VFAs like acetate are the major soluble metabolites of food waste leachates after digested. Therefore this study investigates the effect of acetate on growth rate and nutrient removal efficiency of Chlorella vulgaris to treat digested food waste leachates. The initial acetate concentration varied from 0 to 20 mM. As a result, Chlorella vulgaris growth rate was increased as high as the concentrations ranged from 0 to 20 mM. The same trend was observed with NH4-N and PO4-P consumption. The highest growth rate and the highest NH4-N, PO4-P removal rate were observed at acetate concentration of 20 mM. The microalgae growth rate and NH4-N, PO4-P removal rates were 1.5, 1.8, 2.3 times higher than the condition without acetate.

배추김치 제조 후 익힘 시간 및 김치 냉장고 저장 기간에 따른 김치의 위 암세포 증식 억제 효능 변화를 측정해 본 결과, 저장 30일 김치 시료 기준으로 익힘 과정을 거치지 않은 S0h 시료에 비하여 46시간의 익힘 과정을 거친 S46h 시료의 효능이 가장 우수하였고, 이어서 S47h, S48h 시료의 효능이 우수하였다. 그리고 S0h 경우는 상대적으로 암세포 증식 억제 효능이 가장 약하였다. 이는 적정 발효에 따른 발효 대사산물, 그리고 유산균 속 및 종 변화에 기인한 결과로 판단되며, 항암 효능 보유물질로 알려진 GABA의 농도와도 연관이 있을 수 있음을 제안해 주고 있다. 김치는 다양한 재료 유래의 기능성 물질, 대사산물 및 유산균을 보유하고 있는 발효식품이다. 따라서 본 연구는 김치제조 후 최적의 숙성 시간과 저장 기간을 선택하면 항암 기능성이 증진된 김치를 섭취할 수 있는 것을 제안해 주고 있다.

Sambucus sieboldiana (SS) is a member of the family Caprifoliaceae and has been recommended as a functional material because of its several bioactivities. Although numerous literatures are available on the pharmacological and biological activities, the biological activity of SS in bone regeneration process has not yet been well-defined. Therefore, in this study, the effect of SS was investigated in the proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cell line. The treatment of SS did not significantly affect the cell proliferation in MC3T3-E1 cells. SS significantly accelerated the mineralization and significantly increased the expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin (OC) mRNAs, compared to the control, in the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. SS significantly accelerated the decrease of osteonectin (ON) mRNA expression as compared with the control in a time-dependent manner in the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. These results suggest that the SS facilitate the osteoblast differentiation and mineralization in MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells. Therefore, there may be potential properties for development and clinical application of bone regeneration materials.

약용식물을 플러그 트레이를 이용하여 공정육묘를 한 연구결과는 거의 없는 실정이다. 세 종류 약용식 물 묘의 생산을 위한 기준을 마련하기 위해 플러그셀 크기가 플러그묘의 생장에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 본 연구를 수행하였다. 상업용 상토가 들어있는 128, 200, 288구 플러그셀 트레이에 종자를 파종하였다. 세 종류 약용식물은 플러그 셀 크기가 커질수록 생육이 우수하였다. 하나의 플러그 트레이에서 얻어진 총 바이오 매스는 차조기와 산두근은 288구에서 가장 높았고, 참당귀는 200구에서 가장 높았다. 총 엽록소와 안토시아닌 함량을 제외한 차조기의 지상부와 지하부 생장은 128구에서 가장 우수하였다. 하지만 최대근장, 엽장, 엽폭, 엽 면적, 절간장, 뿌리 생체중, 근군형성은 200구와 288구에서 유의한 차이가 없었다. 산두근은 최대근장, 경경, 엽폭, 엽면적, 지상부 생체중, 근군형성을 제외한 모든 생장에서 처리간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 그러나 최대 근장, 경경, 엽폭, 엽면적, 지상부 생체중, 근군형성은 128구에서 가장 우수하였다. 엽록소 함량을 제외한 참당 귀의 지상부와 지하부의 모든 생장이 128구에서 우수하였다. 경제적인 부분과 총 바이오매스를 고려했을 때 차조기와 산두근은 288구에서 육묘하는 것이 좋고, 참당귀는 200구에서 육묘하는 것을 권장한다.

영지버섯 자실체를 열수추출과 주정추출을 하여 항산화 효능 및 간암 및 위암세포의 생장 저해도를 분석하였다. 항산화 효능을 실시한 결과, 대조군인 Trolox, BHA보다 높은 항산화 효능을 보인 것은 ASI 7004, 7014이며, 이 두 균주는 열수추출물과 주정 추출물에서 모두 높은 항산화 효능을 나타냈다. 나머지 균주는 대조군인 ABTs보다 대체적으로 높은 효능을 보였다. 또한 암세포 생장저해도를 알아보기 위해서 열수, 주정 추출물을 간암세포인 HepG2에 농도별로(100, 200, 400μg/ml) 처리하여, 세포 생장 저해도(MTT assay)를 측정한 결과, 열수 추출물에서는 ASI 7002, 7011, 7014, 7020이 농도 의존적으로 간암세포의 생장을 저해하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 주정 추출물에서는 ASI 7011, 7019가 농도 의존적으로 간암세포 생장을 저해하는 것으로 나타났다. 위암세포인 AGS에 농도별로(100, 200, 400μg/ml)처리하여, 세포 생장 저해도(MTT assay)를 측정한 결과, 열수 추출물에서는 ASI 7001, 7002, 7019, 7020이 농도 의존적으로 위암세포의 생장을 저해하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 주정 추출물에서는 ASI 7001, 7002가 농도 의존적으로 위암세포 생장을 저해하는 것으로 나타났다.

We identified cdf based on screening of the Arabidopsis cDNA library for functional suppressors of the AtBI-1 (a gene described to suppress the cell death induced by Bax gene expression in yeast). The cdf was located on Chr. V and was composed of 5 exons and 4 introns. It encodes a protein of 258 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 28.8 kDa. The protein has 3 transmembrane domains in the C-terminal region. The cdf has one homologue, named cdf2, which was found in Arabidopsis. Like cdf, cdf2 also induced growth defect in yeast. The effect of the cell growth defect factor was somewhat lower than Bax. cdf could arrest the growth of yeast. Its localization to the nucleus was essential for the suppression of yeast cell proliferation. Morphological abnormality of intracellular network, which is a hallmark of AtBI-1, was attenuated by expression of cdf.

Althogh Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are widely studied in mice, study of pig SSCs is not sufficient for the isolation, long-term culture, and characterization. To identify the effect of growth factor in cultured pig SSC, newly generated pSSCs like cell from neonatal 5days porcine testis were cultured and investigated for the pSSCs like cell formation. Glial derived neurotrophic gactor (GDNF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and epidermal growth factor (EGF) were applied to culture media to identify the pSSC like cell growth and stem cell formation. The criteria for the determining of stem cell characters, morphology, number of colonies, putative stem cell marker were analysed by microspic, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunocytochemistry (ICC) methods. Most of the pSSCs like cells were formed approximately 100 μm size with sphere shape. Most of the feeder cells were highly dependent on FGF that feeder cells were not stably attached on plate without FGF and colony formation of pSSC was not observed consequently. Immunocyto chemistry data revealed that this cells expressed the ubiquitin-C-terminal hydrolase 1 (UCHL-1, PGP9.5) and Dolichos Biflorus Agglutinin (DBA) in addition of 20 ng/ml EGF, 10 ng/ml FGF, 10 ng/ml GDNF, 10 U3/ml LIF. In addition, Alkaline Phosphatase ()was positive in all period of culture. This study suggest that various growth factorsinp SSC culture system is important to regulate and maintain the pSSC. In conculsion, although the precise role of growth factor in pSSC proliferation need to be clarified, combination of growth factor might be critical in order to derivation and proliferation of neonatal pSSCs and spermatogenesis.

To understand growth characteristics of eight dominant red tide species (Prorocentrum minimum, Heterocapsa triquetra, Scrippsiella trochoidea, Akashiwo sanguinea, Chattonella marina, Heterosigma akashiwo, Amphidinium carterae and Rhodomonas salina) in the Korean coastal water, the growth rates were examined in relation with the impacts of water temperature and bio-volume. Of these, P. minimum, C. marina, H. akashiwo, A. carterae and R. salina were eurythermal species with relatively high growth rates in a borad ranges (15 to 25􀆆C) of water temperature. On the other hand, the growth rate of H. triquetra, S. trochoidea and A. sanguinea were high in relatively mid temperature (optimum: 25􀆆C) condition. In particular, H. triquetra was well adapted in low temperature of 5 to 15􀆆C, implying that the species can survive and grows even at very low temperature. Based on results of our experiment, the growth characterestics of five eurythermal species and three mid temperature species may have dominated in Korean coastal water during summer season and fall season, respectively. Contrastively, the growth characteristics of H. triquetra make a consistently dominant during the cold winter season. In addition, the growth rates of large bio- volume species were lower than those of small bio-volume species, indicates that growth of single cells of several flagellates might be depended on the cells sizes.

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is an efficient technique which has been successfully applied to developmental biology, and resulted in the production of offspring from various species. It offers many opportunities in basic and medical research as well as endangered species preservation. On the other hand, embryonic stem (ES) cells are useful research tools for genetic engineering and developing disease models. In previous study, we established bovine IVF embryo derived ES cell line which can be grow indefinitely as undifferentiated cell state. In this study, we compared the effect of two different age cells (bovine ES cell; JNU-ibES-05 or adult ear fibroblast cell) on in vitro developmental potential of bovine SCNT embryo. To produce SCNT embryos, the ES cells or somatic cells were dissociated and transferred into enucleated MⅡ oocytes, and cleaved reconstructed embryos were cultured in CR1aa medium containing 10% FBS, 1 ug/ml epidermal growth factor (EGF) and 1 ug/ml insulin growth factor (IGF) for 8 days. In the result, blastocyst development rate was similar between ES cell treatment group and somatic cell treatment group, 27.7% (10/36) and 28.9% (11/ 38), respectively. However, there was particular difference in development speed from day 5 post SCNT, blastocyst expanding was 1 day faster in ES cell group than in somatic cell group. This difference was analyzed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR using pluripotency, growth and cell cycle gene markers. These results demonstrated that SCNT embryo using ES cell as a donor cell has better growth potential than somatic cell, and it will be a useful tool for a transgenic animal production.

Angelica decursiva has been used in Korean traditional medicine as an antitussive, an analgesic, an antipyretic and a cough remedy. However, the anti-cancer properties of Angelica decursiva have not yet been well defined. In our current study the cytotoxic activity of ethanol extracts of Angelica decursiva root (EEAD) and the mechanism of cell death exhibited by EEAD were examined in FaDu human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells. The cytotoxic effects of EEAD upon the growth of FaDu cells were examined with an MTT assay. In addition, the mechanism of cell death induced by EEAD was evaluated by DNA fragmentation analysis, immunoblotting and caspase activation measurements. EEAD induced apoptotic cell death in FaDu cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, as determined by MTT assay and DNA fragmentation analysis. Furthermore, the proteolytic processing of caspase-3, -7 and -9 was increased by EEAD treatment of FaDu cells. In addition, the activation of caspase-3 and -7 was detected in living FaDu cells by fluorescence microscopy. These results suggest that EEAD can induce apoptosis and suppress cell growth in cancer cells and may have utility as a future anticancer therapy.

This study examined the effects of red light generated from a light emitting diode (LED) upon proliferation and mitochondrial stress in human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs). Cells were exposed to LED-generated red light at a clinically relevant intensity and distance with a 610-630 nm wavelength for various times (0-48 min). At different exposure times, cells were processed for the analysis of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity, proliferation, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and cytotoxicity. Cell cycle progression was also investigated by flow cytometry after staining with propidium iodide. Red light exposure was found to inhibit SDH activity and DNA synthesis in hGFs in a time-dependent manner. Light exposure also reduced the MMP levels in these cells and this was closely associated with a G0/G1 arrest. In contrast, exposure of hGFs to red light for 48 min led to a dramatic loss of MMP with an attendant increase in cytotoxicity. These findings demonstrate that LED-generated red light may cause mitochondrial stress and growth inhibition in hGFs during tooth whitening therapy, depending on the length of the exposure.

본 연구에서는 참외 추출물의 항암활성에 대해 알아보기 위해 참외를 부위별로 나누어 quinone reductase 유도활성과 다양한 간암세포에서의 증식 억제활성을 조사하였다. 참외 꼭지와 참외 줄기 잎 부위에서 농도의존적으로 QR 유도활성이 증가하였고, 200μg/mL 농도에서는 각각 3.9, 1.5배의 유도활성을 나타내었다. 암세포 사멸 활성 측정법을 통한 항암활성 평가 실험에서 마우스 유래의 간암세포인 Hepa1c1c7 세포에 대해서 조사한 결과 꼭지와 줄기 잎 부위에서 높은 암세포 독성을 보였다. 이러한 결과를 기초로 인체유래의 암세포에 대한 항암활성을 평가하기 위해 인체유래 간암 세포주인 HepG2에 대한 세포 증식 억제활성을 농도별로 조사하였다. 꼭지와 줄기 잎 부위 모두 인체유래 간암 세포에 대해 증식 억제효과를 보여주었지만, 특히 꼭지 부위는 최고농도에서 60.3%의 높은 증식 억제효과를 보였다. 그러나 마우스 유래의 간암세포에 대한 활성보다 인체유래 간암세포에 대한 활성이 낮게 나타났다. 참외의 꼭지 추출물에서 QR 유도활성과 항암활성을 확인함으로써 향후 참외 비가식 부위의 기능성 소재로의 이용화에 대한 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

Tumor cells under hypoxic conditions are often found due to the rapid outgrowth of their vascular supply, and,in order to survive hypoxia, these cells induce numerous signaling factors. Erk is an important kinase in cell survival, and its activity is regulated by Raf kinases through numerous growth factor receptors. The authors investigated Erk activation and Raf/Erk signaling using the hypoxia-mimetic agent, cobalt chloride (CoCl2), in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells. CoCl2 increases Erk phosphorylation in both a dose- and time-dependent manner. In addition, blocking the activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) using PD168393 abolished Erk activation in response to CoCl2, suggesting that Erk phosphorylation by CoCl2 is dependent on EGFR.

Amino acid transporters are essential for the growth and proliferation in all living cells. Among the amino acid transporters, the system L amino acid transporters are the major nutrient transport system responsible for the Na+-independent transport of neutral amino acids including several essential amino acids. The L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1), an isoform of system L amino acid transporter, is highly expressed in cancer cells to support their continuous growth and proliferation. 2-Aminobicyclo-(2,2,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid(BCH) is a model compound for study of amino acid transporter as a system L selective inhibitor. We have examined the effect and mechanism of BCH on cell growth suppression in FaDu human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The BCH inhibited the L-leucine transport in a concentration-dependent manner with a IC 50 value of 43.8±4.3μM. The majority of L-leucine uptake is, therefore, mediated by LAT1 in FaDu cells. The growth of FaDu cells was inhibited by BCH in the time- and concentration- dependent manners. The formation of DNA ladder was not observed with BCH treatment in the cells. Furthermore, the proteolytic processing of caspase-3 and caspase-7 in the cells was not detected by BCH treatment. These results suggest that the BCH inhibits the growth of FaDu human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma through the intracellular depletion of neutral amino acids for cell growth without apoptotic processing

곰피추출물의 CCD-986sk cell line monolayer (human fibroblast, KCBL-21947)에 대한 피부세포 생리활성효과를 측정하고, 또한 곰피추출물의 Clone M-3 mouse melano-cyte cell line에 대한 melanin formation 저해효과를 측정하기 위해 in vitro레벨에서 실험을 실시하였다. 곰피는 다년생 갈조류의 일종으로 이 종은 한국 연안해역에서 중요한 1차생산자의 역할을 담당하고 있는