This study compared the immune responses, stress relief and weight gains of needle or needle-free intramuscular and needle-free intradermal vaccination in pigs. When the same amount of a foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine was administered to pigs, antibody titers at 4 weeks after the 1st and 2nd FMD vaccination were not significantly different between the needle (IM-S) and needle-free (NM-P250) intramuscularly vaccinated groups, but the weight gain of NM-P250 was significantly increased compared to that of IM-S at 8 weeks after the 2nd FMD vaccination (p<0.05). In addition, serum cortisol concentrations of NM-P250 were considerably decreased compared to those of IM-S on the 5th and 7th day after the 1st and 2nd FMD vaccination (p<0.05). However, the antibody titers of IM-S vaccinated with 2 mL of FMD vaccine were significantly increased compared to those of the needle-free intradermal vaccinated group with 0.5 mL of FMD vaccine at 4 weeks after the 1st and 2nd FMD vaccination (p<0.05). In conclusion, the needle-free intramuscular injection for the FMD vaccination can be chosen for weight gain and stress relief in pigs.

본 연구는 엘크 암사슴(Cervus canadensis)의 사육방식에 따른 사료섭취량, 체중변화 및 자록의 성장에 미치는 영향을 확인하고 적정 방목강도를 구명하기 위하여 수행되었다. 본 실험에 사용 된 공시가축은 3~4년생 엘크 암사슴 16두(평균체중 : 236.2 ± 15.7 kg)를 이용하였으며, 방목초지는 3년 이상된 톨 페스큐 위주의 기성 혼파초지로서 초종구성은 톨 페스큐(약 50%), 오차드 그라스(약 10%), 켄터기 블루그라스(약 5%)와 피, 바랭이 등으로 구성되었다. 방목초지의 수분함량은 19.51∼22.61%로 방목기간 동안 유사하였으며, 조단백질 함량은 6~7월에 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 조지방과 조회분 함량은 가을로 갈수록 점차 증가하였으며, NDF와 ADF함량은 각각 53.65∼60.18%과 26.08∼29.10% 로 조사되었다. 실험기간동안 보충사료 섭취량은 월별로 처리구 사이에 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았으나, 조사료와 총 건물섭 취량은 5월을 제외하고 처리구 사이에 유의적인 차이가 나타났다 (p<0.05). 특히 8월에는 GR처리구의 조사료 섭취량이 급격히 감소하였는데, 여름철 환경변화에 따른 것으로 사료된다. 반면, 9월 포유를 위해 부족한 영양소를 섭취하기 위해 사초섭취량이 급격히 증가하였다. 우리 연구에서 암사슴의 채식패턴은 수사슴과 차이를 보였으며, 이는 실험기간 자록의 이유 및 포유기간에 따른 영향을 받은 것으로 사료된다. 본 실험에서 사양방식에 따른 엘크 암사슴의 체중은 유의적 차이가 나타나지 않았으나, GR처리구에서 자록의 성장률이 빠른 것으로 나타났다. 그러나, GR처리구에서 BF처리구에 비해 낮은 이유율이 나타나 분만 전후 사사사육을 통해 이유율을 높여주는 것이 필요할 것으로 판단되며, 목지 내에서 분만 시 포유경험이 있는 산차가 높은 암사슴을 이용하고 방목강도를 높여주는 것이 이유율을 향상시키는 데 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 엘 크 암사슴의 방목강도는 연평균 15두/ha로 나타났는데, 이는 다마 암사슴(Dama dama)에 비해서는 체중대비 높게 나타났으나, 엘크 수사슴에 비해서는 낮은 수치를 보여주었다. 이러한 결과는 기성초지 이용으로 인해 사초의 생산성이 감소한 결과로 사료되며, 앞으로 방목초지의 혼파방법과 기성초지의 비배관리 등을 통해 초지 활용성을 높일 수 있는 연구가 추가적으로 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구에서는 한우 암소와 씨수소의 육종가를 기반으로 연도별 유전적 개량량을 추정하여 현재 한우 축군의 개량 정도를 파악하여 향후 한우 개량 방향을 위한 기초자료로 활용하고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 본 연구를 위하여 한우농가 4,040호에서 축산물품질평가원에 도축된 970,567두의 도축자료를 이용하여 10번 반복되어 추출된 표본 자료와 한우농가에서 2009년부터 2019년까지 사육되고 도축된 개체 중에서 한국종축개량협회에 혈통등록 되어 있는 거세우를 선별하여 결측치 및 이상치를 제거하고 도축월령이 27~32개월 이외의 기록은 분석에서 제외한 후, 1,391,141두의 도체 자료를 분석에 이용하였다. 이용된 형질은 도체중(Carcass Weight, CW), 등심단면적(Eye Muscle Area, EMA), 등지방두께(Backfat Thickness, BF) 및 근내지방도(Marbling Score, MS)의 4개 형질을 고려하였다. Random Sampling 10 반복되어 추출된 Data 1의 도체중, 등심단면적, 등지방두께 및 근내지방도의 개량추세에 대한 회귀계수는 매년 평균 0.44㎏, 0.197㎠, -0.051㎜ 및 0.034점으로 나타났으며, 도축성적을 보유한 전체 개체의 자료로 구성된 Data 2에서는 각각 0.35㎏, 0.22㎠, 0.06㎜ 및 0.04점의 개량추세를 보였다. Data 2에서 씨수소의 개량추세는 1.54㎏, 0.343㎠, -0.045㎜ 및 0.050점의 추세를 보였으며 암소와 씨수소 간에는 1.19㎏, 0.119㎠, -0.014㎜ 및 0.010점의 차이를 보였다. 유전적 개량량을 확인하기 위하여 육종가의 표준편차를 이용하였으며, 암소의 선발강도는 본 연구에서 보고한 암소의 후대 거세우 기록 빈도 및 비율을 통해 계산하였다. 한우 암소의 선발 시기를 3산차 이전을 기준으로 하는 것과 4산차 이후를 기준으로 하는 것으로 나눠서 선발강도를 적용하였다. 그 결과, 암소의 선발 시기를 3산차 이전으로 했을 때 세대당 유전적 개량량은 도체중, 등심단면적, 등지방두께 및 근내지방도에서 각각 5.04㎏, 1.31㎠, 0.71㎜ 및 0.32점으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 현재 한우 암소집단에서 정확한 육종가를 추정하고, 유전적 개량량을 높이기 위해서는 후대의 기록을 높이기 위한 육종 계획이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

This study was conducted to evaluate the forage productivity and feed value of Sasa borealis (S. borealis) using growing black goats(S. borealis) in order to improve the utilization of S. borealis and to help mitigate the problem of reduced plant species diversity caused by S. borealis in Hanlla Mountain. One control and three treatments were made by the level of addition of S. borealis silage to the TMR feed. T1(10%), T2(20%), and T3(30%) treatments showed more daily weight gains than control group. Feed conversion ratio of T2 is 4.4g, which is significantly lower than control(P<0.05). The nitrogen retention in the control, which had relatively high dry matter intake, was 12.5g, which was significantly higher than that of T3. Sasa. borealis silage is considered to be able to use as a forage source for black goats, and if it is fed in an appropriate amount, it is considered that it will help improve livestock productivity, such as weight gain and feed conversion ratio.

Objective: Limited evidence exists concerning whether combined pharmacotherapy is more effective than monotherapy for increased smoking abstinence and post-cessation weight gain prevention. This research investigated the effect of combined pharmacotherapy on smoking abstinence and post-cessation weight change. Methods: A meta-analytic review of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) published between January 1990 and July 2016 was conducted across PubMed, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. Aggregate fixed effects were estimated for continuous abstinence and mean post-cessation weight change. Keyword search terms included: “smoking cessation,” “naltrexone”, “varenicline”, and “bupropion”. Results: Eight RCTs with 2,513 participants were included. Aggregate fixed effect estimates revealed an increase in continuous smoking abstinence (OR = 1.81, p < .001) and mean decrease in post-cessation weight change (-.15 kg, p = .001). Decreased weight change was observed at 6-8 weeks follow-up (-.14 kg, p = .02). Increased mean weight change was observed among varenicline plus nicotine patch abstainers (.21 kg, p = .01), whereas bupropion plus NRT pharmacotherapies showed decreased mean weight change (-.15 kg, p = .01). Conclusion: Combination pharmacotherapy generates increased smoking abstinence and small short-term post-cessation weight change among abstainers, particularly among bupropion plus NRT when compared against varenicline plus nicotine patch.

Background Our usage of technology and the continuous adoption of technological innovations has implications for our lives that go beyond traditional marketing questions such as product quality, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty. The psychological consequences of new technology affect our lives and our well-being as individuals. A current technological advancement is the ongoing development of automated driving capabilities. The recent advances have led to the diffusion of semi-autonomous driving systems, such as Teslas autopilot or Daimlers DISTRONIC PLUS. These commercially available technologies correspond to the second level of SAE international’s J3016 standard for automated driving, which ranges from 0 (“No Automation”) to 5 (“Full Automation”, no human needed). SAE level 2 (“Partial Automation”) is defined as “the driving mode-specific execution by one or more driver assistance systems of both steering and acceleration/deceleration using information about the driving environment and with the expectation that the human driver performs all remaining aspects of the dynamic driving.” (SEA On-Road Automated Driving (ORAD) committee, 2014). First of all, qualities of mobility such as safety and comfort influence well-being directly and autonomous driving has a potential impact on these qualities. Furthermore, advances in autonomous driving have particularly social but also ecological and economic benefits. On the one hand, social benefits result from increased social participation by improving mobility of the non-driving, elderly or people with travel-restrictive medical conditions (Harper, Hendrickson, Mangones, & Samaras, 2016; Wadud, MacKenzie, & Leiby, 2016). On the other hand, social benefits result from increasing road safety, less congestions as well as from a reduced number of accidents (Fagnant & Kockelman, 2015). Individual social or personal benefits such as improved safety and comfort or reduced stress levels are also widely perceived by potential users (Bansal, Kockelman, & Singh, 2016; Karlsson & Pettersson, 2015). Additionally, ecological benefits can be realized due to more efficient driving of vehicles and a smoother traffic flow (Wadud et al., 2016). Economic benefits are mainly a result of decreased travel times and of the fact that at high automation levels driving time could be used more productively. Accordingly, this research tends to answer the following research questions: • How does automated driving impact consumers’ well-being? • What qualities of mobility (e.g. safety) mediate the impact of automated driving on consumers’ well-being? Conceptual Model As argued above, automated driving potentially has both a direct and an indirect (mediated) impact on well-being. Subjective well-being (SWB) describes one’s well-being through the global evaluation of life satisfaction (LS), positive affect (PA), and negative affect (NA) (Diener, 1984). This tripartite concept of well-being has been widely adopted by researchers, even though the relationship of the three aspects remains in question (Busseri & Sadava, 2011). Busseri and Sadava (2011) provide an overview of five prominent conceptualizations: As three separate components, as a hierarchical construct, as a causal system, as a composite, and as configurations of components. We adhere to Diener’s original model that describes LS, PA, and NA as three separate components. Accordingly, the correlations among the three components are not of primary interest in this model. Therefore, the impact of automated driving on LS, PA, and NA is assessed separately in order to provide a full image of SWB. This leads to the following hypotheses: H1a. Semi-autonomous driving has a positive impact on the level of SWB by increasing positive affect. H1a. Semi-autonomous driving has a positive impact on the level of SWB by decreasing negative affect. H1c. Semi-autonomous driving has a positive impact on the level of SWB by increasing life satisfaction. Driving influences subjective well-being through different mediators. One potential mediating factor, discussed quite controversially in literature, is fun. While non-automated driving shows a higher level of fun than automated driving, still a large majority is fascinated by automated driving (Kyriakidis, Happee, & Winter, 2015) and also a discharge from the actual driving could be perceived as fun. The most relevant perceived benefit of automated driving studied in literature is safety, followed by stress (e.g. Bansal et al., 2016; Karlsson & Pettersson, 2015; Kyriakidis et al., 2015). Therefore, we formulate the following hypotheses: H2a. The impact of semi-autonomous driving well-being is mediated by fun. H2b. The impact of semi-autonomous driving well-being is mediated by stress. H2c. The impact of semi-autonomous driving well-being is mediated by security. Design/methodology/approach Our sample comprises of two groups with a total of 259 respondents. Group 1 contains 111 respondents using automated driving while group 2 contains 148 respondents not using automated driving. In a first step, to test hypotheses H1a to H1c, we use ANOVA to analyse the group’s differences regarding positive affect, negative effect, and life satisfaction. We analyse both the aggregated values and the single items for all three aspects of subjective well-being. ANOVA was conducted using SPSS version 25. In a second step, to test hypotheses H2a to H2c, three multiple parallel mediation models were estimated with ordinary least squares path analysis. Each model consisted of one of the aspects of SWB as the dependent variable as well as the three mediators. The models were estimated using PROCESS version 3.0 (Hayes, 2013) and SPSS version 25. Findings ANOVA shows a highly significant interaction between semi-automated driving and well-being for negative affect, but not for positive affect and life satisfaction. Looking at the items that amount to positive affect, we see that drivers with the new technology have more excitement, pride and interest. But these effects are counterweighted by significantly less activity, determination and attention. In the context of semi-autonomous driving, being less active, attentive and determined can be interpreted as a positive thing (driving more relaxed). Therefore, we adjust the positive affect scale and remove these three items to from the scale for further analysis. Cronbach’s alpha for all three aspects of subjective well-being is 0.73 or above, thus indicating adequate convergence. Mediation analysis (process model 4) on positive affect reveals a significant indirect effect of semi-automated driving moderated by fun. There is no significant mediation effect for safety and stress as well as no significant direct effect of semi-automated driving on positive affect. The parallel mediation model using negative affect as the dependent variable, shows a significant direct effect of semi-automated driving as well as significant indirect effects mediated by safety and stress. Semi-automated driving reduces negative affect directly as well as by increasing safety, which reduces negative affect. It also reduces negative affect by decreasing stress, which is positively linked to negative affect. Fun, however, has no significant effect on negative affect. Last, life satisfaction shows a combination of the effects mentioned above: Automated-driving has a significant positive direct effect on life satisfaction. Furthermore, life satisfaction is influenced positively through increased fun, safety, and decreased stress. Implications ANOVA and mediation analysis show a positive impact of semi-automated driving on subjective well-being, thus contributing to the investigation of new technologies on consumers’ well-being. Using Diener’s tripartite model of subjective well-being, analyses revealed that the positive effect is especially driven by reducing negative affect. Further research is needed to investigate the transformative impact of (semi-) autonomous driving more deeply and broadly. Especially investigations differentiating between target groups of the new technology might be an interesting path to follow, since the impact on the different aspects of SWB might differ (e.g. increase of positive affect for early adopters vs. decrease of negative affect for people with reduced mobility). Furthermore, our investigation contributes to the conceptual discussion about the structure of the tripartite model of subjective well-being. The fact that life satisfaction as a dependent variable, to some extent, combines the effects observed for positive and negative affect indicates that the three aspects are causally linked instead of being separate. Researchers have promoted a system where positive affect and negative affect are conceptualized as inputs to life satisfaction before (Busseri & Sadava, 2011). Last, our findings give directions to marketing executives for marketing new technologies in general and (semi-)automated driving specifically. First, practitioners need to think about the well-being impact of their technology, i.e. evaluate if it increases well-being by increasing positive affect or by decreasing negative affect. The two paths lead to different marketing measures and ways to promote the technology. More specifically, for semi-autonomous driving a mixed strategy commends itself. It is essential to demonstrate that the new technology reduces the pains of driving while being fun at the same time.

Introduction For a long time, firms have been improving product function, performance, price-performance ratio (hereinafter uniformly referred to as functional aspects of product design), and product appearance. Nevertheless, the current market situation is that many products in the same category are similar in quality, price and appearance. Product homogeneity leads to excess supply, and this situation is objectively long-standing. For consumers, positive emotions often play a key role in their purchase decisions. Yet, when most products seem to be similar, it is difficult to evoke more positive emotions of consumers to increase their willingness to pay. This paper shows that besides product appearance and functional aspects of product design, the connotations of product aesthetics should also be focused. In other words, aesthetic aspects of product design should include both product appearance and connotations. Connotations, as deep meaning inside product aesthetics, can evoke either consumers’ memories of the past or imagination of new creative ideas, or both (e.g., Starry night umbrella by MoMA Design Store, Sakura Masking Tape by Bande). Although the contents of memory recall or imagination might differ across consumers, positive emotions evoked in that process will increase willingness to pay. A new conceptual model is proposed in this paper, which shows that functional aspects, product appearance, and the connotations of product aesthetics could cause different psychological activities, and positive emotions evoked in those processes can enhance willingness to pay. When most products tend to be similar, the connotations of product aesthetics could be a promising area for firms today to make their products distinctive and increase their market share. Product Design and Consumer Emotions (1) Elements of Product Design Product design is considered as the set of properties of a product, including both functional and aesthetic aspects (e.g., Homburg, Schwemmle, & Kuehnl, 2015; Jindal, Sarangee, Echambadi, & Lee, 2016; Luchs & Swan, 2011). Functional aspects of product design consist of function, performance, and price-performance ratio. Aesthetic aspects mainly refer to product appearance, consisting of visual elements such as color, shape, and material. (2) Relationship between Product Design and Consumer Emotions Previous research shows that functional aspects of product design could evoke positive emotions like satisfaction, and aesthetic aspects could please our senses and make us feel delight (e.g., Bloch 1995; Chitturi, Raghunathan, & Mahajan, 2008). Furthermore, Norman (2004) points out that emotional factors can be the key to the success of product design. If a product could evoke consumers’ positive emotions, those emotions would arouse willingness to pay. If not, consumers might not have the desire to buy it. The Connotations of Product Aesthetics Evoking Positive Emotions of Consumers As Barnard (2005) suggests, as the deep level of meaning, connotations refer to one’s feelings or thoughts caused by a design. This paper proposes that the connotations in product aesthetics could either remind consumers of their past experiences or trigger their imagination to think about new creative ideas, or both. Emotional resonance could be achieved and finally facilitate purchase behaviors. In our daily lives, there are many products that have not only beautiful appearances but also the connotations of product aesthetics. For instance, Starry Night Umbrella by MoMA Design Store (Figure 1). MoMA Design Store released an umbrella patterned with stars, the moon and the sky that swirl, which reminds consumers of the masterpiece The Starry Night (1889) by Vincent Van Gogh. When encountering this umbrella, consumers who love the works of Van Gogh will have positive emotions and a strong desire to buy it. Cherry Blossom Masking Tape by Bande (Figure 2). Bande, a Japanese masking tape brand, launched a masking tape with sakura (cherry blossom in Japanese) petals design. Its real-like floral design can remind consumers of spring or their own stories with cherry blossom and trigger their imagination to come up with lots of creative ideas such as using it to decorate their diaries, laptops, furniture, and so on. Besides the original function of tapes, the connotations inside product aesthetics could encourage consumers to think creatively and feel happy. A Conceptual Model of Product Design, Positive Emotions, and Market Share This paper proposes a conceptual model (Figure 3), showing that different aspects of product design can evoke consumer emotions and those positive emotions have a positive effect on willingness to pay. First, functional aspects of product design are very important. Consumers compare function, performance, and price-performance ratio among many products, which is considered as a process of rational thinking. Products with high qualities and affordable prices can make consumers feel satisfied. Positive emotions (E1) evoked by functional aspects can enhance the willingness to pay and bring firms market share (S1). Then, on the bases of functional aspects, firms use different colors, shapes, and materials to make product appearance attractive. Sophisticated appearances of products can please the senses of consumers and evoke positive emotions (E2). That could increase their desires to buy and bring more market share (S2) for firms. Nevertheless, these two parts are what most firms can do today. To make products distinctive, firms should add connotations into aesthetic aspects of product design, which can trigger consumers’ memory recall of their past experiences or their imagination of new creative ideas, or both. Although the contents of recall and imagination are different across consumer, the arousal of positive emotions (E3) will enhance willingness to pay and finally bring new market share (S3). Thus, two equations derived are as follows: Positive Emotions = E1+E2+E3 Market share =S1+S2+S3 If firms take all these aspects of product design into consideration, their products will evoke consumers’ positive emotions adequately to increase willingness to pay, and help firms occupy more market share from fierce market competition. General Discussions On the market today, lots of products have beautiful appearances and seem to be similar in functional aspects of product design. To make products distinctive, this paper considers that firms should also attach importance to the connotations of product aesthetics. The connotations will remind consumers of their past experiences or let them imagine new creative ideas, or both. Positive emotions evoked during that process increase willingness to pay. That is a promising area for firms today to gain more consumers and new market share. Since the connotations of product aesthetics could be influenced by factors such as age and culture, it is important for marketers to investigate and analyze consumers’ understandings of aesthetics from different ages and cultures, then feed it back to designers to help them design successful products in the future.

본 연구는 2006년부터 2016년 사이에 강원도 축산기술연구소에서 출생한 한우 송아지 1,069두로부터 조사된 이유시 체중과 임신기간, 생시체중 및 포유기 일당증체량 및 이유시 체중을 이용하여 단순상관, 다중 회귀 및 경로분석 등을 통해 이유시 체중과 임신기간, 생시체중 및 포유기 일당증체량 간의 상관 관계를 규명하였다. 통계분석은 조사된 원 성적을 이용하여 실시하는 동시에 조사된 원 성적을 송아지 출생 연도-계절, 송아지의 성, 어미의 산차 및 이유일령(포유기 일당증체량과 이유시 체중에만 해당) 등과 같은 환경효과에 대해 보정한 값인 잔차를 이용해서도 실시하였다. 조사된 형질들 간의 상관계수는 모두 양수였는데, 임신기간은 생시체중과의 잔차상관계수가 +0.315로서 중정도 크기였던 반면 포유 기 일당증체량이나 이유시 체중과의 잔차상관계수는 각각 +0.039와 +0.130으로서 작거나 0에 가까운 값이었다. 이유시 체중은 포유기 일당증체량과의 잔차상관계수가 +0.949로서 생시체중과의 상관계수인 +0.323보다 컸다. 잔차를 이용한 경로분석 결과 이유시 체중의 변이에 미치는 임신기간, 생시체중 및 포유기 일당증체량의 전체 기여도는 각각 0, 0.095 및 0.892로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과, 임신기간, 생시 체중 및 포유기 일당증체량 중에서 포유기 일당증체량이 이유시 체중의 변이에 가장 큰 영향력을 미치는 형질인 것으로 나타났다.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of pasture grazing and barn feeding system on the growth performance, weight gain and velvet antler productivity in Elk. Twelve 5-year-old elk stags about 273 kg were stratified by weight and randomly assigned by feeding system (a pasture grazing and a barn feeding, n=6). The average feed intake were not signigicant difference between two groups. Average daily gain for grazing and barn feeding group was 0.25 g and 0.29 g respectively, showing no significant difference. Velvet antler yield for grazing and barn feeding group was 7,700 g and 6, 960 g respectively, with no significant difference. In conclusion grazing group was better than barn feeding group in feed intake, body weight gain and velvet antler productivity. However, there were no statistical significant difference between the two group. These results may serve as the basis for further study of deer feeding system in Korea and further study needed to examine the grazing intensity and economic efficiency.

임신 전 젖소의 육성기 후반에 있어서 적정한 에너지와 단백질 급여 관리는 개체의 성장과 분만 후 유생산에 영향을 미친다. 본 연구는 육성기 후반의 적정 TDN:CP 비율을 결정하기 위하여 생후 15개월 령에 5.0:1(T1), 4.5:1(T2) 및 4.0:1(T3)의 비율로 급여하여 체중, 사료섭취량 및 혈액조성에 대하여 조 사하였다. 건물섭취량은 평균 8.07kg/day로 TDN: CP 비율에 관계없이 유사하였다. 단백질 섭취량은 TDN:CP 비율이 낮아짐에 따라 각각 1.45, 1.29 및 1.17kg/day로 감소하였으나 유의적 차이를 보이지 않았다. 증체량은 4.0:1 비율구가 유의적으로 가장 많이 증가하였으며, 평균 일당증체량도 0.74kg/day 로 가장 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 60일 이후 모든 처리구의 일당증체량이 권장 수준을 충족하였으나, 4.0:1 비율구(1.28kg/day)에서 과잉 체지방 축적이 될 수 있는 수준이기 때문에 임신 및 번식과 관련하 여 주의해야 한다. 육성우 15~18개월령에서 상기의 모든 TDN:CP 비율은 혈액 조성에 큰 영향을 미치 지 않았다. 체중과 출산 및 비유 등을 고려했을 경우 4.5:1에서 5.0:1의 비율이 적합하고, 출산 시기가 가까울수록 에너지 단백질 비율을 5.0:1까지 높여주는 것이 바람직할 것으로 판단되었다.

This study analyzed the effect on weight and average daily gain, carcass grade, and blood characteristics and immunity in case of dietary addition of pegmatite to Hanwoo steers. Relative to Hanwoo steers, initial body weight was 257.3±11.74 kg (8-months old after birth). Forty-eight Hanwoo steers were fed for 24 months using random arrangement (4 treatment plots×4 heads×3 repeat). The treatment plot (498.75~500.82 kg) had higher weight during the early fattening stage compared with that of the control plot (474.37 kg) (p<0.05). Regarding total cholesterol of the blood, the value was similar to one during initiation of testing, but the value increased gradually based on the progress of fattening. In addition, the triglyceride was considerably low in T2~T3 plots with high addition of pegmatite during the late fattening stage compared with other treatment plots (p<0.05). This study revealed a tendency in the IgG content that represented immunity as the addition of pegmatite became higher (p>0.05). This study found that the treatment plot (441.55~452.10 kg) had higher carcass weight compared with the control plot (436.30 kg). However, this study revealed that the treatment plot (2.30~2.55 points) had higher carcass quantity grade compared with the control plot (2.11 points). This study found that the control plot (3.55 points) had higher carcass quality grade compared with the treatment plot (2.67~3.09 points) (p>0.05). With studies combined, it was determined that dietary addition of pegmatite to the feed as clay minerals in fattening Hanwoo steers would improve feed intake, body weight gain and carcass quantity grade.

This study was conducted to analyze the effect of message frame on Exercise Interest and User Experience including Fitness App Fun, Fitness App Satisfaction, and Fitness App Use Intention in the mobile fitness app game. ‘Enjoy Your Fitness’, a fitness app game developed by Healthcare Media Research Institute, was used for this study and Repeated Measure Design and Playtest methodologies were used for the experiment. The results showed that the persuasive effect of gain messages were higher than loss messages in all factors. This results implies that exercise, as a preventive health behavior, can be promoted more effectively when messages are presented in the frame of gain message rather than loss message. Therefore, messages in the fitness app game need to be presented by emphasizing the positive outcome and benefit of exercise.

For decades, researchers and practitioners have focused on ethical and environmental consumerism that is regarded as a mainstream phenomenon in contemporary consumer culture (e.g., Doane, 2001; Low & Davenport, 2007). In this context, the ethical consumer is supposed to be concerned about a broad spectrum of issues ranging from the environment and animal welfare to societal concerns, including human rights. By “shopping for a better world” (Low & Davenport, 2007, p. 336), the ethical buyer demands products that meet his/her moral principles and boycotts companies involved in unethical practices (e.g., Muncy & Vitell, 1992; Barnett et al., 2005). Nevertheless, a critical perspective on the economic reality has led to the discussion if the ethical consumer is nothing more than a myth (e.g., Carrigan & Attalla, 2001; Devinney et al., 2010). A particular industry context where cruel production processes are widely discussed is the cosmetics industry. Therefore, from the multitude of ethical dilemmas related to consumption behavior and cruel business activities, the underlying study focuses on animal testing for cosmetic purposes. The main research focus of this study is built on the idea that anthropomorphic communication about cruel tactics in production processes has significant impacts on consumers’ perception and behavior. Besides the form of communication, the perception of anthropomorphic communication is largely determined by personal and individual characteristics of the recipient. In addition to the ability to emphasize – generally known as to encourage the perception of harmful conditions and foster the ability to experience and share another´s condition or state of mind and emotional context (Johnson, Cheeks & Smither, 1983; Cohen & Strayer, 1996) - there exists a “dark side” of consumer personality as well. The Dark Triad which is composed of Machiavellianism, narcissism and psychopathy. Hence, the study additionally examines the impact of bright and dark personality traits on the perception of anthropomorphized communication and highlights the importance for the identification of diverse consumer segments.

In this study, the effect of energy and protein ratio on the nutrient availability and body weight gain was determined to find the proper nutrient level for the stage of replacement dairy heifers before fertilization at approximately 12~24 months old after birth. Dry matter intake showed that the TDN/CP rate of T1 (5.0:1), T2 (4.5:1) and T3 (4.0:1) resulted in similar values. Among feces, the ash content of T1 was 11.07%, which was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of T3 (9.69%). It was also significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of T2 (10.32%). When the TDN/CP rate was increased, the ash content in the feces was also increased. Regardless of the initial weight, weight gain was increased significantly as the CP rate in the feed was increased on the 30th day. On the 60th day, T2 showed the highest rate of gain (p < 0.05). As the TDN rate was decreased or the protein rate was increased, weight gain was significantly (p < 0.05) increased. Regarding GPT level in the blood after finishing the test, T1 and T3 (112.6, 88.3 u/l) showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher value than T2 (50.9 u/l). For phosphorus level, T1 (46.3 mg/dl) showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher value than other treatments. For HDL cholesterol level, T2 (145.2 mg/dl) had significantly (p < 0.05) higher level than T1 (121.0 mg/dl) or T3 (132.3 mg/dl). For triglyceride levels, T3 (40.6 mg/dl) had significantly (p < 0.05) higher value than T1 (20.7 mg/dl) and T2 (29.0 mg/dl). For other blood parameters including BUN concentration, there were no significant (p > 0.05) difference among treatments. As a result, although feed intake and weight gain with TDN/CP rate of 4:1 showed best results, considering the excess body fat accumulation possibilities or blood metabolism, it seems 4.5:1 ratio is most appropriate.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of grass and flaxseed oil on weight gain, fecal pH, microflora and acid resistance of fecal E. coli. in Friesian-Holsteins. Fifteen Holsteins were fed either conventional diet (C, n=5), grass (40%) and concentrate supplemented with flaxseed oil (60%) (T1, n=5) or grass only (T2, n=5) for 141 days, and T1 and T2 groups were grazed on pasture except feeding time. Grabbing fecal samples and measuring body weight were carried out at test day 1, 60, 120, 141. To evaluate acid sensitivity of fecal E. coli, feces were incubated in pH 2.0 anaerobic solution during 1 h at room temperature and measured survival rate. In terms of diets, C group had the highest n-6:n-3 ratio with 21.93, followed by T1 group (0.92) and T2 group (0.51). C and T1 group had higher final weight, total gain weight and average daily gain than T2 animals (p<0.05). The fecal pH of C group was maintained much lower than T1 and T2 group since day 120 (p<0.05). Total anaerobe in feces of C group were higher than the other groups since day 120 (p<0.05), but coliform bacteria were not significantly different among groups. Yeast and mold in feces of C group were significantly higher than the other groups from day 60 to day 141 (p<0.05), which is considered to be relevant to yeast in the diets. After feces were incubated at strong acid, more fecal E. coli of C group (34.09%) survived than those of T1 group (3.79%) and T2 group (1.02%) (p<0.05). From those results, it was considered that feeding grass and flaxseed oil to Holsteins enables to change fecal microflora, increase acid sensitivity of fecal E. coli and contribute to stay healthy for animals. It would be necessary to develop various grass feed diets and their applications for producing healthy and high quality meat products.