Recently, the electron transport layer (ETL) has become one of the key components for high-performance perovskite solar cell (PSC). This study is motivated by the nonreproducible performance of ETL made of spin coated SnO2 applied to a PSC. We made a comparative study between tin oxide deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) or spin coating to be used as an ETL in N-I-P PSC. 15 nm-thick Tin oxide thin films were deposited by ALD using tetrakisdimethylanmiotin (TDMASn) and using reactant ozone at 120 °C. PSC using ALD SnO2 as ETL showed a maximum efficiency of 18.97 %, and PSC using spin coated SnO2 showed a maximum efficiency of 18.46 %. This is because the short circuit current (Jsc) of PSC using the ALD SnO2 layer was 0.75 mA/cm2 higher than that of the spin coated SnO2. This result can be attributed to the fact that the electron transfer distance from the perovskite is constant due to the thickness uniformity of ALD SnO2. Therefore ALD SnO2 is a candidate as a ETL for use in PSC vacuum deposition.

This study compares the characteristics of a compact TiO2 (c-TiO2) powdery film, which is used as the electron transport layer (ETL) of perovskite solar cells, based on the manufacturing method. Additionally, its efficiency is measured by applying it to a carbon electrode solar cell. Spin-coating and spray methods are compared, and spraybased c-TiO2 exhibits superior optical properties. Furthermore, surface analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) exhibits the excellent surface properties of spray-based TiO2. The photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) is 14.31% when applied to planar perovskite solar cells based on metal electrodes. Finally, carbon nanotube (CNT) film electrode-based solar cells exhibits a 76% PCE compared with that of metal electrodebased solar cells, providing the possibility of commercialization.

본 연구에서는, F4-ZnPc 광활성층 기반의 저분자 유기태양전지의 성능을 최적화 하기 위해서 다 양한 조건의 홀이동층과 전자이동층을 조합하는 연구를 진행하였다. BF-DPB 호스트 유기물에 C60F36 또 는 NDP9 도펀트를 도핑한 조합을 홀이동층으로 사용하였고, 전자이동층으로는 W2(hpp)4가 도핑된 C60 또는 순수 C60/Bphen 물질을 사용하였다. 다양한 홀/전자이동층의 조합은 유기태양전지의 단락전류밀도와 fill factor, 효율에 영향을 끼치는 것을 관찰할 수 있었다.

The electrical properties of Au/n-type Ge Schottky contacts with different contact areas were investigated using current-voltage (I-V) measurements. Analyses of the reverse bias current characteristics showed that the Poole-Frenkel effect became strong with decreasing contact area. The contribution of the perimeter current density to the total current density was found to increase with increasing reverse bias voltage. Fitting of the forward bias I-V characteristics by considering various transport models revealed that the tunneling current is dominant in the low forward bias region. The contributions of both the thermionic emission (TE) and the generation-recombination (GR) currents to the total current were similar regardless of the contact area, indicating that these currents mainly flow through the bulk region. In contrast, the contribution of the tunneling current to the total current increased with decreasing contact area. The largest E00 value (related to tunneling probability) for the smallest contact area was associated with higher tunneling effect.

The thermoelectric power and dc conductivity of La2/3+xTiO3-δ (x = 0, 0.13) were investigated. The thermoelectric power was negative between 80K and 300K. The measured thermoelectric power of x = 0.13 increased linearly with increased temperatures and was represented by S0+BT. The x = 0 sample exhibited insulating behavior, while the x = 0.13 sample showed metallic behavior. The electric resistivity of x = 0.13 had a linear temperature dependence at high temperatures and a T3/2 dependence below about 100K. On the other hand, the electric resistivity of x = 0 has a linear relation between lnρ/T and 1/T in the range of 200 to 300K, and the activation energy for small polaron hopping was 0.23 eV. The temperature dependence of thermoelectric power and the resistivity of x = 0 suggests that the charge carriers responsible for conduction are strongly localized. This temperature dependence indicates that the charge carrier (x = 0) is an adiabatic small polaron. These experimental results are interpreted in terms of spin (x = 0.13) and small polaron (x = 0) hopping of almost localized Ti 3d electrons.

In this study, we fabricated a polymer light emitting diode (PLED) and investigated its electrical and optical characteristics in order to examine the effects of the PFO [poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-2-7-diyl) end capped with N,N-bis(4-methylphenyl)-4-aniline] concentrations in the emission layer (EML). The PFO polymer was dissolved in toluene ranging from 0.2 to 1.2 wt%, and then spin-coated. To verify the influence of the TPBI [2,2',2"-(1,3,5-Benzinetriyl)-tris(1-phenyl-1-H-benzimidazole)]electron transport layer, TPBI small molecules were deposited by thermal evaporation. The current density, luminance, wavelength and current efficiency characteristics of the prepared PLED devices with and without TPBI layer at various PFO concentrations were measured and compared. The luminance and current efficiency of the PLED devices without TPBI layer were increased, from 117 to 553 cd/m2 and from 0.015 to 0.110 cd/A, as the PFO concentration increased from 0.2 to 1.0 wt%. For the PLED devices with TPBI layer, the luminance and current efficiency were 1724 cd/m2 and 0.501 cd/A at 1.0 wt% PFO concentration. The CIE color coordinators of the PLED device with TPBI layer at 1.0 wt% PFO concentration showed a more pure blue color compared with the one without TPBI, and the CIE values varied from (x, y) = (0.21, 0.23) to (x, y) = (0.16, 0.11).

8일간 생장한 보리 유식물에 72시간 동안 dimethipin을 처리하면서 엽록소 함량의 변화와 광합성적 전자전달 활성을 측정하였다. 10/sup -3/M dimethipin을 72시간 처리한 경우 엽록소 함량이 33% 감소하였다. 이에 비해 7일간 암소에서 생장시킨 후 dimethipin을 처리한 보리 유식물은 녹화 48시간에 10/sup -4/M에서 대조구에 비해 43% 엽록소 함량이 감소하였으며, 엽록소 a/b 비율이 증가하였다. 24시간의 dim

The effects of various intensity of UV-B on barley seedling were investigated by PS I and Ⅱ activities and chlorophyll fluorescence. The inhibitory effect of UV-B radiation on electron transport activity was increased as the intensity of UV-B irradiation was increased. Especially, PS Ⅱ is more sensitive to UV-B radiation than PS I is. By the addition of artificial electron donor, DPC, to the chloroplasts of the barley seedlings treated with UV-B, the photoreduction of DCPIP was recovered by only 11% on electron transport activity. However, the activity of PS Ⅱ was inhibited by 45% by the treatment with UV-B, but recovered it only 11% by the addition of DPC. These suggest that other sites besides the oxidation site of PS Ⅱ may be affected more by UV-B irradiation. As the intensity of UV-B was increased, Fo was increased while Fv was decreased, and thus Fv/Fm was decreased. This means that photochemical efficiency was reduced. With this parameters, it might be that UV-B radiation affected adversely to around PS Ⅱ.

약용 식물의 추출액이 자가영양배양세포의 광합성전자전달계에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 9종의 약용식물 추출액으로부터 종자발아, PA세포의 엽록소 억제정도, DCIP의 환원율, 세포 생존율, 광계 I의 전자전달활성, 단백질에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 식물의 추출액을 농도별로 처리하였을 때 10％ 처리시 전 식물체에서 상추의 발아억제 현상을 나타내었고, 특히 백두옹과 초오 추출물 10％ 처리시는 100％ 억제를 나타내었다. 2. 백두옹의 증류수 및 MeOH 추출액을 PA세포에 처리한 경우 엽록소의 생성을 100％ 억제 하 였다. 이는 광합성 전자전달 저해제로 알려진 DCMU 10-3M 처리와 동일한 억제 효과였다. 3. PA세포에 추출물 처리시 백두옹이 힐반응 억제가 가장 컸으며, 세포 생존력은 가장 낮았다. 4. 광합성 산소발생은 반하, 독활, 백두옹, 만형자 추출액 처리시 14-77％ 억제되었고, 특히 PA 세포 2ml 반응액에 백두옹 추출물 60rl 처리시 50％ 산소발생 억제를 나타내었다. 5. 추출액을 PA 세포에 처리한 후 단백질을 추출하여 SDS-PAGE를 이용하여 조사한 결과 대조구에 비하여 백두옹 추출물 10％ 처리에서 14KD, 31KD, 41KD, 53KD, 73KD의 밴드가 나타나지 않았다.

광합성 전자전달 억제물질에 대한 빠른 검색 방법을 모색하기 위하여 녹색배양 세포인 광학적 자가 영양세포(PA)를 이용하여 실용화된 제초제 및 4종의 잡초 추출액으로 부터 PA세포의 반응을 조사하였다. 녹색배양 세포인 담배 및 우산이끼 PA세포는 타가 영양세포에 비하여 광합성 전자전달 저해형 제초제들은 700배 이상 높은 감수성을 나타내었으며 호르몬 작용형 제초제인 2, 4-D는 감수성의 차가 8배로 낮게 나타났다. 우산이끼 PA세포는 약제 농도간의 범위(0.01～0.9uM)가 좁아 약제선발시 타 배양 세포에 비하여 좋은 재료임을 암시하였으며, 광합성 전자전달 저해약제에 대해서 힐(hill)반응과 동일하게 광합성 산소발생 억제정도인 PI50에서 강한 활성을 나타내었다. 잡초 중 여뀌 추출액 10% 처리시 PA배양 세포의 엽록소 함량이 가장 낮았고, 광합성 산소발생 억제율이 가장 높았다. 수용 및 MeOH액으로 추출한 10% 여뀌 추출액을 반응용액 3ml에 300ul 반응시 우산이끼 PA배양세포에 대해 각각 60%, 100% 광합성 산소발생 억제효과가 있었다. 이상의 결과에서 PA세포들은 광합성 전자전달 저해형 약제에 대하여 빠르고 민감한 검색수단으로서 좋은 재료가 될 수 있다고 생각한다.다.