Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of debriefing program applying patient safety analysis and comparison of knowledge and attitude toward patient safety. Method: A nested design of pretest-posttest control group was used with root cause analysis for debriefing. The participants were 58 undergraduate nursing students recruited from one university in Chungcheong province. They were assigned to either an experimental group (n=28 or a control group (n=30). A structured root cause analysis method for debriefing program offered to the experimental group whereas the control group did not receive any program. The data were analyzed using the PASW 23.0 program with χ2test, t-test, and ANOVA. Results: The participants who had participated in the root cause analysis in the debriefing showed significant difference (p < .001). Conclusion: The result of this study found that the root cause analysis method in the debriefing improved patient safety. Therefore, this program can be widely used in nursing curriculum because it leads to efficient debriefing and improves patient safety through root cause analysis.

목 적: 한센환자에게 변색안경 착용 전, 후의 자각증상에 따른 차이를 비교하고, 변색안경으로 인한 눈물과 눈부심의 증상이 완화되었는지 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법: 원주에 거주하고 있는 한센환자 29명(남자 9명(31%), 여자 20명(69%), 평균연령 74.86±5.86세)을 대상으로 자각증상을 설문으로 조사하였으며 시력검사와 안경처방검사를 병행하였다. 대상자들의 최초 상태를 검사한 후 변색안경 착용 2개월 후(23명)에 2차 문진을 통해 자각증상의 변화를 확인하였다. 결 과: 대상자 58안의 나안시력은 0.29±0.18이었고 교정시력은 0.44±0.21이었으며 교정효과는 22.58± 18.05%이었다. 자각증상으로 눈부심(26명), 침침함(25명), 눈의 피로(18명), 눈물(17명), 등으로 나타났으며 변색렌즈를 착용 후 자각증상의 순서는 문제없음(21명), 침침함(1명) 이물감(1명), 눈의 피로(1명)로 나타났다. 안경 착용 전 눈물흘림은 실내에서 무증상 10명, 경함 9명 중등도 9명, 심함 1명이었으며 실외에서는 무증상 10명, 경함 6명, 중등도 11명, 심함 2명이었다. 눈부심은 실내에서 무증상 5명, 경함 18명, 중등도 4명, 심함 2명으로 실외에서 무증상 5명, 경함 16명, 중등도 4명, 심함 4명이었다. 변색안경 착용 후 눈물흘림과 눈부심의 증상을 살펴본 결과 눈물은 실내에서 무증상 19명, 경함 4명이었다. 실외에서 무증상 20명, 경함 2명, 중등도 1명이었다. 눈부심은 실내에서는 전원 무증상 23명이었으며 실외에서는 무증상 22명, 경함 1명이었다. 눈의 피로는 무증상 22명, 경함 1명으로 호전되었다. 결 론: 한센환자에게 변색안경의 착용전후 자각증상의 차이가 유의하게 나타났다. 따라서 변색안경은 자각증상을 완화하는 효과가 있으며 특히 눈물흘림과 눈부심 증상이 호전되었다. 눈물과 눈부심이 있는 한센 환자에게 변색안경의 착용은 자각증상을 개선시켜주는데 상당히 효과적임을 알 수 있었다.

creative innovation and an innovative problem-solving of industrial companies can be achieved by overcoming the challenges of technical and physical contradictions. The approaches to address conflicting and paradoxical problems, such as technical and physical contradictions have a crucial role in advancing the quality assessment for manufacturer and service provider. The term, technical contradiction, depicts the state that improvement of one ends of IFR (Ideal Final Result) leads to unfavorable condition of the other ends, and results in conflicting problem. Another type of contradictions that’s discussed in this study is a physical contradiction which is due to two mutually opposing states of the means of ends, and gives paradoxical situation. By integrating the means-ends chain perspectives, the physical contradiction that is a specifically root-causes, “means”, can be initially addressed to resolve the downstream problem of technical contradiction which represents a general and abstract goals, “ends”. This research suggests IFR resolution processes to handle both physical contradiction of means and technical contradiction of ends by employing causal relationship with IFR, effects and causes. n summary, the study represents three major processes that resolve such contradictions are demonstrated as follows: 1) Derivation of causal and hierarchical relationship among IFR, ends and means by considering CAED (Cause-And-Effect Diagram) and LT (Logic Tree). 2) Identification of causal relationship between physical contradiction and technical contradiction by using TPCT (TRIZ Physical Contradiction Tree) and TCD (Technical Contradiction Diagram). 3) Application of integrated TRIZ principles by classifying 40 inventive principles into 4 general conditions of the separation principle of mutually opposite states in space, in time, based on conditions, and between the parts and the whole. In order to validate the proof of proposed IFR resolution processes, the analysis of the TRIZ case studies from National Quality Circle Contest in the years, 2011 to 2014 have been proposed. The suggested guidelines that are built based on TRIZ principles can uniquely enhance the process of quality innovation and assessment for quality practitioners.

This paper suggests a procedure to define business process improvement (BPI) projects with analysis results based on the cause-and-effect chain. The procedure developed in this paper focuses on eliminating root causes of business problems resulted from abnormal events occurred in business process executions. First, we develop three criteria used to make clusters of the root causes where a cluster of root causes will be eliminated together by a BPI project defined based on the cluster. Second, we develop a method to formulate desired expectations from the BPI project. Also, we suggest a method to calculate the relative importance of the BPI projects that help a BPI organization determine priorities of them. We illustrate the procedure and the methods with some examples for the domestic mail delivery process in the postal service industry.

Many scholars and church leaders, both Korean and Western, have usually considered Hardie’s repentance as the main reason for the Wonsan great revival from 1903. Therefore, during the centennial anniversary of the Pyongyang great revival in 2007 ‘revival by repentance’ was a popular formular for a resurgence of the great revival among Korean churches. However, Hardie’s repentance was not the cause but the effect of the Wonsan great revival. After experiencing baptism of the Holy Spirit or revival, Hardie confessed his sins. Thus, his repentance was not the main cause of the Korean revival. If it was not contingent on Hardie’s personal repentance, it could be asked why God allowed the great revival to occur in Korea and chose to use Hardie for that work. There may be four possible explanations that can be posed: (1) Hardie’s knowledge of revival, (2) his prayer for revival with devotional Bible study, (3) his pursuit of a high ideal, and (4) his lofty motivation. In other words, Hardie regarded baptism of the Holy Spirit as revival and he had been praying for Spirit baptism with Bible study along with his Canadian supporters and some missionary colleagues. Also, like most early Methodist missionaries in Korea, Hardie tried to gain real Christians instead of nominal or professing Christians, which was defined as ‘a high idea’ by a Presbyterian missionary (Robert E. Speer, 18671947). The main purpose of Hardie's life and missionary work was Jesus Christ. In order to maintain loving Jesus Christ, Hardie remained sincere toward people, and followed not money but God’s will. In short, because Hardie understood the true meaning of revival or Spirit baptism, he prayed for revival with sincere Bible study, pursued a high ideal making real Christians, and kept lofty motivation based on loving Jesus Christ. Thus, God not only allowed the early Korean great revival, but also utilized Hardie to do it. In this writing, the writer mainly deals with whether ‘revival by repentance’ is a biblical idea or not, and why God chose Dr. Hardie as one of the main figures for the early Korean great revival.

In order to investigate the cause and magnitude of scale effect occurring in the model experiments of fishing nets, five pairs of Nylon pyramid nets and one pair of PE ones in which all the two nets paired were equal each other in the factors determining their flow resistance, i. e., the ratio d/l of diameter d to length l of bars, the angle f between two adjacent bars, the attack angle q of nettings to the water flow, and the wall area S of nets, and different in the values of d and l were prepared. Then, the nets were attached to the circular steel frame alternately and their flow resistances with shapes in water were measured on the sea ascribing no turbulent flows by using the tension meter made of a block bearing for the experiment. All the Nylon nets were spreads out easily in water to form a circular cone at relatively low velocity of water and showed the resistance smaller a little in the nets with larger d and l than them with smaller d and l, because the filtration of water through meshes become easier in nets especially with larger l. But PE nettings were not spread out sufficiently on account of their small flexibility and showed higher resistance especially in them with thicker twines. Therefore, the difference in bar length or mesh size and flexibility of nettings between prototype and model nets are regarded to become factors ascribing scale effect. Especially the influence of the difference in mesh size may become large significantly in actual model experiments because the mesh size of model nets is decided at much larger value than that given by scale ratio and so the difference of mesh size between the two nets become much larger than that between nets used in this experiment.

The Great south gate of Seoul Castle, Sung-Rye-Mun, the east gate of Seoul Castle, Hung-In-Ji-Mun, the south gate of Hwa-Sung Castle, Pal-Dal-Mun and the north gate of Hwa-Sung Castle, Jang-An-Mun are typical significant castle gate of Chosun Dynasty. They have a lot in common with exterior. Additionally there are also something common in dimensions. At first, the arch dimensions of lower story is very similar and the columns of upper story are the regular intervals. Purpose of this study is to confirm similarities above mentioned were intended on purpose and if then what was the reason. The results of this study were described separately as follows. 1. The widths of the arches were based on each 16Cheok and 18Cheok. 2. The heights of the arches followed less strictly rule than the widths. 3. The widths of the arches, 16Cheok was same size as width of middle-size road (中路, Jung-Ro) inside the Castle town in Chosun Dynasty. 4. The widths of the arches, 16Cheok was the standard size of exit went through castle and then the standard size of road arrived at one's destination. 5. The widths of the arches had an effect on the intervals between the columns of the upper story. Finally we recognized that in Chosŏn Dynasty the widths of the gate arches in Seoul castle and Hwa-Sung castle had relevance to the city planning largely and widths of the gate arches had an effect on the intervals between the columns of the upper story partly.

This study was conducted to provide basic data and insight into behaviors that result in increased continuous sales and competitiveness. This was done by examining the effect of personal involvement on customer satisfaction and trust, the effect of customer satisfaction on switching cost and loyalty, the effect of trust on switching cost and loyalty and by analyzing the indirect effect of trust and loyalty to personal involvement on switching cost and loyalty of the patrons of casual dining restaurants. In order to achieve the goals of the study, a hypothesis and structural equation were proposed based on preceding research and the proposed model was analyzed using LISREL 8.30 to prove the hypothesis and better understand the interactions between the cause and effect. The results were as follows: Six proposed hypothesis were chosen and the indirect effect was verified. In other words, customers' personal involvement was shown to have an effect on trust and devotion and satisfaction influenced switching cost and loyalty. Trust had an effect on switching cost and loyalty and by analyzing the indirect effect the customers' personal involvement was shown to affect the switching cost and loyalty through satisfaction and trust. The result of this analysis provides clues to better understand the eating-out behavior of customers and proves that personal involvement, satisfaction, trust, switching cost and loyalty are directly and indirectly related.

This study examined urbanization effects and the causes of urbanization, urban population growth, increase of the city scale, land cover change, and human cultures and economic activities, using the daily minimum temperatures of the past 50 years (1961-2010) with the subject of Busan and analyzed correlations between urbanization effects and the causes of urbanization. Thereby, this paper drew a conclusion as below: 1) Due to the urbanization effects, the average annual daily minimum temperature increased as about 1.2℃; however, except for the factor of urbanization, the increase was shown as about 0.2℃. The occupancy of urbanization effects in the total temperature increase was quite high as about 83%. 2) Just like other cities experiencing urbanization, Busan, too, sees population growth and the expansion of city area as well as increased urbanization effects. First of all, correlation between population growth and urbanization effect was high as 0.96 before 1985 while it was lowered as 0.19 after 1985. Also, correlation between the increase of city area and urbanization effect was high as 0.64 and 0.79 before and after 1985. 3) Regarding the correlation between long-term land use change and urbanization effect, urbanization effect was affected greatly by the increase of city area (0.97) and reduction of green area (0.92). 4) Concerning human activities possible to affect the climatic factors of a city, this paper found the following factors: road length, car increase, power use, and the consumer price index, etc. And regarding the correlation between the three factors and urbanization effect, the correlation was higher in the consumer price index (0.97), the number of registered cars (0.89), power use (0.75), and road length (0.58) in order.

본 연구는 동계레져스포츠 참가자의 동계레져스포츠 참가자의 개인적 특성과 배경적 특성이 생활만족도에 미치는 영향을 파악하고, 운동참가동기와 운동몰입경험 그리고 자기관리의 변인이 생활만족에 미치는 상대적 영향력을 규명하기 위하여 서울시, 대전시, 경기도, 강원도, 충청북도에 소재하고 있는 동계레져스포츠 참여자 790명을 대상으로 하였다. 자료의 표집을 위해 설문지를 사용하였으며 유효 표본으로 수집된 자료는 SPSS version 12.0 프로그램을 이용하여 각 요인별 평균, 표준편차를 산출하였고, 신뢰도분석(reliability)과 요인분석(factor analysis)을 실시하였으며, 동계레져스포츠 참가자의 생활만족도에 영향을 미치는 요인의 인과모형의 적합성을 알아보기 위하여 Amos Version 4.0 프로그램을 이용하여 다음과 같은 결론을 도출하였다. 첫째, 성별에 따른 신체적인 만족도는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았으나 스케이트종목과 미혼자 그리고 자영업에서 신체적인 만족의 정도가 높았으며, 휴식적인 만족은 스키종목에서 여성과 기혼자 그리고 50대이상의 전문직종사자가 높았으며, 남자는 스키종목을 통하여 사회활동만족을 가장 많이 느끼는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 동계레져스포츠 배경적 특성에서 연중 7회이상 스키장을 방문하는 4년~5년의 운동경력자가 높은 신체적인 만족을 느끼고 있었으며, 6년이상 운동경력으로 1박2일 동안 가족과 함께 다녀가는 집단에서 휴식적인 만족의 정도가 높게 나타났으며, 중급이상의 스키실력으로 동료와 함께 동계레져스포츠에 참여하는 집단에서 사회활동 만족을 느끼고 있었다. 셋째, 동계레져스포츠 참가자의 생활만족도에 대한 인과모형 검증에서 초기에 설정된 연구모형의 적합도를 높이기 위하여 고유행동관리의 변인을 제거하고 참여빈도관리 변인과 건강지향 변인을 공분산 처리하여 적합도 평가기준에 충족하는 연구모형을 제시하였으며, 자기관리요인과 몰입경험요인은 생활만족도에 영향력을 행사하는 매개변인으로 판명되었다. 넷째, 동계레져스포츠 참가자의 생활만족도에 영향을 미치는 운동참가동기의 하위변인은 자기관리요인에 영향을 주고 있었으며, 운동몰입경험은 신체적인 만족과 휴식적인 만족 그리고 사회활동 만족에 직접적으로 영향력을 행사하므로 운동몰입경험이 높아질수록 생활만족도가 높게 나타났다.