This study deals with the maximum thermal load analysis and optimal capacity determination method of tank culture system for applying seawater source heat pump to save energy and realize zero energy. The location of the fish farm was divided into four sea areas, and the heat load in summer and winter was analyzed, respectively. In addition, two representative methods, the flow-through aquaculture system and the recirculation aquaculture system were reviewed as water treatment methods for fish farms. In addition, the concept of the exchange rate was introduced to obtain the maximum heat load of the fish farms. Finally, power consumption for heat pumps was analyzed in the view point of sea areas, tank capacity, and exchange rate based on the calculated maximum thermal load.

문신은 인류에게 오랫동안 전승되어온 문화 형태다. 인류의 여러 문화권에서 전승되고 발전 해온 전통적인 문신 풍습은 역사, 예술, 사회, 등 다양한 분야에서 학술적으로 중요한 연구 가치를 가진 다. 두룽족은 중국 남서부 윈난(雲南)성과 근처 지역에 사는 소수 민족 중 하나로 안면문신을 위주로 하 는 ‘얼굴문신(文面)' 풍습을 가지고 있다. 중화인민공화국이 성립된 1949년 전까지도 원시사회 형태를 유지한 두룽족의 전통적 문화는 문자가 없는 구전(口傳)의 형태로 전해 졌으나 두룽족의 신비로운 문신 문화에 대한 보존자료가 없어 연구의 필요성이 요구된다. 따라서 본 연구는 근현대 문헌과 윈난성 지역 현장 탐사 두 가지 방법으로 수행되었다. 얼굴문신 풍습의 정확한 이유와 시기는 알 수 없으나 1966년 중국 문화 대혁명으로 금지되어서야 사라지게 되었다. 얼굴문신의 상징과 기능에 대해서는 현지 탐사과 근현대 학자들의 연구를 통해 크게 신앙숭배, 성년 의례, 심미 장식, 민족 사회 역사의 4가지로 나눌 수 있으며 문신을 하는 시기는 7∼8세 부터이다. 얼굴문신은 지역에 따라 상류 여성은 비교적 복잡한 도안 으로 구성되었으며, 하류 여성은 간단한 도안으로 구성되었다. 문신은 주로 친족이 시술하며 주로 대나 무 꼬챙이와 솥바닥에서 추출한 회즙 재를 재료로 사용한다. 현재 두룽족의 얼굴문신을 한 여성은 25명 미만으로, 대부분 고령화되어 있어 수십 년 안에 모두 사라질 것으로 보인다. 따라서 두룽족의 독특한 얼굴문신 문화에 대한 문서화가 시급하다.

이 연구는 한일 양국 간 대학생이 서로의 문화에 대해서 어떤 계기로 관심을 갖게 되었는지, 어떠한 문화에 관심이 있는지에 대한 실태를 파 악하고자 하였다. 그 결과는 다음 세 가지로 요약된다. 첫째, 한국대학생 의 일본·일본문화에 대한 관심도는 상당히 높은 것으로 나타났다. 일본문 화에 처음 관심을 갖게 된 계기와 시기로는 초등학교, 중학교 때 접한 학생들이 많았으며, 주로 애니메이션을 통해서 접하였다. 고등학교 이후 에 관심을 갖게 된 학생은 학교에서의 일본어 수업이나 유튜브를 통한 일본 음식, 일본 여행을 통해서 관심을 갖게 되었다. 둘째, 국가 차원에 서의 한일관계는 현재는 부정적으로 생각하고 있으나, 미래에는 좋아질 것으로 판단하고 있다. 한일관계가 나쁜 원인으로 역사문제와 정치문제 에 기인하며, 이를 정치인들이 악용하여 해결보다는 갈등을 조장하고 있 으며, 한일관계가 좋아지기 위해서는 서로 간의 교류를 늘려서 원활한 대화가 필요하다고 생각하고 있다. 셋째, 민간 차원에서의 국가이미지와 한일관계는 긍정적인 것으로 나타났다. 한일 간의 관계가 악화되더라도 국가 간의 관계와 민간차원과의 관계는 별개로 보고 있다.

Chicken embryonic stem (ES) cells have great potential and provide a powerful tool to investigate embryonic development and to manipulate genetic modification in a genome. However, very limited studies are available on the functional characterization and robust expansion of chicken ES cells compared to other species. Here, we have developed a method to generate chicken embryonic stem cell-like cells under pluripotent culture conditions. The chicken embryonic stem cell-like cells were cultivated long-term over several passages of culture without loss of pluripotency in vitro and had the specific expression of key stem cell markers. Furthermore, they showed severe changes in morphology and a significant reduction in pluripotent genes after siRNA-mediated NANOG knockdown. Collectively, these results demonstrate the efficient generation of chicken embryonic stem cell-like cells from EGK stage X blastoderm-derived singularized cells and will facilitate their potential use for various purposes, such as biobanking genetic materials and understanding stemness in the fields of animal biotechnology.

To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of submerged culture using Cordyceps militaris mycelium, culture-including mycelia was extracted and lyophilized into postbiotics (hot-water extract; CM-HW). HW was fractionated into crude polysaccharide (CM-CP) by ethanol precipitation, and CM-CP was further dialyzed into CM-DCP by dialysis with running water using 12~14 kDa dialysis tube. When the cytotoxicity of subfractions against cells was assessed, no subfraction had a cytotoxic impact that was substantially different from the control groups. In an inflammatory model using LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, CM-DCP significantly decreased IL-6 and MCP-1 production levels compared to the LPS-control group. CM-DCP also inhibited IL-6 and IL-8 secretion in HaCaT keratinocytes stimulated with TNF-α and IFN-γ. In the meanwhile, the neutral sugar content and mannose ratio of anti-inflammatory CM-DCP were higher than the other fractions, and CM-DCP contained β-1,3/1,6-glucan of 216.1 mg/g. High pressure size exclusion chromatography revealed that CM-DCP contained molecules with a molecular weight range of 5.6 to 144.0 kDa. In conclusion, postbiotics of C. militaris mycelium significantly promoted anti-inflammatory activity, suggesting that neutral polysaccharides including Glc and Man contribute to the anti-inflammation in RAW 264.7 or HaCaT cells.

예이츠는 고대 영웅 쿠훌린과 현대 영웅 피어스와 코놀리를 아일랜드 영웅문화의 전형으로 제시했다. 그는 󰡔쿠훌린의 죽음󰡕이라는 극작품에 󰡔비전󰡕의 “과거의 삶에 대하여 꿈꾸기”와 가이어 이론으로 쿠훌린의 삶과 죽음, 사후세계를 구체적으로 재현했다. 쿠훌린은 피어스와 코놀리의 전형이었다. 이는 한 가이어의 정점에 해당하는 쿠훌린의 영웅문화가 끝나고, 그 정점에서 새로운 아일랜드 영웅인 피어스와 코놀리가 탄생한 것처럼 아일랜드 영웅문화가 지속적으로 순환하는 것이었다. 이 영웅문화의 순환은 개인의 영혼의 순환에도 동일하게 적용되는 윤회이었다. 그래서 예이츠는 쿠훌린의 삶과 죽음을 통해서 영웅문화뿐만 아니라 모든 인간의 삶도 지속적으로 변화하면서 순환한다는 점을 현대인들에게 강조하고 있다.

After liquid culture of Phellinus baumii (P. baumii) mycelium (LPBM) was prepared, LPBM was fractionated into A∼E fraction (A; hot-water extract of liquid culture including mycelia, B; crude polysaccharide of A, C; hot-water extract of mycelia, D; crude polysaccharide of C, and E; crude polysaccharide of culture broth) to evaluate for possibility as functional materials with immunostimulatory activity. In macrophage stimulatory activity, E fraction as postbiotics significantly increased secretion of NO and IL-12 from RAW 264.7 cells. Next, when the splenocytes of C3H/HeN mice were primary cultured, E fraction showed significantly mitogenic activity with enhancing mitogen-related cytokines (IFN-γ and TNF-α) production from splenocyte. E fraction also potently stimulated GM-CSF production from Peyer’s patch cells as well as Peyer’s patch-mediated bone marrow cell proliferation. In addition, the immunostimularoy E fraction contained neutral sugar (73.8%), uronic acid (10.6%), protein (7.8%), and polyphenol (7.5%), and mainly consisted of glucose (39.1%), galactose (21.7%), mannose (11.1%), galacturonic acid (9.9%), and arabinose (8.9%) as component sugars. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that postbiotics including exopolysaccharide fractionated from liquid culture of the P. baumii mycelium could enhanced immunostimulatory activity.

Safety has once again emerged as a social issue due to the enforcement of the Serious Disasters Punishment Act and the occurrence of major disasters recently. As such, the safety culture related to unsafe human behavior is drawing attention as various discussions about the importance of safety and accident prevention are currently being undertaken. This study aims to determine whether changes in the level of safety culture in companies affect the accident rate. To this end, we targeted three workplaces in the same company in the domestic manufacturing industry, and 2,790 people were surveyed using DNV's Safety Will(ISRS-C version 4.0) for safety culture level diagnosis. The change in safety culture level and accident rate were compared and analyzed after carrying out safety culture level improvement activities for 5 years. As a result, the level of safety culture increased by 5.8 points, an overall improvement of 9.5%, while the total number of accidents decreased by 20%, from 5 to 4, indicating a general decreasing trend in accident occurrence. Results confirmed that the change in the level of safety culture affects the accident rate, and the improvement in the level of safety culture affects a reduction in accidents. Therefore, this study suggests that efforts to improve the level of safety culture within a company can be associated with accident reduction and accident prevention outcomes.

With the implementation of the “Critical Disaster Punishment Act” in 2022, the safety and health management system within the organization is being established and awareness of the importance of safety culture is spreading. Measuring the level of safety culture in an organization can grasp the perception and attitude of members about safety. You can also identify the safety-related problems and improvements of the organization. In this study, prior studies on the safety culture level scale were considered, focusing on domestic literature studied from 2001 to 2021. Domestic literature was analyzed by research period, research field, author, core terms, and constituent factors of scale. The implications of the research trend analysis results of the safety culture level scale were derived.

본고는 한국 만두문화의 기원이 되는 고려시기 만두문화의 전체상을 조망 하기 위한 고찰이다. 선행연구들은 고려말 충렬왕 시기 『쌍화점』의 ‘쌍화’를 한국 만두의 기원으로 간주해오고 있다. 그러나 고려사회는 ‘불교사찰의 채 식만두문화’와 ‘왕실과 민간사회의 육식만두문화’가 『쌍화점』의 ‘쌍화’ 이전 시기부터 고려사회에 정착하여 지속되어 오고 있었음을 밝힌다. 고려 불교채식만두는 13세기 초 수선사 2세인 진각국사 혜심의 『조계진각 국사어록』에 등장하는 불교채식만두인 ‘산함(餕餡)’과 이규보의 『동국이상국 집』에 언급된, 이규보가 평소 교류가 있었던 기선사(其禪師)로부터 받은 만 두류 음식인 ‘혼돈(餛飩)’을 통해 확인된다. 이 시기에 고려불교사찰은 아침 메뉴로 전통적인 죽과 더불어 만두류 음식인 혼돈을 식용하였을 것으로 생각 된다. 고려시대 육식만두의 전통은 국가행사인 연등회와 팔관회의 의례 속에 등 장하는 ‘쌍하(雙下)만두’와 고려가요 속에 언급된 『쌍화점』의 ‘쌍화만두’를 통해 살펴볼 수 있다. ‘쌍하’는 당시 동아시아 왕실과 사신접대에 등장하는 만두류 음식으로 낙타의 육봉을 속재료로 한 왕실연향에서 사용되는 ‘쌍하타 봉각자(雙下駝峰角子)’와 사신접대 등에 사용되는 타봉을 사용하지 않은 ‘쌍 화관장만두(雙下灌漿饅頭)’나 ‘쌍하각자(雙下角子)’등으로 구분된다. 『쌍화점』의 ‘쌍화만두’는 고려사회에 정착한 외국인인 회회인(回回人) 상 인이 팔던 만두로 양고기와 밀착된 그들의 음식문화와 고려사회에서 도축업 에 종사한 사실 등을 토대로 ‘양고기만두’였을 가능성을 엿볼 수 있다. 위의 고찰로 미루어 볼 때 고려시대 한국 만두의 기원은 『쌍화점』의 ‘쌍 화’에서 시작되었다기보다는 아마도 북송과 맞물리는 시기에 불교사찰의 채 식만두문화와 왕실과 민간의 육식만두문화가 이미 존재하였을 것으로 생각 된다.

This study investigated the culture characteristics of Cryptoporus volvatus, whichis grow naturally in Korea, to determine the suitable environmental conditions for its cultivation. The physiological characteristics of the mycelia were assessed according to the cultivation conditions, to determine the optimal conditions for artificial cultivation. The visual characteristics of the hyphae of Cryptoporus volvatus KACC52303 included an irregular and uneven surface and a fuzzy or cotton-like texture. Under the microscope, its microstructure showed pre-chlamydospore formation, but no clamps were seen. The appropriate culture temperature was found to be a medium/high temperature of approximately 25–30oC, and the optimal pH was found to have a wide range from weakly acidic (pH 4) to neutral (pH 7). In the optimal nutrient source experiment, hyphal growth was shown to be fair in a mixed medium with 2.5% dextrin as the carbon source and 0.1% yeast extract as the organic nitrogen source. Among the various amino acids, organic acids, and inorganic salts tested, the fastest hyphal growth was observed in the presence of leucine, acetic acid or gluconic acid, and KCl or KH2PO4, respectively. The column test showed that the best mycelial growth occurred in a mixed medium of 80% pine sawdust, 10% rice bran, and 10% corncob sawdust.

The purpose of this study was to examine the language and culture of infectious diseases in Korean society through related expressions. Accordingly, four kinds of Korean dictionaries were investigated, and the results were examined by dividing relevant expressions into epidemic-related vocabularies and infectious disease-related case statements. First, examination of epidemic-related vocabulary found that most names of infectious diseases were expressed using Chinese characters and English loanwords. Since each infectious disease name has several synonyms, Koreans have referred to major infectious diseases by a variety of names. The names of infectious diseases were mainly reflect such information as the causes, routes of transmission, and symptoms of infection, as well as attitudes toward how to deal with the diseases. Second, the examination of case statements related to infectious diseases showed that the disease with the most example sentences was COVID-19, which recently started and has not yet ended. Case statements related to infectious diseases can be broadly divided into four categories: the designation of infectious diseases, fear of infectious diseases, patients with infectious diseases, and places of infection. In addition, we found we found that patients with infectious diseases and places of infection generated negative perceptions and expressions.