This study aims to empirically investigate how corporate strategy mitigates consumer boycotts caused by animosity toward economic sanction. First, the study focuses on the cross-culture emotions (i.e., animosity and affinity) and explores the direct and indirect effect of animosity toward economic sanction on boycott attitude (via consumer affinity). Additionally, it focuses on the moderating effect of brand strength and corporate social contribution on boycott attitude. We conduct a longitudinal analysis of boycotts by South Koreans on the Japanese products, which started in South Korea in 2019; and additionally, we employ PROCESS macro to test the moderated mediation hypothesis, using the data collected from South Korea in 2020 and 2021. Our findings reveal that the data collected in 2020 and in 2021 have the same implications. The main findings are as follows. First, while animosity toward economic sanction directly increases boycott attitude, it also indirectly increases boycott attitude via consumer affinity. Second, the assumption that both brand strength and corporate social contribution weaken the positive and direct effects of animosity toward economic sanction on boycott attitude was not supported. Third, we find that corporate social contribution weakens the positive and indirect effect of animosity toward economic sanction on boycott attitude. However, unlike our prediction, brand strength strengthens the positive and indirect effects of animosity to economic sanction on boycott attitude. The three key theoretical implications are as follows. First, while many studies have examined the role of animosity as a cause of boycott, only a few studies have simultaneously addressed the conflicting emotions of affinity (Kim, Yan, Kim, Terasaki, & Furukawa, 2022). This study extends boycott research by exploring the relationship between animosity and boycott attitudes by considering the mediating effect of affinity. Second, to our best knowledge, only a few boycott studies have explored corporate strategies that adequately respond unanticipated country boycotts where the companies are not directly associated with the causes or motives of such boycotts (Kim & Kinoshita, 2023). This study extends boycott research by investigating brand strength and corporate social contribution as corporate strategies in the context of consumer boycotts. Third, although it is known that consumer boycotts change with time, only a few boycott studies are based on longitudinal analyses (Ettenson & Klein, 2005); hence, this study examines consumer boycotts longitudinally to improve the generalization of our findings. Our findings also present some managerial implications for global companies facing unexpected country boycotts by local consumers. When boycotts are caused by economic sanctions between countries, brand strength exerts a two-sided effect. Regarding consumer sentiment, the higher the brand strength, the higher the affinity for the country represented by the brand, and vice versa; however, consumers may also choose to boycott a brand with high strength. Consumers may feel angry and engage in boycotts when they feel betrayed by a brand with strong brand strength. However, corporate social contribution reinforces a sense of closeness in the country it presents and contributes toward mitigating the boycott attitude; this is because consumers consider their corporate social contribution as a beneficial activity for their country. Therefore, global companies that expand overseas should not only use their brand strength, but also engage in activities that are beneficial to the country and enhance the familiarity of the consumers of the country to develop a sense of cultural affinity. In addition, this study also has implications for policymakers. Economic sanctions against a specific country not only lower consumers’ affinity, but also leave a negative impact on the global companies with high brand strength. Therefore, policymakers must proceed with caution when they make an economic sanction for a certain country.

The development of heteroatoms doped inorganic nanocrystal-carbon composites (INCCs) has attained a great focus for energy applications (energy production and energy storage). A precise approach to fabricate the INCCs with homogenous distribution of the heteroatoms with an appropriate distribution of metal atoms remains a challenge for material scientists. Herein, we proposed a facile two-step route to synthesize INCC with doping of metal (α-Fe2O3) and non-metals (N, P, O) using hydrogel formed by treating hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP) and 3, 4, 5-trihydroxy benzoic acid (Gallic acid). Metal oxide was doped using an extrinsic doping approach by varying its content and non-metallic doping by an intrinsic doping approach. We have fabricated four different samples (INCC-0.5%, INCC-1.0%, INCC-1.5%, and INCC-2.0%), which exhibit the uniform distribution of the N, P, O, and α-Fe2O3 in the carbon architecture. These composite materials were applied as anode material in water oxidation catalysis (WOC); INCC-1.5% electro-catalyst confirmed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) with a noticeable catholic peak 0.85 V vs RHE and maximal current density 1.5 mA.cm−2. It also delivers better methanol tolerance and elongated stability than RuO2; this superior performance was attributed due to the homogenous distribution of the α-Fe2O3 causing in promotion of adsorption of O2 initially and a greater surface area of 1352.8 m2/ g with hierarchical pore size distribution resulting higher rate of ion transportation and mass-flux.

본 연구는 기업 간 인수합병에서 피인수기업의 거래 가격이 인수기업의 기업 가치에 미치는 효과를 분석하였다. 이때 기업환경과 특성을 종합적으로 고려하기 위하여 산업 내 경쟁 수준과 피인수기업의 이종 산업 여부 등 두 가지 조절변수를 제안하였다. 본 연구의 모형을 검증하기 위하여 SDC Platinum에서 미국기업의 인수합병 관련 데이터를 수집하였고, 기업 관련 데이터는 WRDS Compustat에서 수집하였다. 2014년부터 2019년까지의 기 간을 대상으로 최종적으로 309개 기업에 대한 총 695건의 M&A 관련 데이터를 표본으로 선정하였다. 분석 결 과, 인수합병 시 거래 가격은 인수기업의 미래가치에 부정적인 효과를 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 인수기업 이 속한 산업 내 경쟁 수준이 높을수록 이러한 효과는 긍정적인 방향으로 상쇄되었다. 특히 인수합병 대상이 이 종 산업에 속한 기업일 경우, 그러한 상쇄 효과는 더욱 강해지는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 인수합병의 거래가 격이 인수기업의 미래가치에 유의한 영향을 미치는 동시에, 그 효과가 산업 내 경쟁수준과 피인수기업의 이종 산 업 여부에 따라 조절된다는 사실을 계량적으로 입증했다는 점에서 학술적 의의를 가진다.

Sulfide concentrations critically affect worker safety and the integrities of underground facilities, such as deep geological repositories for spent nuclear fuel. Sulfide is highly sensitive to oxygen, which can oxidize sulfide to sulfate. This can hinder precise measurement of the sulfide concentration. Hence, a literature review was conducted, which revealed that two methods are commonly used: the methylene blue and sulfide ion-selective electrode (ISE) methods. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) was used for comparison with the two methods. The sulfide ISE method was found to be superior as it yielded results with a higher degree of accuracy and involved fewer procedures for quantification of the sulfide concentration in solution. ICP-OES results can be distorted significantly when sulfide is present in solution owing to the formation of H2S gas in the ICP-OES nebulizer. Therefore, the ICP-OES must be used with caution when quantifying underground water to prevent any distortion in the measured results. The results also suggest important measures to avoid problems when using ICP-OES for site selection. Furthermore, the sulfide ISE method is useful in determining sulfide concentrations in the field to predict the lifetime of disposal canisters of spent nuclear fuel in deep geological repositories and other industries.

Background: Posterior capsule tightness (PCT), commonly seen in overhead athletes, is a soft tissue adaptation that is also noted in non-throwers. PCT is associated with scapular and humeral kinematic alterations, significant restriction of shoulder internal rotation (IR) range of motion (ROM), and significant scapular anterior tilting. Sleeper and cross-body stretches (CBS) are suggested for PCT and IR deficits, and have been modified since introduction. A novel modified sleeper stretch (NMSS) was designed in this study to prevent the risk of anterior translation of the humeral head. Though the effects of posterior shoulder stretching exercise have been widely studies, to the best of our knowledge, no previous studies have investigated the effectiveness of posterior shoulder exercises in decreasing scapular anterior tilting. Objects: To compare the immediate effects of two posterior shoulder stretching exercises (NMSS and CBS) on scapular anterior tilting and shoulder IR ROM. Methods: Thirty-two subjects with anteriorly tilted scapula and IR deficits [mean age: 24.3 ± 2.5 years; 15 males and 17 females] participated in this study. Subjects were randomly assigned to either the NMSS or CBS groups. Scapular anterior tilting (at rest and at shoulder 60° active IR) and shoulder IR ROM were measured before and immediately after intervention. Results: Scapular anterior tilting significantly decreased, while the shoulder IR ROM significantly increased in both groups. However, there was no significant group-by-time interaction effect or significant difference between the groups. Conclusion: Both stretching exercises were effective in restoring shoulder IR ROM and decreasing scapular anterior tilting.

20세기 중반 이후, 선교의 주체를 교회에서 하나님으로 새롭게 인식하는 등 선교신학의 큰 변화가 있었다. 물론, 하나님의 선교에 대한 구체적인 이해는 매우 다양하다. 선교의 실천 영역의 변화 중 하나는 선교사 자원의 변화였다. 1980년대를 지나며 서구 선교사의 퇴조가 눈에 띄기 시작했다. 세계 교회는 넉넉한 자원을 가진 교회만 타문화권 선교를 할 수 있다는 오류에 빠져있다. 이것은 고도 근시의 시력으로 선교 역사를 보기 때문에 발생했다. 한편, 영국 특수 침례교회 의 타문화권 선교의 시작은 그렇지 않음을 분명히 보여준다. 핍박과 냉대를 받는 교회, 작고 가난한 교회, 왜곡되고 균형을 잃은 신학을 가졌던 교회, 타문화권 선교에 대한 부정적인 정서를 가졌던 교회, 선교지를 잘 모르는 교회도 선교의 잠재력을 가지고 있다. 단, 건전한 신앙과 신학으로 영적 갱신을 이루고, 지역 교회들이 연합하여 힘을 모은다면, 중동 이슬람권이나 부탄과 북한처럼 폐쇄국가를 제외한 나머지 지역의 교회들은 타문화권 선교의 잠재력을 가지고 있다.

The interest in greenhouse gases (GHG) emitted from all industries is emerging as a very important issue worldwide. This is affecting not only the global warming, but also the environmentally friendly competitiveness of the industry. The fisheries sector is increasingly interested in greenhouse gas emissions also due to the Paris Climate Agreement in 2015. Korean industry and government are also making a number of effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions so far, but the effort to reduce GHG in the fishery sector is insufficient compared to other fields. Especially, the investigation on the GHG emissions from Korean fisheries did not carry out extensively. The studies on GHG emissions from Korean fishery are most likely dealt with the GHG emissions by fishery classification so far. However, the forthcoming research related to GHG emissions from fisheries is needed to evaluate the GHG emission level by species to prepare the adoption of Environmental labels and declarations (ISO 14020). The purpose of this research is to investigate which degree of GHG emitted to produce the species (swimming crab and snow crab) from various fisheries. Here, we calculated the GHG emission to produce the species from the fisheries using the life cycle assessment (LCA) method. The system boundary and input parameters for each process level are defined for LCA analysis. The fuel use coefficients of the fisheries for the species are also calculated according to the fuel type. The GHG emissions from sea activities by the fisheries will be dealt with. Furthermore, the GHG emissions for producing the unit weight species and annual production are calculated by fishery classification. The results will be helpful to establish the carbon footprint of seafood in Korea.

본 연구에서는 여러가지 경영, 재무활동들 중 해외 교차상장(cross-listing)이 국내기업의 비효율적 자본지출을 개선할 수 있는지 검증하고, 그 영향을 분석하였다. 특히, 해외 교차상장과 관련한 내생성 문제를 해소하기 위해 교차상장을 한 기업(교차상장기업)과 그렇지 않은 기업(비교차상장 기업)을 선정하고 이중차분법(Difference-in- Differences Analysis)을 활용하여 두 그룹의 비효율적 자본지출과 기타 주요 재무지표들을 분석하였다. 주요 실증분석 결과에 따르면 교차상장기업은 교차상장이 된 후 비교차상장기업에 비해 총자본지출과 비효율적 자본지출이 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 교차상장기업의 성장성과 효율적 투자지표인 Tobin’s Q와 R&D 투자지출 모두 비교차상장기업 대비 증가하여 교차상장의 긍정적인 효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 반면, 교차상장기 업의 수익성은 교차상장 이후 비교차상장기업 대비 하락하였는데 이는 교차상장을 위한 실적 부풀리기 등의 영향 으로 해석하였다. 본 연구를 통해 해외 교차상장이 한국기업의 비효율적 자본지출과 여러 재무활동에 유의한 영향을 끼치는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 즉, 기업의 교차상장은 시장과 투자자들에게 더 많은 정보를 제공하여 대리인문제, 정보불균형 등으로 인한 문제들을 해소시키는 효과가 있으며, 보다 엄격한 해외상장의 요건을 충족시키기 위해 기업지배구조 또한 개선되는 효과가 존재한다고 할 수 있다.

T.S. 엘리엇은 전혀 새로운 시인으로서 20세기 영미시에서 우리가 전혀 본적이 없는 시를 쓴 시인이다. 그러나, 그는 유럽, 특히 프랑스 시의 전통에 확고한 뿌리를 둔 시인이다. 반면, W.B. 예이츠는 자신이 상징이라고 정의한 시의 특성을 추구한 시인으로 영시나 아일랜드 시에서 금세기에서 조차 어떤 시인도 그를 능가하지 못하고 있다. 이 글은 엘리엇에 영향을 준 프랑스 시인에 대해 이야기 한다. 엘리엇은 프랑스의 새로운 시인들과 접촉하게 되어 독특한 시를 쓰게 된 것은 명확한 것 같다. 엘리엇은 시인 코르비에르에게서 프랑스 시인들이 무시하고 가치를 보지 못한, 프랑스 시의 전혀 새로운 면을 볼 수 있었다. 이 글은 구하의 책에서 프랑스 시의 영향을 다룬다. 특히 트리스탄 코르비에르의 엘리엇에 대한 영향을 논하다. 코르비에르는 당시 프랑스에서 전혀 관심을 끌지 못한 무명시인이었다. 엘리엇은 이 시인에게서 새로운 것을 발견할 수 있었고 그것을 자신의 시에 잘 사용하였다. 구하는 이점을 다룬다. 반면 예이츠는 불어시를 읽을 수 없었고 프랑스 시에 큰 영향을 받지 않은 것 같다. 예이츠는 그의 산문에서 엘리엇의 새로움과 위대함을 지적한다.

The purpose of this study was to develop a side protection device for school buses for children. In the case of the door side impact beam, it plays a very important role because it protects passengers from external collisions. However, in the case of a school bus for children, the space between the door and the door trim is very narrow, unlike a general passenger car. So, as an alternative to this, we are trying to develop Rub Rail, which is compulsory for children's school buses in the United States. Based on the results of structural analysis according to the cross-sectional shape of the rub rail, we want to find out the appropriate shape of the rub rail.

이 글은 이민윤리가 이민행정의 합리성 수준에 영향을 미치는 핵심 요 인들 가운데 하나라는 전제하에 ‘비정규 체류 이주민’에 대한 한국 정부 의 체류관리에 나타난 이민윤리 결핍을 문제시하고 개선 방향을 제언한 다. 먼저 이주민의 비정규 체류를 유발하는 복합 요인, 즉 ‘불법화’ 메커 니즘에 대한 정부 대응의 한계를 검토한다. 이어서 국가의 기본 책무들을 보다 균형 있게 추구하면서 ‘불법화’에 실효적으로 대응할 수 있는 ‘다부 처 협력’의 필요성과 정당성을 논증한 뒤, 추진 원칙으로 ‘공동의 차별화 된 책임(Common But Differentiated Responsibilities, CBDR)’을 적용 할 것을 제안한다. 글의 후반부에서는 CBDR에 기반한 다부처 협력의 필 요성이 높은 대표적인 정책으로 볼 수 있는, 비정규 체류 이주민을 대상 으로 한 ‘체류 안정화 조치’를 논의한다. 이를 통해 체류 안정화 조치와 관련된 기존의 논의와 실천에서 좀처럼 다뤄지지 않은 ‘사회적 성원권’ 개념의 중요성을 환기하고, 이를 토대로 비정규 체류 이주민의 체류권에 대한 법적 인정의 필요성을 주창한다.

In order to determine fragility curves, the limit state of piers for each damage level is suggested in this paper based on the previous test results in Korea, including our test results. In previous studies, the quantitative measures for damage levels of piers have been represented by curvature ductility, lateral drift ratio, or displacement ductility. These measures are transformed to lateral drift ratios of piers for consistency, and the transformed values are compared and verified with our push-over test results for flexural RC piers with a circular cross-section. The test specimens are categorized concerning the number of lap-splices in the plastic hinge region and whether seismic design codes are satisfied or not. Based on the collected test results in Korea, including ours, the lateral drift ratio for each pier damage level is suggested.