In this study, the characteristics and taste components of six different oyster mushroom cultivars (Gonji-7ho, Santari, Baekseon, Chunchu, Suhan, and Heuktari) were analyzed and compared. The Heuktari mushroom pileus had the lowest brightness index (32.8) and remained dark (brightness index: 30.5) even after blanching. The moisture content of the mushrooms was approximately 90%. The salinity and sugar contents were highest in Heuktari (5.7% and 7.1%, respectively). Gonji -7ho had the highest contraction rates, with a length contraction rate of 16.4% and thickness contraction rate of 23.9%. The total amino acid content was highest in Heuktari (537.8 mg/100 g), but the glutamine content contributing to umami taste was highest in Santari (59.4 mg/100 g) and the aspartic acid content was highest in Baekseon (33.1 mg/100 g). Among the 5?-nucleotide components, guanosine monophosphate, which enhances umami taste, was highest in Baekseon (0.7 mg/g). Baekseon was also calculated to have the highest umami taste concentration based on amino acid and nucleic acid contents (12.7 g/100 g). The results of this study serve as valuable basic data on the physicochemical characteristics of oyster mushroom cultivars grown in Korea.

The change in the performance of the range hood according to the pressure change was investigated through a comparative experiment, and the conclusion is as follows. KS C 9304: In 2020, static pressure was applied at 100 Pa according to the fan standard, and the test was conducted by varying the outlet diameter and power consumption. In the case of Motor power 55W, the air volume value was 184.6 when the outlet diameter was 125mm. As a result of the test, if the power consumption is 52.0W, the diameter of the outlet is 125mm, and the power consumption is 60.8W, and the diameter of the outlet is 100mm, it meets 160 or more and less than 200 (constant pressure 100Pa).

이 연구는 21세기에 들어 핵전력 강화에 전념하는 북한의 핵전략을 내 부적 법과 제도의 정비 사례를 통해 분석한다. 북한은 2012년 헌법 서문 을 개정하여 ‘핵보유국’임을 천명하였고, 2013년 “자위적 핵보유국의 지 위를 더욱 공고히 할 데 대하여(소위 핵보유국법)”와 2022년 “조선민주 주의인민공화국 핵무력정책에 대하여(소위 핵무력정책법)을 통해 핵전략 을 세부적으로 발전시키고 있다. 2013년 대비 2022년의 법률은 상당부 분 공세적, 권한위임형 핵전략을 보인다는 특징이 있다. 본 논문은 두 법 률의 내용 변화를 리케의 전략 3요소(목표, 방법, 수단)를 바탕으로 분석 하고, 비슷한 핵전략의 변화를 보였던 파키스탄의 사례와 비교하여 함의 를 도출한다. 결론적으로는 바틀렛의 모델을 바탕으로 북한 핵전략의 전 략적 균형 달성 여부를 고찰해본다.

This study examined the determinants of healthy food purchases before and after COVID-19 in Korea. Binomial and multinomial logistic regression models were applied to Korea Rural Economic Institute's Food Consumer Behavior Survey data from 2019 to 2021. The analysis revealed a significant decrease in the non-intake of healthy food in 2021 compared to 2019, suggesting the impact of COVID-19 on healthy food consumption. Consumption patterns also changed, with a decrease in direct purchases and an increase in gift-based purchases. Several variables showed significant effects on healthy food intake. Single-person households exhibited a higher probability of eating healthy food after COVID-19. The group perceiving themselves as healthy had a lower likelihood of consuming healthy food pre-COVID-19, but this changed after the pandemic. Online food purchases, eco-friendly food purchases, and nut consumption showed a gradual decrease in the probability of non-intake over time. Gender and age also influenced healthy food intake. The probability of eating healthy food increased in the older age group compared to the younger group, and the probability increased significantly after COVID-19. The probability of buying gifts was significantly higher in those in their 60s, indicating that the path to obtaining healthy food differed by age.

본 연구는 우리나라 곰솔 현실림의 생장특성을 반영한 지위지수곡선을 개발하고자 최근 산림자원조사를 통해 획득한 493 plots의 곰솔 임분 자료를 수집하여 진행되었다. 수고생장모델 개발을 위해 생장추정에 널리 쓰이고 있는 Chapman-Richards, Schumacher, Gompertz 및 Weibull 대수차분방정식을 적용한 결과, 적합도가 가장 높은 Weibull식을 수고 생장모델에 대한 최적합식으로 선정하였으며, 유도곡선법을 이용하여 지위지수 곡선을 개발하였다. 개발된 해안⋅내륙 각각의 곰솔 지위지수 분류곡선을 이용하여 임령에 따른 독립된 두 집단의 우세목 수고생장을 비교 분석한 결과, 임령 50년 이후에서 유의적 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 따라서 본 연구는 변화된 곰솔 현실림의 생장특성을 반영한 지위지수를 통해 지역 간 생장특성 차이를 구명함으로써 지역별 맞춤형 임분관리계획 수립 시 활용가치가 더욱 기대되는 바이다.

The aim of this study was to compare the antioxidant activities and functional contents of Korean conventional and Chinese seed gingers from the Jeollabuk-do Wanju and Chungcheongnam-do Seosan regions. Ginger samples were subjected to steaming treatments for different durations (2–8 h) at 121oC using an autoclave. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by measuring total polyphenol and flavonoid contents and ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities, while functional ingredient contents were analyzed for gingerols and shogaols. The results showed that Wanju conventional seed ginger (WO-2) had the highest total polyphenol (85.24 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (98.14 RE/100 g) contents, surpassing that of the control in all steamed groups at 6 h. ABTS radical scavenging activity showed a strong correlation with total polyphenol and flavonoid contents. The control groups indicated that Korean conventional seed ginger had 1.0–1.3 times higher gingerol contents compared to Chinese seed ginger. Furthermore, the content of shogaols, considered major functional ingredients, increased significantly with longer steaming durations, reaching the highest content (1,793 mg/kg) at 8 h, which was 1.0–1.8 times higher in Korean conventional seed ginger than that in Chinese seed ginger. These experiments provide valuable data supporting the excellence of Korean conventional seed ginger in the future.

본 연구는 등유를 사용하는 농업용 난방기에서 배출되는 가 스를 포집하고, 농업용 난방기의 사용 연식에 따른 이산화탄 소의 배출농도를 파악하고자 수행되었다. 선형 회귀분석의 결과로 농업용 난방기의 연식에 따른 이산화탄소의 배출량은 R2 = 0.84로 y = 26.99x+721.98의 식을 따른다고 나타났다. 농업용 난방기의 사용 연식에 따라 세 그룹으로 분류하여 분 산분석을 수행하였다. 분산분석을 수행한 결과, 분석을 위해 설정한 유의확률 0.05보다 작은 2.1961×10-13으로 나타났으 며 이는 적어도 한 그룹에서 차이가 나타난다는 것을 의미한 다. 본 연구에서는 농업용 난방기의 기본적인 배출농도의 차 이를 분석하고자 기기의 제작사와 상관없이 농업용 난방기의 기기 연식만을 고려하여 배출가스 데이터를 수집하였다. 기 기의 연소 방식에는 제작사에 따라 연소 방식에 차이가 미미 하게 있었을 것으로 판단되며 데이터 변수의 개수가 늘어난다 면, SVR(support vector regression) 기반의 선형회귀 분석 등 을 실시하여 농업용 난방기의 이산화탄소 데이터가 온실가스 발생량 파악에 더욱 활용도가 높아질 것으로 판단된다. 추후 연구에서는 더욱 세분화된 데이터의 수집 방식을 따라 더욱 높은 정확도를 가진 결과값을 도출할 수 있다고 판단된다. 이 처럼 우리나라의 농업 분야에서 용도별 온실가스 발생량을 조 사하기 위하여 고정형 농기계인 농업용 난방기의 이산화탄소 발생량을 정확히 파악하여 온실가스 배출량 조사에 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

This paper aims at analyzing, throughout an Italian and American cross-cultural study, one of the phenomena which is booming in the fashion luxury sector: the resale market. It is evident that Covid-19 has boosted a deep transformation, that the world of luxury was already going through: a) the increased relevance acquired by the experiential consumption; b) platforms that offer new forms of digitalized buying experiences; c) request for sustainability.

This research aims to understand how academic articles stimulate knowledge progress by addressing two questions: Does the level of contribution vary between different methods of research (e.g., conceptual, theoretical, and empirical)? How do we assess the potential of scholarly articles to impact and further innovate the field?

As the demand for luxury brands faces uprising trends in popularity, marketing strategies strive to fully encompass the shifting tides of the market. Especially, high-end customers, hereby VIPs, are heavily nurtured based on their high-spending nature. With the understanding of VIP sales behavior based on social comparison and the adequate use of VIP marketing programs, luxury brands can optimize their sales of luxury brands. However, scant research examines the simultaneous impact of social comparison and VIP marketing in the luxury industry.

This study examines how brand-influencer, influencer-users, and user-brand congruences affect perceived fantasy about the influencer and closeness toward the brand when an Instagram ad is endorsed by celebrity (vs. non-celebrity) influencers. The study employed a between-subject online experiment by manipulating an advertisement endorsed by a celebrity and a non-celebrity influencer. The results suggest that congruence between brand-influencer matters in building effective relationships.

Coffee has become one of the most popular beverages since the 1960s. These days, coffee is more about pleasure, experience, success, lifestyle, high concentration, and social status. Bhumiratana et al. (2014) state that individuals consume coffee with the intention of eliciting positive high-energy emotions, which can help in reducing fatigue, increasing alertness, improving work performance, and promoting a focused mental state, such as feeling motivated, productive, in-control, or clear-minded. Aguirre (2016) and Bhumiratana et al. (2014) also suggest that people drink coffee to stay awake. As coffee has popularized, café has become important as a place for people meetings. However, customers may tend to evaluate coffee as a service product depending on what service encounter they faced. They might perceive the taste and quality of coffee differently by following their mindset and stereotypes about perfect coffee. Customers pay attention to many factors in consuming coffee depending on service encounters. They may pay less for coffee prepared by robots and evaluate coffee prepared by humans as more precious. Therefore, this study proposes a specific factor theoretical framework of customers’ mindset about coffee prepared by human baristas and robot-barista. The study aims to determine how customers evaluate coffee prepared by baristas and robot-barista. Specifically, to which characteristics they pay attention in barista or robot-barista cases. Then, the study examines relationship between expected and perceived coffee characteristics and intentions to revisit café. Finally, the study compares customers' expectations about coffee depending on contact (barista) or untact (robot-barista) service.

This study examines the impact of culture and humanity on new product evaluation in a global context. That is, examining the impact of culture and humanity on the evaluation of radically new products is a key to success in this competitive and saturated market. But very little research has examined how culture and humanity affect the radically new product evaluation both from functional design and form design perspective.

Luxury, which can be defined as 'high standard goods’ provide symbolic, emotional values based on scarcity and exceptional quality. In reference to previous studies, luxury fashion product is classified differently from other general products because of their differentiated quality, design, and premium price. There are a few stereotypes about people who wear luxury fashion products which are known as high social status, materialism, fashion involvement, and sustainability. As these various perceptions of luxury fashion consumption are established among people, this study intends to examine how these perceptions are formed when people wear luxury fashion products from an observer’s perspective and explore the effects of perceptions on emotions, and evaluations regarding the wearer. Lastly, within the formation of perception, emotion, and evaluation of luxury fashion wearers, this study aims to examine the differences between the real world and the metaverse.

Background: It is well known that squat exercises are good for scoliosis patients. Especially wall facing squat (WS) is believed to be more effective than normal squat (NS). Objectives: In order to find out what effect the wall squat has on the rehabilitation exercise of patients with lumbar scoliosis compared to the conventional squat, the force between the lumbar segments was compared using a motion analysis system. Design: Quasi-experimental study. Methods: In this work, an attempt was made to provide a scientific basis for these experiences. Inverse dynamics simulations were performed for each of the 10 subjects with mild scoliosis during NS and WS using subject-specific 3D musculoskeletal models. Exercises with three sets of five cycle for NS or WS were performed. Muscle forces calculated from the simulations were compared with electromyography data for verification. Results: The imbalance of muscle forces between the right and left in erector spinae (ES) decreased with the progress of WS sets. The difference of 14.1% for the 1st set diminished to 1.8% during the 3rd set. Conclusion: The overall level of right and left ES muscle forces also increased from the 1st set to the 3rd set. The results of simulations indicated that WS was more effective than NS for scoliosis correction.

In this paper, the basic and the extensional meaning of the Chinese word, shui (水), and the Korean word, mul (물), were compared for their similarities and differences, based on the different word meaning characteristics. Both words have the basic meaning of “water.” The extensional meaning and usage of these two words overlap semantically under certain conditions, but they have different characteristics in the two languages from the perspective of word formation, reflecting the differences in thinking and cognitive framework of the different cultural backgrounds. The research also found that the words differ greatly in terms of semantic extension. Mul in particular had a far richer and more diverse extended semantic meaning than shui.

This study is to identify the maintenance service quality of eco-friendly cars, which are rapidly increasing recently. Research is conducted by synthesizing research from the perspectives of internal employees and external customers by using the service profit chain model. Specifically, it is to study the overall structural relationship between internal customer satisfaction, physical quality, interaction quality, outcome quality, external customer satisfaction and long-term orientation. For the study, 202 questionnaires were collected from internal employees and 204 questionnaires from external customers. The results of testing the research hypotheses targeting the internal employee group are as follows. As a result of testing hypothesis 1, internal customer satisfaction has a significant positive (+) effect on physical quality and interaction quality. As a result of testing hypothesis 2, the service quality of eco-friendly car maintenance has a significant positive (+) effect on each other. As a result of testing hypothesis 3, physical quality and outcome quality have a significant positive (+) effect on external customer satisfaction. The results of testing the research hypotheses targeting an external customer group are as follows. As a result of testing hypothesis 2, in the relationship between eco-friendly car maintenance service quality, physical quality has a significant positive (+) effect on interaction quality, and interaction quality has a significant positive (+) effect on outcome quality. As a result of testing hypothesis 3, interaction quality and outcome quality have a significant positive (+) effect on external customer satisfaction. As a result of testing Hypothesis 4, external customer satisfaction has a significant positive (+) effect only on intention to reuse. Finally, as a result of examining the difference in perception between the internal employee group and the external customer group in eco-friendly car maintenance service quality and external customer satisfaction, it was verified that there was a significant difference only in outcome quality and external customer satisfaction.

An aeroponic seed potato production technology project has been established in Pakistan through the Technical Cooperation Project (TCP) between RDA-KOPIA and PARC. For sustainable potato production, producing high-quality and disease-free potato seeds is critical in Pakistan. The majority of the farmers recycle their own seeds or obtain them through informal ways. Consequently, tuber-borne illnesses proliferate, seeds deteriorate, and yield diminishes. To mitigate such problems, the country moved to sustainable seed potato production by adopting rapid seed multiplication strategies like the combination of tissue culturing with aeroponic seed production technology which is being evaluated as an alternative to traditional pre-basic seed production methods. A series of experiments were carried out to evaluate the shoot development and mini tuber production attributes between two cultivars, different plantlet size and planting period between October 27, 2021, and January 27, 2022, at the NARC aeroponic facility. A CRD design with three replications was used. The study aimed to compare the productivity by variety, plantlet size and planting period to improve aeroponic seed production technology in Pakistan. The results indicated that Lady Rosetta outperformed Asterix in terms of shoot growth and small tuber output. Early planting at an optimal temperature of 27 degrees Celsius in the daytime showed a substantial difference when compared to late planting in November and tuberization was commenced 50-55 days after transplantation. Furthermore, in an aeroponic seed potato production system, normal plantlets (8-10 cm) at the time of transplantation, performed better than medium and small plantlets. In a nutshell, it was determined that normal size plantlets (8-10 cm) of Lady Rosetta cultivar, planted at optimum time to plant showed best results in the aeroponic system at NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan.

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is known to contribute to the modulation of insulin resistance and systemic inflammation seen in obesity and the metabolic syndrome. The present study was performed to investigate the fertility competence of TLR4 knock out male mice (TLR4 mice) on a high-fat diet (HFD), compared to a normal-chow diet (NCD). The controls included wildtype (WT) mice fed on a HFD or NCD. Six-week-old male mice were fed with either a NCD or HFD for 20 weeks. Body and organ weights, serum levels of glucose, triglycerides and hepatoxicity, sperm quality and spermatogenesis were observed after the sacrifice. Also, randomly selected male mice were mated with virgin female mice after feeding of 19 weeks. The weight of the body and organs increased in WT and TLR4 mice on a HFD compared to those of mice on a NCD. The weights of the reproductive organs did not vary among the treatment groups. The motility and concentration of the epididymal spermatozoa decreased in both WT and TLR4 mice fed a HFD. The pregnancy rate and litter size declined in the HFD-fed WT mice compared to the HFD-fed TLR4 mice. In conclusion, the HFD alters energy and steroid metabolism in mice, which may lead to male reproductive disorders. However, fertility competence was somewhat restored in HFD-fed TLR4 male mice, suggesting that the TLR4 is involved in testis dysfunction due to metabolic imbalance.

This study assessed the utility of netted melon ‘Top Earl’s’ and cantaloupe melon ‘Alex’ as functional fruits by analysing their moisture content, vitreous sugar, folic acid, citric acid, and beta-carotene levels. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyse the free sugar, folic acid, citric acid, and beta-carotene levels. The moisture content was not significantly different between ‘Top Earl’s’ and ‘Alex.’ The glucose, sucrose, and fructose contents were three, two, and one-and-a-half fold higher in ‘Alex’ than in ‘Top Earl’s.’ Moreover, citric acid was approximately three times higher in ‘Alex’ than that in Top Earl’s.’ However, the folic acid content was higher in ‘Top ‘Earl’s’ than ‘Alex,’ and the amount was 124 μg / 100 g FW and 112 μg / 100 g FW respectively. ‘Beta-carotene was undetectable in ‘Top Earl’s,’ whereas it was 1000 μg / 100 g FW in ‘Alex.’ β-carotene, a substance that is converted in the body into vitamin A and acts as an antioxidant, is an important component in healthy food. These results suggested that the cantaloupe melon ‘Alex’ has a higher free sugar content and functional ingredients, such as antioxidants, including citric acid and beta carotene, than the netted melon ‘Top Earl’s.’