In this paper, the conceptual spaces of the diachronic semantic evolution of “Paste” semantic verbs are constructed through the diachronic literature surveys. In the history of Chinese language, the verb with the meaning of “Paste” was rarely used in literature before the Tang Dynasty, and it was not until the modern Chinese period that it gradually increased. In terms of activity, from the dominance of “膠” in ancient Chinese to the emergence of “貼” in medieval Chinese, and until modern Chinese, a situation where the three words “貼” “糊” and “粘 (黏)” went hand in hand was formed. The pattern of “粘” “帖”, and “膠” as marginal members greatly influenced the use of “Paste” semantic verbs in modern Chinese, and this pattern was generally continued in modern Chinese, At the same time, there are some differences in the use of words between WeiJin Dynasty

In this paper, the conceptual spaces of the diachronic semantic evolution of “gen” are constructed through the diachronic literature surveys, then the cross-dialect/language semantic maps are drawn as a tool to examine the rationality of the diachronic evolution. “Gen (跟)” is an action verb with the meaning of “following (跟隨)”, in Chinese history the dominant words with the semantic field of “following” have experienced the diachronic evolution of “cong (從)”, “sui (隨)” and “gen (跟)”. The development of these three words not only follows the law of parallel grammaticalization, but also each has its own feature. From the comparison diachronic and cross-dialect /language semantic map of the “following (跟隨)” meaning, it can be seen that, non-cognate words with family characteristics may also have the same semantic evolution. Some phenomena in the synchronic regional semantic maps that violate the “semantic map connectivity hypothesis”, may not be due to the complete lack of connection between the two nodes, but due to the choice of semantics of a specific symbolic form in the diachronic development.

While the use of metadiscourse in L2 writing has received considerable attention in the past, little effort has been made to examine how L2 writers’ use of metadiscourse in academic writing has evolved over time. In addressing this, the present study explored a diachronic evolution of interactional metadiscourse in research articles (RAs) published across a span of 40 years (1980-2021) in English Teaching. Based on 931 articles consisting of 6.4 million words, we examined whether the use of interactional metadiscourse has changed over the past 40 years. Our findings revealed that there was a global decrease in interactional metadiscourse over the past 40 years. While the frequency and diversity of interactional metadiscourse have slightly decreased over time, the proportion of each metadiscourse category remained consistent. The study further suggests that Korean L2 scholars who publish in English Teaching tend to hedge more than they boost or use attitude markers compared to those who publish in global journals.

이 논문에서는 우리나라 선박안전법상 벌칙 규정의 적정성을 확인하기 위하여 한·일 양국의 관련 법령 간 공시적·통시적 비교법 연구를 수행하였다. 우리 나라의 제 해사법, 특히 선박안전법의 벌칙규정 형량이 과도하다는 것은 누차 지적되어 왔다. 이를 보다 선명하게 드러내기 위하여 본 논문에서는 국내 선박 안전법-형법 간 비교, 일본 선박안전법-형법 간 비교, 그리고 양국 법령 간 비교를 통하여 다차원적 분석을 시도할 것이며, 관계 법령의 통시적 변화를 추적하도록 하겠다. 이 논문의 주요 내용은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 한국의 선박안전법을 위시한 해사법에서는 중형주의와 상징형법적 문제가 드러나고 있다, 이 문제의 인식에 대한 이해를 증진하고 제도 개선의 발판을 마련하기 위해서는 법령 간 단순 비교가 아닌 법령에 반영된 사회상의 심층적 분석을 수반하는 비교법적 방법론의 도입이 필요하다. 둘째, 우리나라의 현행 선박안전법과 형법, 그리고 일본의 현행 선박안전법과 형법을 공시적으로 비교한 결과, 우리나라의 선박안전법 벌칙 규정은 위반의 구성요건이 불명확하며 자체적으로 정합하지 않을뿐더러 형법 규정과의 형량이 불균형하다. 일본의 경우와 비교하여도 중형주의 경향이 드러난다. 셋째, 한국과 일본의 선박안전법이 최초 제정 이후 변천해온 양상을 양국의 주요 해난사고 발생과 연관하여 통시적으로 분석한 결과, 최근의 한국 선박안 전법 벌칙 규정에서 상징형법적 경향이 뚜렷하였다. 특히 상징주의적 입법경향의 실제적 효과가 미미함 또한 확인된다. 넷째, 이상에서 확인된 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 한국 선박안전법 벌칙 규정의 전체적인 개정작업이 불가피함을 제언한다.

As part of research on the Chinese subjective decrement markers, this study is aimed at analyzing the combinatorial aspect and semantic characteristic of them through a synchronic and diachronic research especially into ‘不怎么’ and ‘不那么’, both of which are of profound significance for expressions denoting the subjective decrement. By means of doing so, the work seeks to understand the background, and further to clarify the grammaticalization process whereby they are used as markers showing the subjective decrement. “Quantity is an important category with which humans perceive, understand and make expressions of the world”, and “the quantitative category of the linguistic world is divided into objective quantity and subjective one”. The subjective quantity is defined as that which comes to have subjectivity due to the speaker's subjective evaluation of the objective quantity, and is usually divided into large and small one. Research related to the subjective quantity has attracted the attention of many scholars and there have been remarkable achievements made with regard to it even in Chinese language studies. However, there has been a limitation, on the other hand, that most of the studies have focused only on the syntax, semantics and pragmatics of expressions denoting the large subjective quantity and small one. What needs to be paid attention to, in this respect, is that the Chinese language also has expressions for the subjective decrement such as ‘不怎么’ and ‘不那么’ in addition to those for the large and small subjective quantity. For all that, few researchers have observed and analyzed them from the perspective of the subjective quantity. For such a reason, this study considers ‘不怎么’ and ‘不那么’ to be the subjective decrement markers most of all, analyzing the combinatorial aspect and semantic characteristic of and the difference between them through a synchronic research. Then, another analysis of their degrees of lexicalization is conducted through a diachronic research into their semantic expansions and frequency increases based on the examination of their periodic examples. The work, in the last analysis, deduces their grammaticalization processes along with the background analysis of how meanings of the subjective decrement have come to be generated in them despite the fact that they have not in other interrogatives or demonstratives.

This study examined the factors of place name changes in China from the perspective of sociolinguistics. The place name change factors were diachronically review by not differentiating their corresponding period from ancient time to modern times. Generally, China’s place naming has two principles – physical geographical factors, and human geographical factors. In this study, the human geographical factors were mainly looked at by dividing them further into political diplomatic factors and sociocultural factors. First of all, as for political diplomatic factors, the country has been through name changes during Cultural Revolution, due to ethnic minority policies and due to foreign relationship, military activity and migration. Secondly, sociocultural factor were found to be place name changes to avoid taboo language, to seek sophisticated naming, caused by contact with different peoples and due to historic and cultural preservation.

In order to make up vacancy of words frequency on ancient bronze objects in Western Zhou Dynasty in diachronic development perspective, we sorting out some conclusions through the exhaustive statistical development data of words frequency diachronically. We found two ends concentration of word frequency in bronze inscription from the early to late in the Western Zhou Dynasty have decreased significantly, which reflects ideographic writing system increasingly mature trend; we also found the word frequency variation is keeping pace with the time trend. In other words, disappearance of those old words is the acceleration and appearance of new words has a trend for reducing the speed. We conclude that focus of inscriptions discourse topic did not change through each period distinctive word frequency semantic category research. Changes and development of language content is mainly caused by "social appellations", which always dominant semantic units’ substitutions and changes.

Seoul has been watched at its symbolic image which is the capital of one nation. since then Joseon was established. So, most of study about Seoul placed too much emphasis on like next; urban organization, palace, government office and public establishment. On the other hand, it is lacking in study of the individual building, the residential district, the change of building-lot. This study is to make up a deficiency from study of Gaokdohyung(家屋圖形site and floor plan). Gaokdohyung(家屋圖形) is drawings of building lots & houses existed in Hanseongbu漢城府(modem Seoul). It is possessed in Jangseogak and all 24 sheets. It is merely 24sheets but has many urban information in that. Housing of number 116 expressed in Gaokdohyung are consist on the house of Sadaebu士天王(noble class) Joongin中人(middle class) Sangmin常民(commoner), Villa(Byeolseo別墅) and connecting stores etc. Houses in Gaokdohyung has characteristic that most building lot is very specious and owners are variety of social position. The study of Gaokdohyung will progress through analyzing diachronic change of individual building lot & house. In the event, results of this study will help to find out change of urban tissue & architecture. So, i intend to seek for entity of urban tissue and urban house in Joseon Period differ from now, and to study out those have been changed continuously forward now.

Ki-tae Kim. 2017. A Sociolinguistic Study of the Diachronic Changes of the Names of Korean Oriental Clinics: With Special Reference to –tang. Studies in Modern Grammar 96, 149-166. The current study explores the diachronic pattern of the changes in the names of Korean Oriental Medical clinics, the names of which contain the Sino-Korean -tang (堂) in the ult of the core. A total of 636 such names are identified and statistically analyzed along with their founding years through simple exponential smoothing, double exponential smoothing, and the moving average. The results show that there has been a slow, but significant decline from the late 1980’s and on. The primary motivation behind the trend is traced back to the increased sense of Korean identity in the more transnational world at the time. More specifically, the official replacement of han (漢, ‘China/Chinese’) with a homophone han (韓, ‘Korea/Korean’) in referring expressions to Korean Oriental Medicine (e.g., hanuywen ‘Korean Oriental Medical clinic’) in 1986, the subsequent 1988 Olympic Games, and the contemporary movement to use Hankul exclusively at the expense of Hanca including tang all coincided with the decline, thus, contributing to the timing of the consistent decline. Some limitations and implications are also discussed.

Hyeree Kim. 2016. A Corpus-Based Study in the Diachronic Change of the Adjective/Participle+V-ing Construction. Studies in Modern Grammar 90, 1-30. In the Present-Day English adjectives and participles are often followed by a preposition plus V-ing (hereafter called PG construction). However, some adjectives and participles can be immediately followed by V-ing without an intermediate preposition (hereafter NG). Therefore, such adjectives/participles can have both NG and PG constructions. This article investigates 13 such predicates (happy, comfortable, bored, tired, fed up; busy, engaged, occupied; late, quick, slow, done, finished) in the Corpus of Historical American English (COHA) and examines the frequency changes of their NG vs PG structures in American English from 1820 to 2009. The findings of this study are as follows: (i) NG is a more recent structure than PG, (ii) the frequency of NG has gradually increased over time with most predicates, (iii) except engaged, the percentage of NG to PG was higher in the late 1900 than the early 1800, and with some predicates NG is more preferred than PG in the Present-Day English, (iv) as shown by the fact that some predicates were more resistant to the change, a linguistic innovation does not apply simultaneously but spread gradually across the relevant lexical items/structures.

호남지역 유학자들의 초기 箴 작품은 蘇沿(1390-1441)이 창작한 것으로부터 李恒(1499-1576)이 지은 것에 이르기까지 총 6편이 지어졌다. 그 가운데 2편이 中宗에게 올려진 官箴이다. 그리고 경전 구절을 해석한 것이 3편, 전대의 작품에 차운하여 계승한 것이 1편으로, 의리의 발현을 수사 기법으로 삼은 작품이 상당한 비율을 차지한다. 중기는 箴을 지은 유학자가 4명밖에 되지 않아 초기에 비해 인원수가 더욱 줄었지만, 작품의 수량은 7편으로 1편이 더 많이 늘어났다. 하지만 安邦俊(1573-1654)으로부터 黃胤錫(1729-1791)에 이르기까지 150년이 넘는 시기 동안 4명의 유학자가 7편의 작품을 지었다는 것은 초기와 마찬가지로 매우 영성한 상황이라고 밖에 말할 수 없다. 『中庸』 제1장의 ‘莫見乎隱’을 해석한 황위의 ｢莫見乎隱箴｣을 제외하고는 모두 생활 속에서 실천해야 할 수양의 덕목을 해설한 내용들이다. 다만 경계하는 대상이 자신에게 한정되느냐 아니면 자식이나 주변의 타인에게 확장되느냐의 차이가 있을 뿐, 개인적인 용도인 私箴의 범위를 벗어나는 작품은 없다. 후기는 초기 및 중기에 비해 거의 5~6배가 넘을 정도로 많은 분량의 箴 작품이 창작되었다. 그리고 경계의 내용과 방법이 이전과 달리 다양하게 확산되는 경향을 보인다. 奇正鎭(1798-1880)으로부터 柳永善(1893-1961)에 이르기까지 100년 동안 14명의 유학자에 의해 37편의 箴이 지어졌다. 이 시기는 이전보다 양적으로도 월등하게 많을 뿐만 아니라, 수사 기법도 다양한 양상으로 서술되었다. 그리고 무엇보다 타인을 경계한 작품이 큰 비중을 차지하고 있는데, 이것은 구한말의 절박한 시대적·역사적 상황 때문에 箴을 통해 同道의 사람들에게 권면하고자 하는 의식이 반영된 현상이라고 이해할 수 있다. 또한 자신 및 학파가 주창하는 성리설을 箴의 문체로 드러내어 밝히고자 한 것도 이전 시기에는 없는 하나의 특징이라고 말할 수 있다.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the grammatical status of English core negative element ne and not in the process of diachronic changes. Negation was generally expressed by the negative particle ne throughout OE. It came to be expressed by the weakened ne in combination with the negative adverb not in ME, and as ne disappeared, not started to be used exclusively from around the fifteenth century. There was a temporary tendency to place not before a lexical verb until the verb do became fully grammaticalized as an auxiliary, but negation began to be derived with the syntactic structure of `a finite modal verb/do＋not＋a lexical verb` from the later period of Early ModE. Contracted negation came to be optionally expressed through negative contraction in terms of encliticization of not to the preceding finite verb from Late ModE.