내 산화물질의 제어에 긍정적으로 작용하여, 육계 병아리의 질병예방과 성장촉진을 위한 프로그램에 응용가능성을 시사해준다.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of the Black Soldier Fly(BSF) larvae on growth performance, carcass rate, and fatty acid profile of chicken meat in broiler chicks. Four hundred eighty 1-d-old broilers(Ross 308) were distributed into 3 treatments with 4 pens at 30 birds per replicate. Treatments were corn-soybean meal based broiler diet (control) and the basal diet replaced with BSF at the level of 3 and 6% respectively. Viability was not different significantly. Body weight gain was higher in control than other treatments. Feed intake was not statistically different of treatments. Feed conversion ratio was lower in ontrol than other treatments. Relative weight of breast meat was significantly increased in all treated groups than in control. But, another relative weights of chicken meat cuts (thigh, wing, neck, back) were not significantly different among the groups. In conclusion, it could be suggested that dietary supplementation of Black Soldier Fly larvae could beneficially improved the performance on broiler

본 연구는 폭염 스트레스(extreme heat stress, EHS, 33±2℃)에 노출된 브로일러에서 대두유, 당밀, 아미노산, 비타민 C를 적절하게 함유하는 폭염사료 (extreme heat stress diet, EHSD)급여가 짧은 사슬지방산 및 성장능력에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 부화 당일 Ross 308 병아리 500 마리를 5처리구로 완전임의배치 하였다. 각 처리구는 4반복을 가졌으며 각 반복은 25마리씩 배치하였다. 처리구는 역전점등과 함께 T1 (일반환경+기초사료 basal diet, BD), T2 (EHS+BD), T3 (EHS+BD 내 우지를 대두유로 대체 및 당밀 2%를 함유하는 EHSD), T4 (EHS+BD 내 우지를 대두유로 대체, 당밀 2%, 메치오닌과 라이신을 각각 일반사료의 1.5배씩 함유하는 EHSD), T5 (EHS+BD 내 우지를 대두유로 대체, 당밀 2%, 메치오닌과 라이신을 각각 일반사료의 1.5배씩 추가 및 비타민 C 200 ppm을 함유하는 EHSD)로 구분하였다. 브로일러의 증체량은 T1, T2와 비교할 때 T4, T5에서 유의하게 증가하였다. 그리고 면역기관, F낭, 흉선, 비장의 무게는 서로 비슷하였다. 또한 혈청 IgG, IgA, IgM 농도는 T4, T5가 T1, T2에 비교할 때 높았으나 코르티코스테론 농도는 유의하게 낮아졌다. 특히 맹장의 Lactobacillus는 T4, T5가 T1, T2에 비해서 증가하였으나 Escherichia, Coliform, Total aerobic bacteria는 오히려 유의하게 감소하였다. 초산, 프로피온산 및 총 짧은 사슬지방산 함량은 T4, T5가 T1, T2와 비교할 때 유의하게 높았다.

본 연구는 연속조명과 함께 폭염 스트레스(extreme heat stress, EHS)에 노출된 브로일러에서 폭염사료 급여가 혈액지질, 성장능력, 면역기관, 혈청 면역물질, 맹장 미생물 변화에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 일반 환경온도 (25℃) 또는 폭염스트레스 (33±2℃)하에서 사육한 병아리는 일반사료(chow diet, CD)와 폭염사료(extreme heat diet, EHD)를 섭취하였다. 부화 당일 Ross 308 병아리 500 마리를 5 처리구 4 반복(반복 펜 당 25 마리)으로 완전임의배치 하였다. T1 (일반환경+CD), T2 (EHS+CD), T3 (EHS+CD 내 우지를 대두유로 대체 및 당밀 5%를 함유하는 EHD), T4 (EHS+CD 내 우지를 대두유로 대체, 당밀 5%, 메치오닌과 라이신을 각각 CD 의 1.5 배씩 함유하는 EHD), T5 (폭염+CD 내 우지를 대두유로 대체, 당밀 5%, 메치오닌과 라이신을 각각 CD 의 1.5 배씩 추가 및 비타민 C 300 ppm 을 함유하는 EHD)로 구분하였다. EHS 는 체중 및 사료섭취량을 유의하게 감소하였다. 혈액지질, 혈액 면역물질, F 낭, 흉선 그리고 비장의 무게는 브로일러를 EHS 에 노출하였을 때 유의하게 낮아졌다. 일반 환경온도 처리군과 비교할 때 EHS 처리군에서 맹장 Lactobacillus sp.는 낮았으나 Escherichia sp., Salmonella sp. 및 총호기성균은 높게 나타났으며 각 처리구 사이의 통계적인 유의차가 인정되었다.

The aim of this experiment was to count excreted oocysts and to evaluate gross lesions and histopathological changes in broiler chicks infected with Eimeria; E. acervulina (Ea), E. maxima (Em), and E. tenella (Et). Twelve-day-old broiler chicks without infection with Eimeria spp. were used in this experiment. On day 12, the chicks in group Ea (n=3), Em (n=3), and Et (n=3) received oral inoculation with 5 × 10 sporulated oocysts of Ea, Em, and Et per 1 mL of tap water, while control chicks were injected with tap water of equal amount. The prepatent period (PP) for Ea, Em, and Et was four, five, and six days, respectively. To evaluate the progress of the coccidiosis, post-mortem analysis method and histopathological evaluation were performed two days after PP of Ea and Et, and three days after PP of Em at two-day intervals on one bird from each group. Intestinal segments (Ea, duodenum and upper intestine; Em, mid intestine; and, Et, cecum) of all chicks were obtained from the autopsied birds. Among pathological changes of coccidiosis, target parts of small intestine and caecal pouches showed mucosal petechiation and white plaques streaks in the duodenum. Histopathological evidence showed upper small intestinal villus preserved with different phases of parasite (zygotes, oocysts, macro- and micro-gametocytes) after infection with Ea in broiler chicks. Zygotes in the lamina propria and fusion of middle small intestinal villi in broilers infected with Em and invasion of the caecal crypt of oocysts and granulomatous inflammation of caecal submucosa in broilers infected with Et were found.

A study was investigated the effects of the probiotic mixture (PM) contained Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) SY-99 2.4×109 CFU/kg and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) SJ-61 2.2×109 CFU/kg on growth performance and fecal microflora counts of broiler chickens. Referred to the previous studies, a total of 160 one-day-old male broiler chicken (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to four experimental groups, which were a basal diet alone (control) and supplemented with PM 0.1 g/kg feed (T1), PM 0.2 g/kg feed (T2), and PM 0.4 g/kg feed (T3). After 28 days of administration, the average daily feed intake of T1 and T3 was significantly different compared to that of control (p<0.05). In addition, the feed conversion ratio of T2 and T3 was significantly improved compared to that of control (p<0.05). On the 28th day after administration, all treatment groups were significantly increased fecal lactic acid bacteria (LAB) counts and decreased fecal Enterobacteriaceae (ENT) counts compared to T1 (p<0.05). The results of this study indicated that the combination of L. plantarum and B. subtilis strains in the range of 0.2-0.4 g/kg feed could be used for the improvement of growth performance and fecal microflora in broiler chickens.

Probiotics, enzymes, organic acids, oligosaccharides, antioxidants, and other functional materials are actively being explored as alternatives to antibiotics. Probiotics include live beneficial microorganisms that colonize the intestinal tract and competitively inhibit attachment and growth of harmful microbes. Probiotics also increase feed efficiency by assisting in nutrient absorption and digestion. The current study was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of a new probiotic, CS-A, as a dietary supplement of a fermented product on growth performance, feed intake, and feed conversion efficiency in broiler chickens, and to evaluate its value as an alternative for antibiotics used as a feed additive. Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of CS-A were investigated in vitro and the in vivo effects of a constant concentration of supplemented CS-A on growth rate and feed efficiency were evaluated. In addition, the safety of CS-A was assessed by examination of common symptoms and mortality. Determination of minimal inhibitory concentration revealed an excellent antibacterial effect of CS-A. Cytotoxicity was low and anti-inflammatory effects were achieved at the effective concentration of CS-A. Supplementation with 0.1% CS-A resulted in a feed efficiency score of 1.84 in broilers, compared to 2.00 in the control group. There were no adverse clinical findings, necropsy findings, hematology, and altered serum biochemistry parameters, and no mortality. Thus, it is concluded that CS-A is safe and effective as a feed additive.

To investigate the influence of multi-probiotic, fermented ginseng byproduct and fermented sulfone on the performance, intestinal microflora and immunity of broiler, a five weeks trial was conducted with 340, 1-d-old Ross×Ross broiler. All broilers were divided into five different groups having 68 birds in each treatment, and they were assigned as control, antibiotic avilamycin (AB), multi-probiotic (MP), fermented sulfone (FS) and fermented ginseng byproduct (FGB). Each artificial or naturally derived probiotic was inoculated 0.1% level with the basal diet, and all diets were provided to birds for five weeks. Weight gain and feed intake were measured weekly basis, and blood, spleen and feces were collectedand used for the physiological properties of broiler chickens. All performances and cholesterol profiles were not significantly differed but numerically lower level of neutral fat and LDL was found in multi-probiotics and FGB treatments respectively. The salmonella spp and E. coli numbers in the ileum were high in control in relation to those of other treatments and were significantly decreased in antibiotics treatments (p<0.05). In addition, Lactobacillus spp. showed significantly higher proliferation in MP as compared to that of others (p<0.05). Fecal ammonia and CO2 gas emission was significantly decreased in MP, FGB and FS, respectively (p<0.05), but significantly increased proliferation of spleen was determined in MP group in comparison of other treatments (p<0.05). Therefore, the results indicates that multi-probiotics would be valuable feed additives to improve the salmonella, E. coli and Lactobacillus proliferation, and manure gas emission of broiler chickens, but further study related to the production of manure gas emission of MP is necessary.

이 논문은 육계 사육농가들에 대한 설문조사 자료를 이용하여 홀드업 문제로 인한 저투자 문제가 존재하는지를 분석하였다. 육계사육농가는 계열화업체와 계약시에 계사를 보유하여야 한다. 만약 계열화업체가 홀드업을 야기할 가능성이 있음을 농가가 알 경우 농가는 관계특수 자산에 대해 최적이 아닌 그보다 적은 양을 투자할 것이다. 분석결과를 보면, 육계 사육 농가가 금번 계약이 종료된 이후에 새로운 계열화업체를 찾기 어려울 경우 저투자 문제가 존재함을 보여주고 있다. 또한 육계 사육 농가는 계열화업체로부터 계약서에 없는 부당한 사항을 요구당할 경우 통계학적 유의성은 낮지만 그로 인해 저투자 문제가 발생할 수 있음을 보여준다.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of wormwood meal addition on constituent of blood, and liver fatty acid in broiler chickens. Two-day old 25 male commercial broiler chicks were distributed to 5 treatments (wormwood meal levels ; T1 (1%), T2 (3%), T3 (5%), T4 (10%), and control (C)) for 5 weeks. Free fatty acids of liver were a little different among the treatments and the palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids were occupied 92.5% of total free fatty acids. Hemoglobin and hematocrite concentration of blood were significantly decreased (p<0.05) as the levels of wormwood meal increased, and serum albumin concentration of broilers was little different between 0 week and 5 week experiments. Also serum cholesterol, phospholipid, total cholesterol, and triglyceride concentration of liver in broilers were little different during the 5 weeks experiment. Serum triglyceride concentration was significantly increased (p<0.05) as levels of wormwood meal increased. These results indicate that dietary wormwood meal addition has a little positive effect on increasing unsaturated fatty acid and decreasing saturated fatty acid.

The objective of this study was to determine the feeding effect of a diet containing Cordyceps with fly pupa on the changes in blood lipid profile from broiler chickens, fatty acids and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in chicken meat. A total of 360 chicks (Ross strain 308) were divided on hatch day into four treated groups with respect to a 35-day feeding regimen: T1 (control group), T2 (2.0% Cordyceps with fly pupa), T3 (3.5% Corceps with fly pupa) and T3 (5.0% Cordyceps with fly pupa). Blood triacylglyceride and total cholesterol level was significantly decreased by 5.32-10.63% and 9.23-12.62%, respectively, in groups T2, T3 and T4 when compared to T1 (p<0.05). Water holding capacity was significantly highest in T2 (p<0.05), while there were no significant differences among groups T2, T3 and T. In chicken meat, the ratio of saturated fatty acid to unsaturated fatty acid was high in the T3 and T4 groups, the ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acid was low in the T2, T3 and T4 groups and oleic acid (18:1n-9) was high in the T2, T3 and T4 groups, when compared to T1 (p<0.05). TBARS tended to increase according to the storage time (in days), and was significantly lower in the chicken thigh muscles with skin in groups T2, T3 and T4 as compared to T1 (p<0.05). These results suggest that a diet containing 2.0-3.5% of Cordyceps with fly pupa may decrease blood lipid and improve both the shelf-life and quality of broiler chicken meat.

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a causative agent of erysipelas in avian and mammalian species globally. Eight dead 5-week-old Ross broiler chickens were submitted for diagnostic tests in September 2005. Typical signs including white necrotic foci on the liver, focal congestion of the pancreas, severe atrophy and hardening of the bursa of Fabricius were detected. E. rhusiopathiae was isolated from haemorrhagic lung samples. However, no specific PCR product for the viral diseases tested was detected in these chicken samples. To our best knowledge, this is the first report of the isolation of E. rhusiopathiae in broiler chickens in Korea.

Our previous study demonstrated that fermented four-herb combination (Ulgum, Yagmomil, Maesil and Bokbunja) with probiotics (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bacillus subtilis) (hence, this additives was designated PFH) have immune enhancing and antibacterial effects in broiler chickens. The aims of the present study were to investigate the effects of PFH on growth performance and meat quality of broiler chickens. Twenty-day-old Ross broiler chickens were fed with or without PFH for 2 weeks. Body weight gain of the 2% PFH-fed group was significantly increased compared with those of the control group (*P<0.05). Moreover, body weight gain of the 1% PFH-fed group was also showed a increased tendency compared with the control group, although the difference was not significant (P=0.06). However, no significant difference in feed intake was observed among the groups. Feed conversion ratio of the 2% PFH-fed group was significantly decreased compared with those of the control group (*P <0.05). In addition, feed conversion ratio of the 1% PFH-fed group was also showed a slightly decreased tendency compared with the control group, although the difference was not significant (P=0.07). However, no significant differences in the proximate composition (moisture, crude fat, crude protein and crude ash) and the physico-chemical index (cooking loss, shearing force, water holding capacity and pH) were found among the groups. In addition, succulence, tending and flavor in meat of all 3 groups were also not different. Taken together, these findings suggest the possibility that PFH could be used as the alternative of antibiotic growth promoters by improving the performance of broiler chickens.

The purpose of this study is to estimate concentration and emission unit of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide released from domestic chicken buildings by field investigation. Mean concentrations of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emitted from chicken buildings were 18.25(±4.78)ppm and 807.53(±526.17)ppb for caged layer house, 14.48(±4.13)ppm and 644.82(±312.48)ppb for broiler house, and 6.16(±2.02)ppm and 284.75(±232.08)ppb for layer house with manure belt, respectively. Mean emission coefficients of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were 0.951(±0.131) g hen^-1h^-1 and 2.956(±0.968) mg hen^-1h^-1 based on head whereas they were 0.575(±0.082) g m^-2h^-1 and 12.44(±3.536) mg m^-2h^-1 based on time. In conclusion indoor concentration and emission coefficient of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were highest in caged layer housed, followed by broiler house and layer house with manure belt.

본 연구는 천연 한방 소재인 오배자를 사료첨가제로 이용하여 육계의 증체 및 육질에 미치는 영향을 분 석하였다. 총 80수의 2일령 육계를 20수 씩 각 4그룹으로 나눈 후 각 각 0% (control), 0.10%, 0.25% 및 0.50%의 농도로 사료에 첨가하여 30 일간 급여 하였고, 투여 시작 후 매 5일 마다 증체량, 사료섭취 량 및 사료 효율을 측정하였다. 그 결과 오배자 투여 그룹 모두에서 control 그룹보다 높은 증체량을 보 였고, 특히 0.25% 및 0.50% 투여그룹인 유의적인 증가를 나타냈으나 (P<0.05), 사료섭취량 및 사료효율 분석에서는 모든 그룹에서 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 또한 오배자 0.10% 및 0.50% 투여그룹의 닭 다리살과 가슴살에 대한 조단백질과 지방산 조성을 분석해 보았다. 본 결과를 통하여 닭 다리살의 경 우 투여그룹 모두에서 비 투여군과 비교하여 조단백질 및 지방산 조성에는 큰 차이점을 보이지 않았다. 닭 가슴살의 경우 비 투여군과 비교하여 조단백질이 유의적으로 높게 나타났으며 (P<0.05), 지방산 조성 에 있어서 항암 및 항산화 작용으로 알려진 a-linoleic acid (C18:3n-3) 및 conjugated linoleic acid 가 비 투여군에 비해 높게 함유한 것으로 분석되었다. 이상의 결과로서 천연 한방 소재인 오배자를 육계용 사료첨가제로 급여하였을 때, 육계의 증체 및 육질 개선을 향상시키는 것으로 나타났으며, 이는 오배자가 육계의 생산성을 증대시키는 사료 첨가제로서 가치가 있을 것으로 사료된다.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the reasonable levels of energy and protein for the production of large broilers. A total of nine hundred sixty, day old broiler chickens (Ross) were randomly divided into six groups with four replicates of forty birds each. Experiments were factorial designed with 3,100, 3,000, and 3,030 kcal of ME/kg and 22, 21, and 21% CP for the first week; and 3,100, 3,035, and 3,050 kcal of ME/kg and 19, 19, and 18.5% CP for the second and third week; and 3,100, 3,175, and 3,100 kcal of ME/kg and 17, 18, and 17.5 CP for the fourth and fifth week; and 3,100, 3,175, and 3,250 kcal of ME/kg and 17, 17, and 18% CP for the sixth and seventh week. Body weight and feed conversion ratio were higher in T3 than the other treatments groups (p<0.05). Feed intake was higher in than males than females treatment group (p<0.05). No significant differences were observed in carcass percent and leg meats production rate was 22.5% in T1 treatment of male and female were 22.5% of the T5 treatment. In addition, 21.4% in females treated T4 and T6 treatment was 21.5%. Abdominal fat was higher in males than females. After seven weeks, the moisture content of litter did not differ among the treatments. In the experimental results, large male broilers at the end of the feeding in protein and energy levels should be increased. However, females did not suggest a need to increase.

The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of feeding dietary legislation sulfur on the lipid levels of chicken meat and growth performance in broilers. A total of 180 male broilers (Ross strain 308) were randomly assigned into three treated groups with triplicate of 20 birds each, T1 (control group), T2 (antibiotics 8 ppm), and T3 (0.3% sulfur premix containing 30% of sulfur) groups. The body weight gains over a 3-wk period were significantly higher in T2 and T3 groups than the T1 group, but not different between T2 and T3. The dressing percentage, weight of thigh meat, breast muscle and bursa of F were significantly high in T2 and T3 groups compared to the T1 group, but not different between T2 and T3. The weight of abdominal fat was significantly higher in T3 group than in T1 and T2 groups. The cholesterol content of the whole chicken meat was significantly lower in the T3 group as compared to the T1 and T2 groups. The oleic acid (18:1n-9) content of whole chicken meat from the T3 group was higher than that of the other groups. The results of this study suggests that feeding dietary sulfur as an antibiotic replacement may increase the oleic acid and reduce the cholesterol in chicken meat while improving the carcass characteristics and growth performance in broiler chickens

Effects of Vegemil® containing soybean proteins and isoflavones on the growth and bone density of broiler chickens were investigated. One-week-old male and female Arbor Acres broiler chickens were fed on Vegemil® A containing 3% soybean proteins and 162 ppm isoflavones, instead of water, for 30 days and their growth indices (body weight, leg weight and femur length) and bone density were analyzed. The body weight gains in male and female chickens were increased by 15.6% and 31.7%, respectively, following feeding Vegemil® A compared to normal water. Vegemil® A increased leg weight as well as femur length of females by 22.9% and 15.0%, respectively. In addition, Vegemil® A feeding enhanced femoral bone density by 21.3% in comparison with water feeding. Therefore, it is suggested that Vegemil® A not only facilitates body growth, but also strengthens bone density of normal chickens, and that it could be a promising candidate for the improvement of infant growth and for the prevention of menopausal osteoporosis.