본 논문은 히니의 시에서 나타나는 익숙한 도구나 물체가 어떻게 근원적이고 시적인 이미지로 승화되는지 그 과정을 추적하는 글이다. 이에 어울리는 이론으로 바슐라르의 상상력 개념, 내밀한 확장성 그리고 원의 현상학 등과 견주어 히니의 도구 시 작품과 접목시킬 수 있다. 히니는 쇠스랑이나 자전거 바퀴와 같이 흔한 대상의 관찰과 경험에서 출발하여 과거의 원형적 이미지의 구현과 현재의 역동적 이미지의 포착을 통해 시적 자아와 불가분의 관계가 되는 시적 사물로 재탄생시킨다. 히니의 여러 사물시에는 시인과 동등한 하나의 존재 자체로 변모된 사물을 목격할 수 있다.

Introduction According to the Federation of the Swiss Watchmaking Industry (FHS) in 2017, Switzerland occupies approximately 3% of the global market regarding the quantity of watches. As for value, Switzerland represents 54% of global sales that is 21 billion USD. About 95% of luxury watches with price starting from 1,000 USD are stamped "Swiss Made.” Thus, the Swiss watch industry has become an integral part of the luxury universe. However, it‟s not an easy task to get a place in this luxury market of reference. According to the estimation made by the Institute of Watch Marketing, there are approximately 200 active Swiss watch brands on the market today. In order to create an uncontested market space and stand out from the competition luxury watch brands are obliged to create a new way of dealing with concurrence. The majority of brands chose the positioning at the top of a watch pyramid. First of all, it is an economic issue: according to the recent Deloitte report (2017) on watchmaking industry, the most important increase is in the category of watches belonging to the “Haute Horlogerie” segment. While other categories have been steadily losing their shares in exports for years, the high-end category of watches is growing considerably. In the last two decades, luxury brand management has attracted much interest and discussions in academic and business circles. Among the business leaders and scientists, the debates were related to the challenges and paradoxes associated with luxury branding and management that emerged as a result of the evolution of the field (Okonkwo, 2007; Kapferer, 2008 Chevalier and Mazzalovo, 2008, Dubois B., Laurent G., et Czellar S, 2001). In order to create and maintain the position of a strong luxury brand, a number of key elements have been identified as crucial and divergent within the scientific literature (Sicard, 2008; Fionda and Moore, 2008, Merle, Chandon and Roux, 2008). Vigneron and Johnson (2004) proposes key luxury dimensions that managers should establish and monitor for creating a lasting luxury brand. Nevertheless, in our opinion there are no many researches explaining hyper luxury segment growth and the upward expansion of the Swiss luxury watchmaking to the hyper luxury. To our knowledge, there is no scientifically accepted definition of the hyper luxury segment. We attempt to define hyper luxury watch brands as “Haute Horlogerie” watch brands with a unique positioning based on the personal-oriented perceptions of customers, high experiential value and proprietary manufacturing know-how, offering mainly mechanical watches in a price range starting at roughly 60„000 USD and then passing to the price categories of 100‟000-500‟000-1‟000‟000 USD for a watch. In order to shed light on upward expansion to Hyper Luxury trend in Swiss luxury watchmaking we should formulate the following research question: What kind of resources to optimize and which processes to implement in order to create resource-based competitive advantage in a highly competitive market of Swiss luxury watchmaking? Methodology To gain a deeper understanding of the upward expansion to hyper luxury in Swiss watchmaking industry we proceed to qualitative research (semi-structured interviews with 20 CEO and Marketing managers) among watchmaking companies. We specifically focused on top managers involved in the product development and decision making and management processes. The key issues addressed were: definition of the key company‟s resources, information management, market sensing, innovative approaches in management, sources of value creation for customers and differentiation strategies, managerial vision and firm-specific practices and procedures. Qualitative research methods were selected for this study with the aim to generate data rich in details and embedded in context. This study will allow us to enlarge and enrich previous theoretical findings and illustrate it with practical evidences. Conceptual framework Last decades have seen an important economic shift from manufacturing to information and knowledge-driven services. This shift has been accompanied by an increase in the importance of intangible assets and capabilities. Thus the source of competitive advantage has changed from mostly manufacturing assets to market based intangible assets and capabilities (Ramaswami et al., 2009). The resource-based theory (RBT) provides an important framework in explanation and prediction of the firm‟s competitive advantage and superior performance based on market based insights (Barney and Arikan, 2001, Vorhies and Morgan, 2005). RBT considers a company as an idiosyncratic mix of resources and capabilities that are available for application by various departments in the company and are very difficult to imitate by competitors (Teece et al., 1997). Accordiang to Barney and Hesterly (2012), sustainable competitive advantage results only if resources are simultaneously valuable, rare, imperfectly imitable, and exploitable by the firm‟s organization (VRIO). This VRIO framework has acknowledged that resources need to be leveraged effectively by the organization, instead of simply possessed by the firm. Even if a resource is valuable, rare, and imperfectly imitable, a firm must be “organized to exploit the full competitive potential of its resources and capabilities. According to Newbert (2008), performance improvement is not directly a function of the value or rareness of a firm‟s resource-capability combinations but rather of the advantages it creates from their exploitation. Then, through insightful theoretical development researchers have expanded the RBT into the concept of dynamic capabilities. Specifically, dynamic capabilities are defined as the ability to build, integrate, and reconfigure internal and external intangible resources to address rapidly changing environments (Winter, 2003). Teece et al (1997) and Eisenhard and Martin states that sustained competitive advantage could be based on the firm‟s renewal and reconfiguration of its resources and capabilities through dynamic capabilities. The dynamic capabilities view changes from the resource-based view of the firm (Barney, 1991), by its attempts to the explanation of the conditions under which firms achieve competitive advantage based on their resources and capabilities (Molina et al., 2014). Furthermore, researchers have increased conceptual understanding of the role of marketing in enabling firms to create and sustain competitive advantage and superior performance (Ramaswami et al, 2009). In accordance with potential to improve business performance, some studies (Bruni and Verona, 2009), have introduced the term „Dynamic Marketing Capabilities‟ (DMCs hereafter). In fact, DMCs are specifically focused on releasing and integrating market knowledge that helps firms evolve. Developing DMCs could constitute the real basis for sustainable competitive advantage and superior performance in most competitive sectors (Molina et al, 2014). Fang and Zou (2009) define DMC as the responsiveness and efficiency of cross-functional business processes for creating and delivering customer value in response to market changes. It is this focus on customer value that distinguishes DMCs from dynamic capabilities in general. According to Bruni and Verona (2009) DMC are those capabilities aimed specifically at developing, releasing and integrating market knowledge that helps firm evolve. Main findings and analysis Analysis of semi-structured interviews with the CEO and marketing managers of the Swiss luxury watchmaking companies lead us to a number of findings concerning the role of DMC for the hyper luxury brand expansion. The exploratory study confirms many of the elements presented in the conceptual part of this article. Most of the Swiss high-end watchmaking companies are traditionally founded focusing on specific kind of watch and technological expertise in it. Often, these companies tend to develop and grow by mastering their technological competences. As it comes from our research nowadays rare are companies that uses dynamic DMC. Even if the majority of companies confirmed the importance of DMC, it is very difficult to implement it on practice due to the complexity of the numerous stages of industrial production, various operations and partners. Meanwhile, there are some companies that managed to integrate the concept of dynamic marketing capabilities and improve their performance. A deeper questioning into their management practices revealed that they are achieving these results because of the sophisticated and effective way of implementation marketing insights coming from partners and clients. These high performing companies generate growth because of their particular focus for constant improvement of their marketing activities. “The main idea is to question all the time our way of working and to elaborate more sophisticated marketing mix than most of our competitors. For us, sophistication of our watches has the same importance as sophistication of our marketing activities”. Our research pointed out that these few firms of Swiss luxury watchmaking industry, that successfully accomplish the search and gap-assessment stages concerning dynamic marketing capabilities have an advantage over rivals. The market-based identification of valuable resources and internal management of intangibles help managers recognize the need for improvement. In a case of such particular industry as Swiss watchmaking where any considerable changes are very costly and time consuming the companies that applies DMC through small steps and project-based development assure their presence and adaptability to the globalized changes of the economy. “Swiss luxury watchmaking industry strongly related to the overall economic and social changes in the world. So we need to be constantly aware and understand global trends, for example, emerging categories of customers and their expectations towards luxury products”. Thus, dynamic marketing capabilities are considered as very important value creation drivers. We identified marketing intelligence, customer relationships and professional networks as the most important elements for additional value creation. “It is clear that information is very important in order to stay “up to date” with the market. As most of decisions and processes depends on the feeling of the current situation on the market and clients, it’s very important to gather as much information as possible. There is no one source of information, but the multitude of different sources and various information as a puzzle helps to construct the right vision”. Organizational capabilities, information sharing and collaboration between various departments are directly related to new value creation. As it came from the qualitative analysis the main conditions are the “openness” of management vision and strategic flexibility of decision makers. Moreover, high-performing companies participated in our research confirmed that it is very important to adopt an entrepreneurial attitude and to implement “participative” way of collaboration. “On the initial stages of product development, all departments are invited to give their feedback on the product. We organize regularly a brainstorming in order to obtain various perspectives. Cross-functional teamwork brings more value”. Those companies who could create some sort of flexibility in organization of production find themselves mostly on the niche market of hyper-luxury with a very personalized, sometimes even “co-created” watches. In this approach, it is a client, his visions and his preferences that are incorporated into the watch through its design, configuration, functions and complications. This phenomenon also confirms the recent trends on the luxury market of ultimate personalization and unique experience creation that accompanying the product. “People who could acquire almost everything that they want are looking for new experiences. Millennials are willing to pay higher price for personalized high-end and luxury items. The watch became not only the symbol of the status of its owner, but the reflection and continuation of the personality of a client. In this case a unique watch for somebody unique is a great concept”. Managerial recommendations Our research revealed that the concept of the dynamic marketing capabilities as a part of intangible resources of the company could be very beneficial for swiss luxury watchmaking companies in the process of expansion to hyper luxury segment. Managerial contribution of this article lies in new approach illustration that could be used as a support for strategic decision-making in Swiss watch-making companies. The concept of dynamic marketing capabilities is a very complex phenomenon. As a first step for improvement it would be important to get more informed and deeply understand it. In order to create more value and better performance, it is important to deep “intuitive” way of decision making and to implement more explicitly insights coming from practice. Traditionally very segmented industry of Swiss luxury watches is on the road to changes due to radical social and economic changes around the world. Nowadays, company growth and performance requires connecting many elements across various sources of data. There are more opportunities and synergies in initial collaboration on the basic steps of the expansion to hyper luxury segment of watches then filling in the gaps that were not considered in the beginning. Feedbacks from customers and partners could be the most valuable data sources for sustainable changes and following up current trends on the market. Extensive data gathering and analysis, flexibility and learning has a direct impact to the performance. The more internal and external sources engaged into the flexible management and decision making process, the better performance and customer value it could bring. Nowadays, customer is placed in the center of the most of successful businesses. The level of understanding of the customer preferences and values turning to solid insights that could help for better and more efficient performance and decision making processes. Co-created value with customer‟s insights will help to achieve more recognition, exclusivity and appreciation from customers. Direct interactions with wealthy individuals are the main differentiators and value creation mechanisms of a hyper luxury segment of watches. There are numerous opportunities to engage customers in a dialogue instead of traditional for Swiss luxury watchmaking industry one-directional communication. Largely applied in other industries (luxury cars, yachts etc.) this approach is considered to be a niche in the luxury watchmaking. Thus, in our opinion even in the highly traditional industry as Swiss luxury watchmaking it is of great importance to understand and try to implement this dynamic approach and to adopt “Bottom up” management practices. From managerial point of view it is important to encourage curiosity, open-mindedness and cross-departmental communication of the employees. Our key managerial recommendation would be to state that in order to gain competitive advantage, information from the markets, partners and clients should be translated into actionable plans that, once applied, tend to yield concrete results. This transition from data to reconfiguration of processes represents the path that creates more value and competitive advantage in a highly competitive industry. More specifically, firms aimed to compete on the basis of the superior customer service and expansion to the “hyper luxury” sector are advised to invest into building new type of relationship and more dynamic organizational process based on the insights coming from various partners. Limitations and further research avenues The resource advantage theory was predominantly constructed on the theoretical level. In our opinion, such approach could be considered as the key drawback of scientific discourse. Recognition that science and practice produce distinct forms of knowledge has been longstanding. According to Van de Ven (2007), the gap between theory and practice may be a knowledge production problem. The aim of the current research is to suggest a vice versa point of view and to highlight empirical evidence coming from practice. The theoretical contribution of this article to the academic discussion lies in explaining the expansion to the Hyper Luxury Watchmaking Segment based on intangible assets management. We contribute to the development of RBT with its insights deriving from Swiss luxury watchmaking industry. These issues helps us to come up with managerial recommendations and thus to contribute to the advancement of the RBT. The main limitation of this research is in the nature of our research. The exploratory research helped us to identify the key elements in expansion to hyper luxury watch segment by Swiss luxury watchmaking companies. However, this does not allow us to understand the depth of this phenomenon. In order to confirm this results the more profound and focused analysis is needed. It could help to understand deeper micro-foundations of DMC. In addition to that, in our opinion a detailed case study of the firm with outstanding DMC‟s would be particularly valuable. Otherwise, to test quantitatively what are the links between various elements is also a promising avenue for this research.

China is the world’s largest social network market in the world. The importance of tapping this massive market with rapid growth rate can’t be overstated. It has been widely acknowledged that culture is a significant variable in consumer attitudes and consumer behavior. Given that culture may influence individual’s interaction and consumption through social media, it is imperative to examine cultures’ influence in social media usage where much of the information is usually user generated. Traditionally, demographics like age, gender, education etc., are also considered as the key socioeconomic factors determining consumers’ media selection and buying decisions. To fill the research gap, this study is designed 1) to investigate the relationship between cultural dimensions and social media usages in China by introducing mediating factors of attitudes toward social media; 2) to investigate the role of individual characteristics (e.g., gender and living location) play on social networks usage in China. Pretest among small groups was first conducted for the purpose of scale validity evaluation. Later, a translation and back-translation method was employed to achieve the translation equivalence. A random stratified sample was obtained from an online panel in China in January 2018. A computer-assisted web interviews was conducted with adults age above 18. Total 600 usable samples were obtained in China in January 2018. The findings of this study evidenced the important role culture plays in defining the social context within which individuals behave. The result showed a strong positive relationship between power distance and negative attitude toward social media. This study also found a negative relationship between masculinity and using social media for direct purchase. The finding supports the fact that social networking, which has a strong focus on relationship building, is a relatively feminine value. Thus, the members of social networking, which espouses feminine values, demonstrate a more social orientation and expectation of shared values. Marketers need to ensure that they make their social media outlets user friendly and their spaces encourage communication and connectedness for their users.

Global ecommerce continues to flourish and consumers across the world are constantly connected to the Internet. This poses growing opportunities for the digital transformation of businesses and their expansion to international markets succeeding to reach and engage with potential customers abroad. The objective of this paper is to study the internationalization process of digital enterprises and to explore business challenges and opportunities arising from the use of innovative technologies and tools. More specifically, we aim to review the recent related literature and propose a conceptual framework introducing tools and practices regarding strategy, infrastructure technology and on- line marketing & communication needed to assure increased chances of success when digitally expanding abroad. Each country has specific features associated with the business environment, the penetration of ecommerce, as well as, specific cultural and social characteristics. These peculiarities require specific internationalization strategies and dictate parallel adjustments in IT infrastructure, as well as a suitable digital marketing & promotion that need to be followed which are thoroughly analyzed and can become a valuable tool for digital enterprises.

This study examined the effects of low temperature conditions on the expansion of choux when mixing the dough with egg fluid. The egg fluid was tested at 5 and 17oC, and the dough temperature was 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 or 70oC. The expansion decreased with decreasing temperature of the egg fluid and dough, with the concomitant formation of membranes in the cavities of choux because of the poor emulsion stability of the choux paste. In addition, the structure of the choux pastry was not dense and the cracks in the surface were partial and narrow. The shape, expansion and cracks of choux were the best at a dough temperature of 60 and 70oC added with egg fluid at 17oC. The temperature of the choux paste in these two samples was higher than the melting point of the butter used to produce the paste. Therefore, the practical limit temperature when mixing the egg fluid and dough is 20 and 60oC, respectively, and care should ve taken to maintain a low temperature when making choux in confectionary.

PURPOSES : In this study, the propriety of expansion joint spacing of airport concrete pavement was examined by using weather and material characteristics. METHODS: A finite element model for simulating airport concrete pavement was developed and blowup occurrence due to temperature increase was analyzed. The critical temperature causing the expansion of concrete slab and blow up at the expansion joint was calculated according to the initial vertical displacement at the joint. The amount of expansion that can occur in the concrete slab for 20 years of design life was calculated by summing the expansion and contraction by temperature, alkali-silica reaction, and drying shrinkage. The effective expansion of pavement section between adjacent expansion joints was calculated by subtracting the effective width of expansion joint from the summation of the expansion of the pavement section. The temperature change causing the effective expansion of pavement section was also calculated. The effective expansion equivalent temperature change was compared to the critical temperature, which causes the blowup, according to expansion joint spacing to verify the propriety of expansion joint applied to the airport concrete pavement. RESULTS: When an initial vertical displacement of the expansion joint was 3mm or less, the blowup never occurred for 300m of joint spacing which is used in Korean airports currently. But, there was a risk of blow-up when an initial vertical displacement of the expansion joint was 5mm or more due to the weather or material characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: It was confirmed that the intial vertical displacement at the expansion joint could be managed below 3mm from the previous research results. Accordingly it was concluded that the 300m of current expansion joint spacing of Korean airports could be used without blowup by controling the alkali-silica reaction below its allowable limit.

In this study, proposed how to design an airport concrete pavement expansion joint considering the weather conditions and material properties. Currently, expansion joint spacing of airport concrete pavement in korea is not designed according to a clear standard, but it is designed to an empirical level. Various types of Admixture are used in concrete pavement and depending on the material characteristics or local environmental factors, there is a substantial difference in the extent and shrinkage to which the package is inflated. Significant differences are made in the extent to which the pavement expands or shrinkage depending on the material characteristics used or the local environmental factors. But, expansion joint design performed on empirical criteria cannot reflect these materials and environmental characteristics, resulting in unpredictable damage such as blow-up. To analyzing behavior of airport concrete pavement, horizontal displacement gauges, static strain gauges and thermometers are installed in the 3rd phase construction sites at Incheon International Airport. In this study, the relationship between the temperature and horizontal displacement of the concrete pavement was analyzed using the measured depth temperatures and the horizontal displacement data at the expansion joints at the Incheon airport site. The Finite Element Analysis Model of Incheon International Airport pavement was used to compare the difference between actual behavior and analytical behavior. In addition, it is proposed to design a suitable expansion joint spacing by considering the maximum expansion of concrete pavement and shrinkage caused by material expansion (e.g., ASR) and shrinkage due to water loss. This study was supported by Incheon International Airport Corporation (BEX00625).

For economic effect on an import prohibition for the buff-tailed bumblebee, income of the bumblebee products, function, economic effect of pollinating insects and bumblebee were analyzed. The largest incremental gain was observed when using domestic bumblebees. Incremental revenue showed a larger incremental revenue in pollination than artificial pollination, the cost of artificial pollination was lowest for incremental cost, followed by domestic bumblebees, honeybees and imported bumblebees. Consequently, higher economic value can be achieved when domestic bumblebees and honeybees are used. According to this study, as it is used to make policy decisions on the prohibition of import of buff-tailed bumblebee, other alternative plan can be utilized due to its import prohibition.

최근 정보통신기술(IT) 기반의 새로운 산업시대를 대표하는 4차 산업혁명이 대두됨에 따라 클라우드 컴퓨팅이 미래 ICT 산업발전의 분수령이 될 중요한 산업 분야로 인식되며 클라우드의 중요성이 더욱 부상하고 있다. 이미 주요 선진국들은 클라우드 산업 주도권 확보를 위해 국가 차원의 프로젝트 및 정책을 적극적으로 추진 중에 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 2009년 이후 발표된 클라우드 활성화 추진계획이 최근의 IT 패러다임 변화에 대응하면서 클라우드 산업의 글로벌 경쟁력과 신성장 동력을 확보하고 있는지를 살펴보기 위해 국내 클라우드 정책과 해외 진출 전략을 중심으로 주요정책 내용을 분석하였다. 이를 위해 본 논문에서는 우선 클라우드산업의 패러다임 변화와 클라우드 산업의 현 위치를 살펴보고, 국내 클라우드 정책 중 해외 진출 관련 클라우드 정책 방안을 도출하였다.

신·재생에너지 보급통계에 의하면 바이오매스 발전실적은 2013년 부터 급증하고 있으며 그 중에서 가장 급격하게 증가한 연료는 Wood pellet으로 2013년 696Gwh, 2014년 2,764Gwh, 2015년에는 2,512Gwh를 발전 하였고 국내 Wood pellet 총 소비량은 2015년 기준 148만톤이며 그 중 발전용으로 소비된 Wood pellet은 108만톤으로 약 73%를 차지하고 있다. 본 연구에서 Wood pellet 소요량을 예측한 결과 국내 발전용으로 필요한 Wood pellet 소요량은 2020년 261만톤, 2025년 685만톤, 2030년 1,139만톤이 필요하며, 최적 바이오매스 발전량 산정을 위하여 바이오매스 발전소에서 국내 생산 Wood pellet 사용량을 50% 사용한다는 가정하에 기허가 신청된 발전소를 가동하기 위해서는 2021년 226만 톤의 Wood pellet이 국내에서 생산되어야 한다는 결론이 도출되었다.

This study was to design a game in which physical space and virtual space are mixed, and examine whether the game players could recognize the location and the building information encountered through game play. To do this, after creating a game with a mixture of physical space and virtual space, we conducted two experiments with college students. As a result, we found that players learned the spatial location and building information by playing the game made for this study, and found that the exchange and interaction between players’ acts as part of the game were able to change game play itself.

범죄피해자에 대한 최근의 국제적인 흐름은 UN이 결의한 피해자 선언 의 기본원칙을 최대한 반영하는 ‘피해자보호를 위한 기본권의 강화’에 초 점이 맞추어져 있다. 우리나라도 점차 범죄대책으로서 범죄자 중심에서 범죄피해자에 대한 영역을 확대시키는 방향으로 이동하고 있는 추세이며 학문적으로도 피해자학의 연구를 가속시키고 있는 실정이다. 범죄피해자 는 본인 스스로 일으킨 것이 아닌 타인의 귀책사유로 말미암아 발생한 억울한 사건에서, 그 정도에 따라 막대한 심리적·신체적·경제적·사회 적 타격을 받게 된다. 국민 주권 법치국가로서 국민으로부터 권한을 위 임받은 국가는 국민 개개인의 생명과 재산 및 신체의 안전을 철저하게 보호 하여야하고, 만약 범죄로 인한 피해자가 발생하였을 경우에는 지체 없이 범죄피해자의 회복에 최선을 다하여야 한다. 사회적으로 공감하는 수준에서 범죄피해자를 대신하여 보복 한다는 것과, 그 과정에서 범죄피 해자가 입을 수 있는 2차 피해를 방지하고, 범죄피해 전에 누렸던 인간 다운 생활로의 회복을 해주어야 한다는 것은 권력을 위임받은 국가가 성 실하게 이행해야 할 제1의 과제이다. 범죄의 피해자들은 형사사법절차에 있어서 수사의 단계 뿐 만 아니라 재판과정에 있어서도 자신들의 의견을 말하고 반영되기를 희망하고 있으며, 사건의 절차 진행과정이나 결과에 대하여 많은 정보를 가지기를 원하고 있고, 더 나아가 모든 단계에서 공 정한 대우와 존중받게 되기를 원하고 있다. 2017년 3월 14일 일부 개정 된 ‘범죄피해자 보호법’의 기본이념에서도 이러한 요구를 반영하여 범죄 피해자의 존엄성을 보장하고, 명예와 사생활의 평온에 대한 보호 뿐 만 아니라, 해당사건과 관련하여 각종 법적 절차에 참여할 권리를 기본이념 으로 하고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 아직 형사사법절차에 있어서 범죄피 해자들이 여러 가지 제약과 제도적 미비 등의 사유로 적극적으로 참여하 는 데에는 한계가 있는 실정이다. 이러한 점에 착안하여 이 연구는 범죄 피해자가 형사사법절차에 보다 적극적으로 참여하여 피해자의 권리를 획 득하도록 하는데 그 목적이 있다. 이 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위하여 먼 저, 우리나라의 범죄피해자 참여 현황을 살펴보고, 다음으로 해외 사례들 을 비교법적인 관점에서 분석·고찰하여 시사점을 모색하고 범죄피해자 의 형사사법절차에 대한 참여가 확대될 수 있는 방안을 제시하고자 한 다.

From simple niche models to machine learning methods, there have been intensive efforts to understand the potentialdistribution of species in last two decades. Especially in the agricultural sector, recent SDM, Species Distribution Models,studies highly enthused to predict the potential distribution of invasive species under Climate Change. Beyond the distribution,efforts are needed to assess potential risk caused by the target pest. The Shared Socio-Economic Pathways (SSPs) are scenariosfor climate change impacts and adaptation measures. We used MaxEnt model to predict potential distribution of melonthrips with two RCPs (4.5, 8.5) and three SSPs (SSP1, SSP2, SSP3) scenarios. In agricultural land, the potential distributionof melon thrips increases under climate change, but the impact is reduced with the development-oriented scenario, SSP3.

본 연구는 백두대간의 남부권과 중부권을 연결하는 속리 산국립공원에서 수행되었으며, 멸종위기종 산양의 복원을 위해 재도입된 산양의 GPS collar(Global star track S)의 Web data를 분석하여 행동권 및 서식지 이용선택 등에 대 하여 연구하고자 2015~2017년 까지 수행되었다. 속리산국 립공원에서 산양은 2010년도 로드킬에 의한 첫 발견이 되 었으며 지속적인 조사가 이루어 졌으며, 2015년 군자산일 원에서 산양의 서식 흔적이 발견되었고, 분변 분석결과 수 컷으로 확인이 되었다. 이 수컷산양의 안정적인 서식지 정 착을 위해서 산양을 도입하기로 결정하였고, 군자산일원에 2015년 산양 3개체(♂1, ♀2), 2016년 산양 4개체(♂2, ♀ 2)를 방사하였다. 이후 방사개체 모니터링을 지속적으로 수 행하였으며, 2015-16년 방사된 총 7개체(♂3, ♀4)의 Web data를 분석한 결과 평균 MCP95%에서 2.61±3.75㎢로 나 타났으며, FK50%에서 0.07±0.05㎢로 나타났다. 수컷 3개 체의 평균 MCP 95%에서 3.86±5.91㎢로 나타났으며, FK 50%에서 0.08±0.05㎢로 나타났으며, 암컷 4개체의 평균 MCP 95%에서 1.68±1.48㎢로 나타났으며, FK 50%에서 0.06±0.06㎢로 나타났다. 서식지 이용 특성에서 산양은 경사도는 35°~40°에서 26.1%, 30°~35°에서 25.7%로 나타났고, 고도는 300~400m 이상에서 30.7%, 400~500m이상에서 23.6%로 나타났고, 향은 SW에서 25.9%, W에서 22.3%, 수계와의 거리는 50m 에서 34.0%, 100m에서 32.3%, 도로와의 거리는 1000m에 서 20.3%, 600m에서 16.2%의 특징을 나타내어 가장 많은 이용 빈도수를 파악하였다. 처음방사한 지역의 이용특성과 현재의 이용특성을 보면 주로 남서향을 주로 이용하는 것으 로 보아, 속리산 산양의 서식지 선택 특성 분석을 토대로 속리산국립공원 산양의 복원을 위한 중요한 자료로 활용할 것이며, 이러한 산양의 특성을 분석한 결과 남사면에 추가 방사나 도입이 필요할 것으로 판단되며, 현재 산양들이 이 동하여 서식하는 백두대간의 희양산, 칠보산 지역에 방사대 상지로 적합한 것으로 판단된다.

The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of joint mobilization with respiratory muscle taping on pulmonary function and chest expansion ability in patients with chronic stroke. Thirty subjects (n=30) were randomly divided into three groups: a joint mobilization group (n=10), a respiratory muscle-taping group (n=10), and a joint mobilization with respiratory muscle-taping group (n=10). Measurements for pulmonary function and chest expansion were performed to assess its effectiveness. A spirometer was used to measure the pulmonary function, and a tape measure was used to assess the chest expansion. In the joint mobilization group, peak expiratory flow (PEF) was increased. Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and upper and lower chest expansion were also increased. All of variables of respiratory muscle-taping group also were increased. FEV1 and FVC were significantly different between joint mobilization with respiratory muscle-taping and respiratory muscle-taping group. The results of the present study suggest that mobilization with respiratory muscle taping increase the pulmonary function and chest expansion.

In the present work, we apply a technique that has been used for the expansion of graphite to multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). The nanotubes are rapidly heated for a short duration, followed by immersion in acid solution, so that they undergo expansion. The diameter of the expanded CNTs is 5-10 times larger than that of the asreceived nanotubes. This results in considerable swelling of the CNTs and opening of the tube tips, which may facilitate the accessibility of lithium ions into the inner holes and the interstices between the nanotube walls. The Li-ion storage capacity of the expanded nanotubes is measured by using the material as an anode in Li-ion cells. The result show that the discharge capacity of the expanded nanotubes in the first cycle is as high as 2,160 mAh/g, which is about 28% higher than that of the un-treated MWCNT anode. However, the charge/discharge capacity quickly drops in subsequent cycles and finally reaches equilibrium values of ~370 mAh/g. This is possibly due to the destruction of the lattice structures by repeated intercalation of Li ions.

Ganglioside GT1b, glycosphigolipids with three sialic acid, is known to play an important role in signal transduction such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). EGF is also known to induce resumption of meiosis and cumulus cells expansion during porcine oocyte maturation. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of ganglioside GT1b on resumption of meiosis and cumulus cells expansion in porcine oocyte maturation. First, porcine cumulus-oocyte complexes were cultured in NCSU-23 medium supplemented with GT1b (0, 1, 2 and 4 μM) at 44 h. We observed that the proportion of the metaphase II (M II) stage was significantly increased in the 2 μM GT1b (78.0 ± 2.3) treated group than in the other groups. Furthermore, expression of cumulus cells expansion factor genes (Has2, TNFAIP6, Ptx3) were significantly increased in the 2 μM GT1b treated group than in the other groups. Next, we investigated the meiotic maturation and the expressions of cumulus cells expansion factor genes after GT1b and/or EGF treatment. The proportion of the M II stage was significantly higher in the GT1b+EGF (90.1 ± 2.3) treated group than in the other groups. Moreover, expressions of cumulus cells expansion factor genes were significantly increased in the GT1b+EGF treated group than in the control group. After in vitro fertilization, fertilization rate, preimplantation development competence and quality of blastocyst were improved in oocytes derived from GT1b+EGF treated group. Taken together, these results suggest that exogenous ganglioside GT1b improving the developmental competence of porcine embryos via increase of resumption of meiosis and cumulus cells expansion during in vitro maturation of porcine oocytes.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of site quality on allometric equations, stem density and biomass expansion factors(BEFs) in a 20-year-old Machilus thunbergii plantation. The study site was located in Jindo county, Chollanam-do, southern Korea. Total 14 trees were harvested from the good site(tree height: 6.7 m) or poor site(tree height: 4.6 m) assumed by tree height growth. Allometric equations, stem density and biomass expansion factors were calculated from the sampled trees. Site-specific allometric equations of tree components were significant(p<0.05) with diameter at breast height(DBH). Also, generalized allometric equations could be applied to estimate tree biomass regardless of the difference of site quality because of no significant effect on slope of site-specific allometric equations. Aboveground tree biomass was significantly higher in the good site(81.0 Mg ha-1) than in the poor site(46.3 Mg ha-1). Stem density was not significantly different between in the good site(0.65 g cm-3) than in the poor site(0.67 g cm-3), whereas aboveground tree and leaf BEFs were significantly higher(p<0.05) in the poor site(aboveground: 2.23; leaf: 0.42) than in the good site(aboveground: 1.82; leaf: 0.23). The results indicated that aboveground Biomass and Biomass expansion factors of a Machilus thunbergii plantation were affected by site quality.