The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on eruptive movement during tooth development. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat pups were randomly divided into two groups; control group and experimental group. The experimental group was administered daily with n-3 PUFA by intraperitoneal (IP) injection. After 10 days postpartum, rat pups were sacrificed to evaluate the effect of n-3 PUFA on eruptive tooth movement. Histological analyses were by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) assay was performed to compare the osteoclast distribution in the bone matrix above the developing molar teeth. Incisor teeth eruptions were noticeably observed in IP group, as compared to control group. Rat pups in IP group showed faster tooth eruption on day 8 after birth. Through histological analyses, IP group showed thinner bone matrix and more osteoclasts above the 1st molar teeth, as compared to control group. TRAP assay showed significantly stronger stained pattern that the osteoclast above the 1st molar teeth in IP group, as compared to control group. The results suggested that n-3 PUFA could affect osteoclastic activity involved in bony remodeling during eruptive tooth movement.

The effects of dietary β-glucan, obtained from bacterial fermentation, on the intestinal mass, short chain fatty acids, lactate production and pH in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were evaluated. SD rats fed with 0% (control group), 1% or 5% β-glucan supplemented diets (w/w) for 3 weeks. The presence of β-glucan in the diets resulted in a significant increase in colonic contents in a dose dependent manner. The amount of short chain fatty acids increased in rats fed β-glucan diets. Rats fed the 5% β-glucan diets had higher levels of acetate, propionate and butyrate by 1.8, 1.7 and 3.0 fold of the control group in the cecum, and 2.2, 2.9 and 3.1 fold of the control group in the colon, respectively. The β-glucan diets also significantly increased the levels of cecal and colonic lactate by 1.4~3.4 fold, when compared to the control diet, indicating that dietary β-glucan stimulated the growth of lactic acid bacteria within the intestine. These results suggest that dietary β-glucan, by providing short chain fatty acids and reducing the cecal and colonic pH, may be beneficial in improving gut health, and provide evidence for the use of β-glucan as a dietary supplement for human consumption.

Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens pallens mosquitoes transmit dengue fever and West Nile virus diseases, respectively. This study was conducted to determine the toxicity and mechanism of action of four flavonoids and seven fatty acids from Millettia pinnata (Fabaceae) seed as well as four fatty acid esters toward third instar larvae from insecticide-susceptible C. p. pallens and A. aegypti as well as wild A. albopictus. Potent toxicity was produced by karanjin, oleic acid, karanjachromene, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, pongamol, pongarotene, and elaidic acid toward C. p. pallens larvae (24 h LC50, 14.61–28.22 mg/L) and A. aegypti larvae (16.13–37.61 mg/L). Against wild A. albopictus larvae, oleic acid (LC50, 18.79 mg/L) and karanjin (35.26 mg/L) exhibited potent toxicity. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is the main site of action of the flavonoids, oleic acid, and palmitic acid.,Linoleic acid and linolenic acid might act on both AChE and octopaminergic receptor. Further studies will warrant possible applications of M. pinnata seed-derived products as potential larvicides for the control of mosquito populations.

This study aims to understand the correlation between odor intensity and dilution factor using the Air Dilution Olfactory Method, which is suggested in the Standard Method of Odor Compounds, by measuring odor intensity and dilution factor for fatty acids and i-butyl alcohol. For the measurement, 18 panel members were selected through a panel test, and odor intensity and dilution factor by substance produced from the selected panel were estimated. The estimation showed that the correlation of odor intensity with dilution factor for a fatty acids and i-butyl alcohol can be reasonably expressed by the equation I = A·log D + 0.5 (I : odor Intensity, D : dilution factor, A : material constant). The material constant was in order of propionic acid 2.0709, n-butyric acid 1.6006, n-valeric acid 1.3369, i-valeric acid 1.182, i-butyl alcohol 1.4326. The geometric average of increased dilution factor for the 5 compounds is about 4.8 time, 3.0 time for propionic acid and 7.0 tme for i-valeric acid due to odor intensity 1 increasing. It is suggested that the result of this study could be used as a base data for research on measures to improve the regulation standards for complex odor concentrations at a boundary sites in operation.

This study aims to evaluate the relationship between concentration and odor intensity using the odor sensory method for 4 types of fatty acid compounds and i-butyl alcohol. For the measurement, 18 panelists were selected based on several criteria through a panel test. Panelists chosen for their closely similar sensitivities provided more reproducible values. The estimation showed that the correlation of the concentration with odor intensity for the 5 compounds, including the fatty acid compounds and i-butyl alcohol can be reasonably expressed by the Weber-Fechner equation. Notably the standards regulation fatty acid concentrations are very strict, and the butyl acetate standards are very loose. It is suggested than the results of this study can be used as basic data for research on measures to improve the regulation standards on complex odor concentrations on site boundaries in operation, as well as the correlation between concentration and odor intensity for the designated foul odor substances, and their characteristics.

Macrophages play an important role in both the innate and adaptive immune responses. These include phagocytosis, killing of microorganisms, antigen presentation, and induction of immune cytokines and antimicrobial genes. Macrophage activity is reported to be controlled by diverse exogenous antigenic or endogenous metabolic molecules, and the underlying mechanisms are well documented in human and mouse macrophage cells. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is known to be one of the most potent stimuli activating macrophages through the toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway. There are other antigenic molecules, such as muramyl dipeptide (MDP) and outer membrane protein A (OmpA), that are also known to activate immune cells. On the other hand, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as acetate and butyrate are produced by gut microbiota and control host energy metabolism and signal transduction through GPR receptors. However, there are few studies demonstrating the effects of these molecules in macrophages from domestic animals, including domestic pigs. In this study, we attempted to characterize gene expression regulation in porcine macrophages (PoM2, Pig Monocytes clone 2) following treatment with LPS, MDP, OmpA, and two short chain fatty acids using porcine genome microarray and RT-PCR techniques. A number of novel porcine genes, including anti-microbial peptides and others, appeared to be regulated at the transcriptional level. Our study reports novel biomarkers such as SLC37A2, TMEN184C, and LEAP2 that are involved in the porcine immune response to bacterial antigen LPS and two short chain fatty acids.

본 연구는 long-chain fatty acids 첨가 시 발효 48 h 에 in vitro 반추위 발효와 메탄 생성에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 수행하였다. 반추위액은 외과적 방법으로 누관이 장착된 홀스타인에서 채취하였으며, 공시축의 사양관리는 조사료와 농후사료 6:4 비율로 하였다. 60 mL serum bottle 에 buffer 10 mL, 티모시 0.3 g, 위액 5 mL 를 각각 넣고 fatty acids(stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid ; 0.001%/15 mL)를 첨가한 뒤 발효시간대별(3, 6, 12, 24, 36 및 48 h)로 5 처리 3 반복 수행하였다. 발효종료시간인 48 h 에서 pH 는 oleic acid 와 linoleic acid 는 대조구에 비해 유의적(p<0.05)으로 높게 측정되었다. 48 h 에 총가스 발생량은 stearic acid 가 유의적(p<0.05)으로 높게 측정되었고 메탄 발생량은 arachidonic acid 에서 유의적(p<0.05)으로 높게 측정되었다. 건물 소화율은 발효 36 h 에서 linoleic acid 가 다른 처리구에 비해 높았으나, 발효 48 h 에서는 처리구간 유의차가 없었다. 휘발성 지방산 농도와 butyric acid 는 발효 3 h, 12 h 에서 long-chain fatty acid 처리구가 대조구에 비해서 유의적(p<0.05)으로 높게 나타났다. 3 h, 12 h 에서 acetic acid는 linoleic acid, linolenic acid 가 다른 처리구보다 유의적(p<0.05)으로 높게 나타났고, propionic acid 는 stearic acid, oleic acid 에서 다른 처리구에 비해 유의적(p<0.05)으로 높게 측정되었다. Protozoa 의 생존 수와 사멸 수는 처리구간의 차이를 나타내지 않았다. Bacteria 는 linolenic acid 와 arachidonic acid 가 다른 처리구에 비해 유의적(p<0.05)으로 높았다. Fungi 는 oleic acid 가 linoleic acid 를 제외한 나머지 처리구에서 유의적(p<0.05)으로 높게 측정되었다. 본 연구의 결과에 의해 발효 48 h 에 0.001%의 oleic acid 와 linoleic acid 의 첨가는 메탄 발생량을 감소시키는데 효과적이라는 것을 알 수 있었다.

Relationship between lipid intake and obesity has been well-addressed but recent findings indicated that the type of lipid or composition of lipid in the diet also contributes to body fat accumulation and consequential health outcome. The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of nutrition intake including fatty acids, lipids and lipid soluble nutrients between the obese and lean college students and to analyze the relationship between the intake of certain fatty acids and body fat accumulation. Anthropometric elements including body weight, height, body fat and composition were measured, and dietary recall was conducted on a total of 114 college students. Data showed that total calorie intake and total lipid intake were not significantly different between the obese and lean subjects, in both male and female students. However, male obese subjects ate more amount of plant lipids and palmitic acids (C16:0) from their diet (p<0.05), while female obese subjects consumed more linoleic acids (18:2) and linolenic acids (C18:3) compared to normal subjects (p<0.01). Correlation analysis revealed that the consumption of palmitoleic acid (C16:1) and lipid soluble vitamin D were negatively (p<0.05) correlated with body fat accumulation in all subjects and these findings were supported by simple linear regression analyses for those variables. These results implicate that rather than only considering the amount of lipids, suggesting a proper type of lipids or lipid metabolites can be considered in nutrition counseling or education.

This research determined the threshold value of 10 specified offensive odor substances based on the 3 point comparison sensory method. The panelist's thresholds were calculated by taking the arithmetic, geometric mean, and 50th percentile. Three methods of calculating the odor thresholds from the same data are compared. For 10 odor substances, the panelist's thresholds revealed a logarithmically normal distribution. The 50th percentile was the best method among the three methods of calculating the odor threshold from the 270 thresholds of 18 panels. As a result, the threshold values of individual odor substances, including i-valeric acid, n-valeric acid, n-butyric acid, and butyl acetate ranged between 0.0001~0.006 ppm, while the values of methyl ethyl ketone and toluene were relatively higher than that of other substances at 0.7107 ppm and 1.2139 ppm, respectively. The threshold values of the 10 specified odor substances were compared in Korea and overseas, which showed that the characteristics of sensory response varied by substance and nation.

본 연구는 포화지방산과 불포화 지방산 첨가가 반추위 발효성상과 효소활력에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 Piromyces communis 곰팡이를 이용하여 in vitro 발효 시험을 실시하였다. 시험 Ⅰ과 Ⅱ의 대조구에는 지방산을 첨가하지 않았고, 처리구는 시험Ⅰ에서 palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid를 첨가하였고, 실험 Ⅱ에서는 linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid를 첨가하였다. 두 실험 모두 39℃에서 7일간 (2, 3, 4, 6 및 7일) 실시되었다. 시험 Ⅰ의 가스발생량은 불포화 지방산인 oleic acid에서 가장 많이 생성되었고 H2가스의 비율은 가장 낮았다. 시험 Ⅱ의 linoleic acid 첨가구에서 2일에서 6일까지의 가스 발생량은 대조구에 비해 높았지만 이후에는 낮았다. 수소가스 생성비율은 linoleic acid 첨가구에서 가장 많았고 linolenic acid 첨가구에서 가장 낮았다. 또한 시험 Ⅰ의 pH는 6.63에서 5.85로, 시험 Ⅱ에서는 6.59에서 5.40으로 낮아졌다. Carboxymethylcellulase 활력은 발효시간(day) 경과에 따라 증가하는 경향이었고, 특히 arachidonic acid 첨가구의 증가폭이 컸다. 본 실험의 결과는 반추동물의 사료에 불포화지방산을 첨가하면 반추위곰팡이가 생성하는 수소를 불포화 지방산이 이용하여 메탄생성 억제에 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다.

비육돈사의 슬러리에 함유된 악취물질의 농도를 계절별로 비교하여 초지 및 농경지에 살포되는 분뇨의 악취강도를 예측하고자 수행되었다. 1.비육돈사의 슬러리에 함유된 휘발성유기물의 계절별 농도 비교페놀류 중 p-크레졸 농도는 봄, 여름 및 가을에 차이가 없었지만, 페놀, 인돌 및 스카톨 농도는 여름과 가을에 비해 봄에 높았다(p<0.05). 돼지 슬러리의 경우 p-크레졸과 스카톨이 악취강도에 큰 영향을 주기 때문에 계절에 따른 휘발성유기물의 악취강도 차이는 크지 않을 것으로 판단된다. 2.비육돈사의 슬러리에 함유된 휘발성지방산의 계절별 농도 비교휘발성지방산의 경우 악취강도가 높지 않은 단쇄지방산의 농도는 봄철이 여름과 가을보다 높았으나(p<0.05), 악취강도가 상대적으로 높은 이성체지방산의 농도는 계절별로 숫자적인 차이는 보였지만 통계적인 차이는 없었다(p> 0.05). 계절에 따라 휘발성지방산이 악취강도에 미치는 영향은 높지 않을 것으로 판단된다. 결과적으로 봄철에 악취물질의 농도가 더 높은 것은 온도, 환기 및 돈사내부로 유입되는 물의 양에 의한 것으로 추정되며, 여름철은 슬러리에서 생성되는 악취농도 보다 환기에 의해 휘산되는 양이 많아서 슬러리의 악취농도가 감소되거나 증가되지 않았을 가능성이 있는 것으로 판단된다. 이상의 연구결과를 종합하면 비육돈사의 슬러리를 초지 또는 농경지에 살포하였을 때 계절에 의한 악취강도의 차이는 크지 않을 것으로 기대된다.

A lab-scale Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) was applied to treat a primary sludge taken from a municipal wastewater treatment plant. In this experiment, acidogenic reaction was promoted by operating the ABR with short hydraulic retention time (HRT) to produce sufficient volatile fatty acids (VFA) instead of production of methane. The performance of ABR on the VFA production and total solids reduction was observed with different operating conditions with 2, 4, 6, and 8 days of HRT. Corresponding organic loading rates were 6.7, 3.4, 2.2, and 1.6 kgCODcr /m3·day. As HRT increased the removal rate of TCOD was also increased (82.5, 84.2, 96.9, and 95.9 % in average for HRT of 2, 4, 6, and 8 days, respectively) because the settlement of solids was enhanced in the baffle by the decrease of upflow velocity. At HRT of 2 days the average concentration of VFA in the effluent was measured at 1,306±552 mgCOD/L corresponding to 107 % increment as compared to the VFA concentration in the influent. However, as HRT increased VFA concentraiotn was decreased to 143±552 mgCOD/L at HRT of 8 days. The reduction rates of total solids were 12.2, 26.5, 24.8, and 43.0 % for HRT of 2, 4, 6, and 8 days. As HRT increased the hydrolysis of organic particulate matters in the reactor was enhanced due to the increasing of solids retention time in the baffle zone with low upflow velocity in long HRT condition. Consequently, we found that a primary sludge became a good source of VFA production by the application of ABR process with HRT less than 4 days and the 12-26 % of total solids reduction was expected at these conditions.

This study estimates the classification criteria which distinguishes the types of omega-3 health functional foods, fish oils and fish oil usages through 13C-NMR spectra and fatty acids contents analysis. The major fatty acids of omega-3, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6) are being analyzed. 10 ethyl ester (EE) forms and 10 triglyceride (TG) forms are the most common types of fish oils for 20 omega-3 products. Gas chromatography (GC) analysis generally shows the matching EPA and DHA contents of the products listed on the notation. But EE form contents of EPA and DHA are higher and are more varied than the TG form. Most of the samples of EPA/DHA ratio show different content ratios of indicated on the products when comparing with standards. The 13C-NMR analysis of EPA and DHA on sn-1,3 and sn-2 carbonyl peak position with fish oil triglycerides display whether the reconstituted triglycerides (rTG) are being confirmed or not. As a result of the 9 TG form, the 10 TG products showed similar values: EPA sn-1, 3; 13.46~15.66, sn-2; 3.00~4.52, DHA sn-1, 3; 2.43~4.40, sn-2; 3.84~6.36. But one product showed lower contents (EPA: sn-1, 3; 5.88, sn-2; 2.86, DHA sn-1, 3; 2.29, sn-2; 5.95) of EPA, thus it can be considered a different type of oil and only matched six products according to the label. This study is intended to provide basic materials which identify the status for the types and quality of omega-3 fish oil products according to fatty acids profiles and the 13C-NMR spectrum confirmed the location specificity of EPA and DHA.

A total of 30 Korean native pigs (gilt 15, boar 15) were used to investigate the carcass characteristics, meat quality, amino acid, and fatty acid composition by gender. The carcass weight of boars were significantly higher than gilts, whereas the carcass yield of gilts had significantly higher than boars (p<0.01). Boars had significantly higher moisture contents in loin muscle than gilts, whereas the protein contents of loin muscle had significantly higher in gilts than boars (p<0.01). In the results of meat quality analysis, the cooking loss (p<0.01), shearing force (p<0.05), lightness (L) and yellowness (b) in meat color (p<0.05) were significantly higher, but the pH was significantly lower (p<0.01) in gilts compared with boars. Arginine (p<0.05), alanine, aspartic acid, histidine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, serine, threonine and tyrosin (p<0.01) for gilts were significantly higher than those for boars. The results of fatty acid composition showed that gilts had significantly higher contents of C16:1n7, C18:1n9, C20:1n9 (p<0.01) than boars in intramuscular fat, whereas boars had significantly higher contents of C18:2n6, C20:4n6 (p<0.01) and C18:3n3 (p<0.05) than gilts in intramuscular fat.

We investigate the changes of fatty acids in blood for an evaluation of the effects of soft and enteric coated capsules containing omega 3 fatty acids. Fish oil, which contained 62.87 g/100 g of sum of EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), was used as nutracueticals for omega 3 fatty acids. Lipid releasing amount in soft capsule was 70% in stomach condition. However, there was 10% of releasing amount of lipid observed in enteric coated capsule in stomach condition. In intestinal condition, 50% of lipid releasing amount in enteric coated capsule showed until 6 hr, but soft capsule until 90 min. EPA and DHA contents in soft capsule administration showed higher level than those in enteric coated capsule until 8 hr. However, the administration of enteric coated capsule showed higher level of EPA and DHA in blood after 8 hr. After 24 hr, mono-, poly-unsaturated and saturated fatty acids contents with enteric coated capsule showed higher level than those with soft capsule. The enteric coated capsule containing omega 3 fatty acids was expected to sustain omega 3 fatty acids.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of wormwood meal addition on constituent of blood, and liver fatty acid in broiler chickens. Two-day old 25 male commercial broiler chicks were distributed to 5 treatments (wormwood meal levels ; T1 (1%), T2 (3%), T3 (5%), T4 (10%), and control (C)) for 5 weeks. Free fatty acids of liver were a little different among the treatments and the palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids were occupied 92.5% of total free fatty acids. Hemoglobin and hematocrite concentration of blood were significantly decreased (p<0.05) as the levels of wormwood meal increased, and serum albumin concentration of broilers was little different between 0 week and 5 week experiments. Also serum cholesterol, phospholipid, total cholesterol, and triglyceride concentration of liver in broilers were little different during the 5 weeks experiment. Serum triglyceride concentration was significantly increased (p<0.05) as levels of wormwood meal increased. These results indicate that dietary wormwood meal addition has a little positive effect on increasing unsaturated fatty acid and decreasing saturated fatty acid.

Oral spirochetes are anaerobes known as one of causative agents for periodontal diseases. In this study, we investigated the possibility of utilizing fluorescent fatty acids for labeling oral spirochetes. Bacterial labeling was standardized with three different lengths of fluorescent fatty acids: 5-octadecanoylaminfluorescein (OAF), 5-dodecanoylamin-fluorescein (DAF), and 5-hexadecanoylaminfluorescein (HAF). Among these fatty acids, OAF showed the best labeling activity. Treponema denticola ATCC 35405 was totally saturated to the maximum when incubated with OAF 1μM/mℓ for 1 hour. Treponema vincentii LA-1 also increased in fluorescence in proportion to incubation time length and the concentration. In conclusion, these findings showed the possibility that the fluorescent fatty acid can be used for labeling oral spirochetes.