This study aims to prepare a colloidal silica-containing powder to enhance the solubility and dissolution rate of rivaroxaban using a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS). We investigate the impact of colloidal silica on a nanoemulsion system for preparing powdered SNEDDS. The liquid SNEDDS comprises 30/20/50 (w/w/w) Peceol/ Cremophor RH40/Tween 80, which results in the formation of the smallest droplets. Three powdered SNEDDS formulations are prepared by suspending the liquid SNEDDS formulation using colloidal silica and spray drying. The powdered SNEDDS prepared with liquid SNEDDS and colloidal silica at a ratio of 1/0.5 (w/w) exhibits the highest water solubility (0.94 ± 0.62 vs. 26.70 ± 1.81 μg/mL) and dissolution rate (38.4 ± 3.6 vs. 85.5 ± 3.4%, 45 min) when compared to the drug alone. Morphologically, the liquid SNEDDS is adsorbed onto colloidal silica and forms smaller particles. In conclusion, an SNEDDS containing rivaroxaban, prepared using colloidal silica, facilitates the creation of a nanoemulsion and enhances the water solubility of rivaroxaban. Accordingly, this technology holds significant potential for commercialization.

In the present work, we address the new route for the green synthesis of manganese dioxide (MnO2) by an innovative method named the solution plasma process (SPP). The reaction mechanism of both colloidal and nanostructured MnO2 was investigated. Firstly, colloidal MnO2 was synthesized by plasma discharging in KMnO4 aqueous solution without any additives such as reducing agents, acids, or base chemicals. As a function of the discharge time, the purple color solution of MnO4 - (oxidation state +7) was changed to the brown color of MnO2 (oxidation state +4) and then light yellow of Mn2+ (oxidation state +2). Based on the UV-vis analysis we found the optimal discharging time for the synthesis of stable colloidal MnO2 and also reaction mechanism was verified by optical emission spectroscopy (OES) analysis. Secondly, MnO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by SPP with a small amount of reducing sugar. The precipitation of brown color was observed after 8 min of plasma discharge and then completely separated into colorless solution and precipitation. It was confirmed layered type of nanoporous birnessite- MnO2 by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and electron microscopes. The most important merits of this approach are environmentally friendly process within a short time compared to the conventional method. Moreover, the morphology and the microstructure could be controllable by discharge conditions for the appropriate potential applications, such as secondary batteries, supercapacitors, adsorbents, and catalysts.

Bentonite is a promising buffer material for high-level radioactive waste (HLW) disposal due to the high nuclides sorption capacity and swelling property. However, bentonite has the potential to generate colloid particles, with small particle sizes less than 1,000 nm when in contact with groundwater. The bentonite colloids easily form pseudo-colloid with the released nuclides and migrate through the water-conducting rock to the biosphere. Therefore, understanding the generation and migration of bentonite colloids is crucial in assessing the safety of the HLW repository. In this study, an artificial fracture system was prepared to investigate colloid release from compacted bentonite. A 250 mm diameter acrylic artificial fracture system was used, with 30 mm of compacted calcium bentonite installed. Artificial groundwater flow was injected into the system at a flow rate of 250 μL/h, and every 6 mL of leachate was collected by a fraction collector. A film-type pressure sensor was equipped to monitor the swelling pressure, and the swelling was observed using a digital microscope. The results indicate that the compacted bentonite formed a mineral ring originating from the swelling of the bentonite, and the end of the ring generated colloid particles due to chemical erosion. Although the release rate of colloids increased with increasing flow rate, the colloid ratio depended on the low ionic strength of the injected artificial groundwater. This work contributes to the understanding of the chemical erosion and colloid release mechanism of compacted bentonite.

Carbonates are inorganic ligands that are abundant in natural groundwater. They strongly influence radionuclide mobility by forming strong complexes, thereby increasing solubility and reducing soil absorption rates. We characterized the spectroscopic properties of Am(III)-carbonate species using UV-Vis absorption and time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy. The deconvoluted absorption spectra of aqueous Am(CO3)2 − and Am(CO3)3 3− species were identified at redshifted positions with lower molar absorption coefficients compared to the absorption spectrum of aqua Am3+. The luminescence spectrum of Am(CO3)3 3− was red-shifted from 688 nm for Am3+ to 695 nm with enhanced intensity and an extended lifetime. Colloidal Am(III)-carbonate compounds exhibited absorption at approximately 506 nm but had non-luminescent properties. Slow formation of colloidal particles was monitored based on the absorption spectral changes over the sample aging time. The experimental results showed that the solubility of Am(III) in carbonate solutions was higher than the predicted values from the thermodynamic constants in OECD-NEA reviews. These results emphasize the importance of kinetic parameters as well as thermodynamic constants to predict radionuclide migration. The identified spectroscopic properties of Am(III)-carbonate species enable monitoring time-dependent species evolution in addition to determining the thermodynamics of Am(III) in carbonate systems.

이 연구는 화장품에 사용가능한 촉매제를 사용하여 콜로이달 골드를 합성하는 제조법과 이를 이용한 피부 개선 효과를 가진 항노화 엠플에 응용하였다. 하이드로젠테트라클로로아우레이트테트라하이드레이트에 아스코르빅애씨드, 소듐보로하이드라이드를 환원촉매제로 사용하여 나노 콜로이드를 합성하였다. 촉매제인 아스코르빅애씨드의 함량의 질량이 증가될수록 입자가 작아지는 것을 확인하였다. 반면 소듐 보로하이드라이드의 질량이 증가될수록 입자크기는 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 콜로이달 골드 반응 속도를 조절하기 위하여, 잔탄검과 하이드록시에칠셀룰로오스를 사용하여 100~500 nm의 입경분포를 가진 입자를 얻을 수 있었다. 최적의 합성조건은 18℃, 20~75 mmHg의 감압상태, 교반속도 10~50rpm, 1~4시간동안 반응하여 획득할 수 있었다. 합성된 콜로이달 골드의 외관은 진한 핑크색, pH=5.5, 비중은 1.0032, 점도는 80~310 cps로 특이한 고유 냄새를 가지고 있었다. 스킨케어 화장료의 응용으로, 안티에이징 엠플을 개발하였고, 이를 이용한 다양한 처방과 제형개발에 활용될 것으로 기대한다.

As the demand for the monitoring of VOCs increases, various unpowered colorimetric sensors are being developed, but the performance evaluation method of the developed sensors has not been systematically established. In this study, the device, experimental process, and data calculation methods for the performance evaluation of the colorimetric sensors were proposed. An aluminum chamber (70W× 128 L × 40 mm H) was designed to expose the sensor to a constant concentration of VOCs. In addition, an experimental apparatus was devised to evaluate the effect of environmental factors (temperature and humidity) affecting the ability of the sensor to detect VOCs. To calculate the color change value of the sensor corresponding to the concentration of VOCs, the ‘peak wavelength method’ that analyzes the wavelength of the highest intensity for high-concentration VOCs and the ‘spectral centroid method’ using a weighted arithmetic average for low-concentration VOCs were used. As a result of evaluating the ability of the colorimetric sensor to detect VOCs, which was made of polydimethylsiloxane (PMDS) by the method proposed in this study, the wavelength change values (bandgap shift) of the sensor for 1,000 ppm of benzene, toluene, oxylene, and acetone were 0.898 nm, 2.304 nm, 5.775 nm, and 0.249 nm, respectively. The precision was calculated by repeatedly measuring the sensing ability of the sensor 5 times for each type of VOCs. The precision of the sensor responses to benzene, toluene, o-xylene, and acetone were 15.23%, 7.84%, 4.14%, and 30.00% RSD, respectively. The method proposed in this study can be used to evaluate the performance of various types of VOCs colorimetric sensors.

알루미나 콜로이드 용액의 막여과에서 막모듈의 중력에 대한 경사각 변화로 유발된 자연대류 불안정 흐름(natural convection instability flow, NCIF)의 콜로이드 물질의 막오염 제어 효과를 정압(constant-pressure) 막여과 시 플럭스 증가와 정투과량(constant-flux) 막여과 시 막차압 감소 정도로 측정하고, 플럭스 결과를 막힘여과 모델로 해석하였다. 막모듈의 경사각이 0°에서 180°로 커지면 NCIF 유발이 증가하여 막오염 제어 효과가 커져 2시간의 막여과에서 플럭스는 최대 2.8배까지 증가하고, 막차압은 최대 85%까지 감소하였다. 막힘여과 모델을 적용하여 NCIF의 유발에 따른 플럭스 결과를 해석하여 운전 시간 15분 이내에서는 중간막힘모델 그 이후에는 케이크여과모델로 평가하는 것이 타당하였다. 막모듈 경사각 180°에서 유발 된 NCIF는 15분 이내의 운전 초기에는 중간막힘 오염을 52% 감소시키고, 그 이후의 운전 시간에서는 케이크층 오염을 93% 감소시켰다. 따라서 막모듈에 유발된 NCIF의 주된 막오염 제어기작은 막표면에의 입자상 콜로이드 물질의 케이크층 형성을 억제시키는 것으로 평가하였다.

본 연구에서는 강도를 조절한 마이크로겔을 사용하여 다양한 점탄성을 갖는 콜로이드 마이크로겔을 제조하였다. 하이드로겔의 화학적 가교제의 함량이 증가할수록 팽윤비는 2.0×104%에서 6.0×103%까지 감소하였고, 강도는 22.2 kPa에서 99.7 kPa까지 증가하였다. 이를 100 μm 크기로 분쇄하여 마이크로겔을 제작하였고 이온성 가교결합을 유도하는 분산액과 혼합하여 콜로이드 마이크로겔을 제작하였다. 그 결과, 가교제의 가교도와 분산액에 따라 10-1rad/s의 진동수에서 1.679 kPa.s에서 86.485 kPa.s까지 점도를 세밀하게 조절할 수 있었다. 본 연구에서는 콜로이드 마이크로겔의 물성을 제어하기 위해 하이드로겔의 가교도를 조절 또는 분산액의 종류와 함량을 조절하여 다양한 유변학적 거동을 갖는 콜로이드 마이크로겔을 제조하였다. 물성을 제어할 수 있는 콜로이드 마이크로겔을 사용하여 향후 콜로이드 현탁액 및 유화를 제조하는 화장품, 제약, 페인트 및 식품 산업에서 목적에 따라 적합한 물성을 갖는 콜로이드 마이크로겔을 제조할 수 있다.

Over the last decade, the study of the synthesis of semiconductor colloidal quantum dots has progressed at a tremendous rate. Colloidal quantum dots, which possess unique spectral-luminescent characteristics, are of great interest in the development of novel materials and devices, which are promising for use in various fields. Several studies have been carried out on hot injection synthesis methods. However, these methods have been found to be unsuitable for large-capacity synthesis. Therefore, this review paper introduces synthesis methods other than the hot injection synthesis method, to synthesize quantum dots with excellent optical properties, through continuous synthesis and large capacity synthesis. In addition, examples of the application of synthesized colloid quantum dots in displays, solar cells, and bio industries are provided.

The pace of development of Pickering emulsions stabilized by food-derived particles such as starches and proteins has recently soared to replace conventional emulsions using a large amount of chemical emulsifiers. The protein-stabilized emulsions cannot be transported to small intestine due to its degradation in stomach condition. The starch-stabilized emulsions have a low colloidal stability because of their large size, so they cannot be applied to beverages. In this study, to increase the colloidal stability of starch-stabilized emulsions, starch nanocrystals (SNC) obtained by sulfuric acid hydrolysis were used to stabilize emulsions, and ultrasonic treatment was added to further increase the colloidal stability. An oil-soluble dye (Nile Red) was used to visualize changes in the lipid phase during digestion. Lipid-labeled Pickering emulsions were passed through a simulated gastrointestinal tract consisting of mouth, stomach, and intestinal phases, and changes in lipid location and morphology were monitored using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The lipid droplets were slightly enlarged in the mouth condition, highly flocculated in the gastric condition, and completely digested in the small intestine condition. Our results show that the additional ultrasonication to the SNC-stabilized emulsions resulted in enhanced colloidal stability, and the SNC-stabilized emulsions produced by the above process were stable in the mouth and stomach conditions and completely digested in the small intestine condition. So, the SNC-stabilized emulsions produced through this study could be effectively applied to functional beverages as a chemical emulsifier-free delivery systems.

This study investigates the main growth mechanism of InP during InP/ZnS reaction of quantum dots (QDs). The size of the InP core, considering a synthesis time of 1-30 min, increased from the initial 2.56 nm to 3.97 nm. As a result of applying the proposed particle growth model, the migration mechanism, with time index 7, was found to be the main reaction. In addition, after the removal of unreacted In and P precursors from bath, further InP growth (of up to 4.19 nm (5%)), was observed when ZnS was added. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the synthesized InP/ZnS quantum dots was found to be relatively uniform, measuring about 59 nm. However, kinetic growth mechanism provides limited information for InP / ZnS core shell QDs, because the surface state of InP changes with reaction time. Further study is necessary, in order to clearly determine the kinetic growth mechanism of InP / ZnS core shell QDs.

가압형 정삼투(pressure-assisted forward osmosis, PAFO) 공정은 기존의 정삼투(forward osmosis, FO) 공정의 단 점인 낮은 수투과도 및 유도용질의 역확산을 극복하여 전체 공정 효율을 향상시킨다. 하지만 가압에 의한 추가적인 수리학적 압력의 작용은 파울링을 가속화 시킨다는 단점이 있다. 본 연구는 PAFO의 간헐적 운전방법인 간헐적 가압형 정삼투 (Intermittent pressure-assisted forward osmosis, I-PAFO)의 파울링 저감 가능성을 평가하기 위해 수행되었다. 비교를 위해 FO 및 PAFO를 동시에 운전하여, 세 가지 운전에서의 파울링 거동을 관찰하였다. 파울링 실험을 위한 오염물질로 콜로이드 실리 카 입자를 사용하였고, 분리막 및 입자의 정전기적 상호작용 에너지 변화가 파울링 거동에 미치는 영향도 확인하였다. 실험 결과, I-PAFO 운전에서, 용액 pH 변화에 관계없이 가압구간, 압력완화 구간에서 각각 PAFO, FO보다 높은 수투과도를 유지 하였다. 파울링 실험 후, PAFO에 비해 I-PAFO운전에서 더 적은 수투과도 감소가 관찰되었고, 이로 인해 물리세정 후 향상된 수투과도 회복률 또한 관찰되었다.

HMDS를 리간드로 하는 PbS 콜로이드 양자점 물질을 만들었다. 양자점 물질의 전자광학적 밴드갭 의 크기는 UV/VIS과 IR 스펙트럼을 측정하여 알아낼 수 있었다. PbS 콜로이드 양자점 물질을 합성할 때 만 들어 지는 입자의 크기를 조절하기 위하여 반응온도를 100~160℃ 사이에서 변화시켰으며 이에 따라 흡수스펙 트럼의 피크위치에 변화가 있음을 관찰할 수 있었다. HOMO와 LUMO 사이에 해당하는 밴드갭은 800~1200nm 에서의 피크 위치변화를 보였으며 피크위치의 변화량은 반응물질을 섞었을 때 반응용기 온도에 선형적으로 변화하는 관계를 얻을 수 있었다.

CdO와 황의 사용량을 달리하며 콜로이드상태의 CdS 양자점 물질을 합성하였다. 얻어진 물질의 흡 수 및 발광스텍트럼으로 볼 때 약 1:3의 몰비 이하에서는 사용량에 관계없이 동일한 모습을 나타내었으며 이 로부터 반응물질의 사용량 비율에 관계없이 약 3.6nm 크기의 동일한 양자점 입자가 만들어짐을 확인할 수 있 었다. 1:9의 반응비율에서는 의미있는 흡수스펙트럼을 얻을 수 없었으며 발광스펙트럼의 모양도 매우 달라 앞 의 경우와 동일한 물질의 형성이 있다고 보기 어려웠다. 이로부터 CdS 콜로이드 양자점 물질의 합성은 반응 물질의 사용량에 크게 의존하지 않으며 그 비율이 너무 큰 경우에는 반응 자체가 달라질 수 있음을 볼 수 있 다.