Flavonols as a major kind of plant secondary metabolites are known for health-promoting compounds in onions (Allium cepa L.). The objectives of this study are to determine profiles of flavonol glycosides in different 75 onion accessions. A total of five flavonols (quercetin 3,4'- diglucoside, Q34'diG; quercetin 3-glucoside, Q3G; quercetin 4'-glucoside, Q4'G; isorhamnetin 4'-glucoside, I4'G; quercetin, Q) were identified from onion accessions. In positive ion mode using LC-ESI-MS, individual flavonols were confirmed from one and two glycosylation binding with aglycone such as quercetin and isorhamnetin. Total flavonol contents were distributed in white onion (range of 0.18-6.47 mg/g DW) and purple onion accessions (range of 2.39-6.47 mg/g), respectively. The mean of flavonol contents in purple onion (4.41 mg/g) showed 1.4-fold higher than white onion (3.23 mg/g). The Q34'diG and Q4'G were considered as the major compounds of flavonol glycosides in onion accessions.

The purpose of this study was to develop the cost-effective and efficiency seed longevity prediction method of rice (Oryza sativa L.) germplasm for viability monitoring. To find an optimum predicting method for rice seed longevity at genebank, an accelerated ageing (AA) test, a controlled deterioration (CD) test and a dry-heat treatment (DHT) were conducted to the four groups of rice germplasm based on ecotype, such as Indica, Japonica, Javanica and Tongil type. Among the three artificial aging treatments, the dry-heat treatment of 36 hours at 90°C is suggested as a routine predictive test method of rice germplasm longevity at a genebank. The distribution of germination rate on 3,066 accessions which conserved 26.5 years at 4°C showed similar trend with the result of distribution by dry-heat treatment at 90°C on 36 hours using 106 accessions of rice selected samples which composed four ecotype groups. The results show that the dry-heat treatment affect not only predicting the rice seed longevity but also determining effective interval for monitoring germination of rice germplasm in genebanks.

The purpose of this study was to know the seed longevity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) germplasm for effective viability monitoring. The longevity was determined via germination tests of 3,066 accessions of rice germplasm from the National Agrobiodiversity Center, Rural Development Administration, Korea. The rice germplasm accessions have been conserved at a mid-term storage (4°Csealed metal can on either sides for 25~26.5 years. The final germination percentages of 3,066 rice germplasm accessions of 6.5±1.0% seed moisture content with 94% initial germination stored at 4°C for 26.5 years declined to 47% while at -18°C for 25 years maintained high germinability as 93%. Germination time courses, which represent the average performance of rice ecotypes stored at 4°C and 30% RH, were fitted regression equation, to calculate the time at which germination characteristically declined to 50% (P50). These P50 values of Indica, Japonica, Javanica and Tongil type in rice were 39.9, 22.9, 25.4 and 31.8 years, respectively. The rice germplasm stored at 4°C could be clustered in 4 groups using quartile of final germination after 26.5 years storage. The seed longevity (P50) of each group was estimated by regression equation of changed germination percentages according to storage periods. The P50 values of group Ⅰ, group Ⅱ, group Ⅲ and group Ⅳ were 21.1, 23.6, 30.0 and 75.7 years.

Capsicum diversity is getting lower in modern crops because of the genetic erosion. In Capsicum, breeders have been mainly focused on agriculturally important traits such as disease resistances, high yield and pungency. This narrow breeding pool hampered to develop improved cultivars. It has become a hot issue to conservation of genetic diversity and exploitation of wild germplasm in Capsicum. However, although a large number of accessions are maintained in Capsicum germplasm collections, their use for crop improvement is limited by the scarcity of information on genetic diversity, population structure and proper phenotypic assessment. The identification of representative and manageable subset of accessions would facilitate access to the diversity available in large collections. A genome wide germplasm characterization using molecular markers can offer reliable tools for adjusting the quality and representativeness of core samples. We investigated patterns of molecular diversity at 48 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 4056 accessions from 11 Capsicum species from 89 different countries. Using these genetic variations and 32 different morphological traits, 250 core set was selected in whole Capsicum germplasm. The core collection could be a primary source for distributing germplasm to pepper breeders and other national programs as well as for evaluation

The most important factor in breeding program is to obtain the value-added genetic line. Generally, breeders develop genetic sources using several methods such as segregation-breeding, cross-breeding, backcross-breeding, mutation induction, tissue culture and so on. Here, we present one classical way but very valuable method called cell fusion or protoplast fusion to create genetic sources for the breeding practice. The method we developed was the asymmetric somatic-hybridization of protoplast isolated from carrots. This is rather to transfer the nucleus from the high quality F1 hybrid to other mediocre line to produce a new carrot line. Since the breeding a carrot line for higher quality and purity takes a long time, therefore this nuclear transfer technology is very beneficial to generate a new line that could be useful to breed elite varieties. We had obtained around 200 fused carrots (cybrids), 12 cybrids were self pollinated and produced seeds. Selected progenies (C3) have been evaluated for horticultural characteristics and we have found new genetic lines that show better phenotypes.

Pear (Pyrus spp.) is one of the most important temperate fruit species in the world. The identification of Pyrus spp. based on analysis and comparison of their phenotypes has been causing a number of synonyms and homonyms among Pyrus spp. For accurate identification, genotype analysis with molecular marker such as microsatellite is necessarily to use. However, It is difficult to share and compare of microsatellite profiles obtained among different laboratories because no effort has made to standardize equipment or protocols. A strategy for data comparison by dint of reference to the alleles detected in well-known cultivars will be helpful for co-work with laboratories and developing international databases. Thus the study was performed to compare results between laboratories of microsatellite DNA profiling for reproducibility and standardize allele scoring by defining reference alleles efficiently. In this study, ninety pear species including forty-four comparison Asian pears, six of comparison suspicious Asian pears and reference pears, seven basic pear species, and twenty-seven Korean native pear cultivars to development of a standard set of SSR reference alleles. Twelve primers covering most of pear genome were chosen, which are CH02b10, CH03g07, CH04e03, CH03d12, EMPc117, CH01f07a, EMPc11, CH01d09, GD147, CH01d08, CH05c06, and GD96 located in pear chromosome of 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, and 17 respectively. Genotyping was conducted with Fragment Analyzer. After genotyping, a set of defined standard alleles based on reference pear cultivars can facilitate data comparison among laboratories and will permit the improvement of a common international database.

Soybean [Glycine max. (L.) Merr] is one of the most important legumes in the world. However, soybean varieties are sensitive to flooding stress and their seed yields are substantially reduced in response to the flooding stress. 192 soybean germplasm collection was screened to identify flooding tolerant germplasm at an early vegetative growth stage (V1). Soybean plants at V1 stage were waterlogged for 4 to 10 days. To evaluate flooding tolerance, survival rate were investigated as a time dependent manner. Jangbaegkong, Danbaegkong, Sowonkong, Socheong2 and Suwon269 showed flooding tolerance, while Shillog, T201, T181, NTS1116 and HP-963 showed flooding sensitivity. We also investigated effects of flooding stress on soybean morphology. The adventitious root development was greatly increased in flooding tolerant plants compared to it in flooding sensitive plants. In addition, root length and root number were analyzed. The significant reduction of root length and root number was observed in flooding sensitive plants. Thus, these results indicate that the morphological changes in roots are important for acclimation to flooding stress. Taken together, the relationship between the morphological changes in the roots and flooding tolerance may be useful in selecting a flooding tolerant soybean germplasm.

Eating and cooking qualities are the most important trait in japonica rice breeding program in Korea. More improvements in grain quality to meet the demand of consumers are needed to develop new rice germplasm of high grain quality. In this study, we performed genetic analysis and grain quality evaluation in 96 Korean japonica rice germplasm including 26 varieties with 4 Japanese japonica high eating quality, 24 landraces, 22 weedy rices, and 14 breeding lines. These germplasm were analyzed using 13 DNA markers related to eating quality to conjecture the palatability of cooked rice (Lestari et al. 2009). Most varieties of high eating quality were clustered with germplasm of high expected quality (eq) varieties of similar genetic background of pedigree. The expected quality (eq) values of high eating quality varieties, Gopum, Ilpum, Samgwang, and Sugwang were 99.6∼104.5, and Koshihikari was 103.5. The eq of two weedy rices, Hoengseongaengmi 3 and Namjejuaengmi 6 were 101.9 and 101.6, respectively. However, Haiami of high eating quality was clustered with 15 weedy rice and 11 landrace germplasm of low eq value. The eq values of Haiami and Wandoaengmi 6 were 66.9 and 40.8, respectively, but they has 2 and 3 of palatability of cooked rice, and 73.6 and 78.6 of glossiness of cooked rice, respectively. We expect these germplasm would be new source for rice grain quality to develop japonica rice of high eating quality.

Onion(Allium cepa L.) is one of the most important crops to the fresh vegetable spices and the food processing industry in Korea. To evaluate genetic variation in onion, major agricultural characteristics and biochemical characteristics such as flowering day, harvest day, brix and so on. Phenolic compound compositions were analyzed for 44 accessions. Accessions in white color was about 92% which is the largest one followed by standard criteria. The sweetness of juice ranged from 6.1 to 19.3(in brix), and Brix range of 117 accessions was from 10.1 to 14.0. High performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) was used to identify the phenolic profile and quantify phenolic content in bulbs: quercetin, quercetin 7, 4’-diglucoside, quercetin 3-glucoside and quercetin 4’-glucoside were detected as major components. The total Quercetin and Quercetin glycoside content ranged between 123.59 and 1155.84 mg/100mg bulb freeze dried weight. The quercetin contents was up to 16.7mg/100g, and 7.41mg/100g in average. It is expected that the result of this study can be used for breeding more competitive species with respect to contents in functional chemicals.

Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is an excellent source of vitamin A and C as well as flavonoid compounds, which are important antioxidant components that may reduce the risk of diseases. In this study, we investigated ABTS, DPPH activity and flavonoid contents in eggplant leaves and fruits to identify genetic resources with high antioxidant capacity for use in food or as feed additives. A total of 102 eggplant accessions were classified into four groups by latitude of their origins: 0°~15° N (8 accessions), 15°~30° N (19 accessions), 30°~45° N (34 accessions), and 45°~60° N (41 accessions). The accessions originated from 45°~60°N showed the highest flavonoid contents (AVG. = 15.4 μg mg-1) followed by accessions originated from 30°~45° N (AVG. = 13.0 μg mg-1), 15°~30°N (AVG. = 11.0 μg mg-1) and 0°~15°N (AVG. = 9.5 μg mg-1). Same pattern was also found in ABTS and DPPH antioxidant activities. High ABTS, DPPH activity and flavonoid contents were found in the early-flowering accessions. All flavonoids of the greenish violet leaves were significantly higher than those in green leaves. The flavonoid concentration in eggplant leaves with an average of 15.6 μg mg-1 increased from 10- to 20-fold as compared with their fruit (AVG.=0.9 μg mg-1). In conclusion, eggplant leaves represent a potential source of natural antioxidants due to their very high flavonoid contents.

Rice blast (Magnaporthe oryza B.) is one of the most widespread and devastating diseases of rice. Screening of valuable genetic resources harboring resistance genes is one of the most efficient approaches against blast disease. Because the bioassay to rice blast in the field shows high variations, this study has performed to provide DNA profiles in the accessions of diverse countries using major blast resistant genes linked markers, identified and mapped in different genotypes of rice. Because durable resistance to blast is controlled by a combination of major resistance genes, we surveyed the distribution of blast resistant genes in the 1,500 accessions using major 12 blast resistance genes linked markers. These resistant genes found that the frequency distribution of Pi-39 (66.9%), Pik-m (41.9%), Pit (40.5%), Pii (21%), Pib (19.3%), Pi-d(t)2 (12.7%), but Pita, Pita/Pita-2, Pik, Piz-t, Pi5 genes were identified in less than 10% frequency. Most of accessions contain from 1 to 4 different resistant genes. Pi39 and Pik-m genes amplified in the 69.1% and 51.7% among 356 Korean accessions, Pi39 (79.6%) and Pib (55.8%) in 113 China, Pit (80.6%) and Pib (32%) in 103 Philippines, respectively. In this study, we evaluated the blast resistance degree and the information about the distribution of rice blast resistant genes in rice germplasm. This study will help to develop effective strategies for managing rice blast disease in rice germplasm.

The global population increase causes various problems as food and energy shortage and environmental change. As for food problem, innovative agricultural system is required to double food production for 10 billion people in the mid of this century. We introduced the genome or chromosomes of related wild species to the common wheat by interspecific crosses and evaluated their characters. Some alien chromosome addition wheat lines showed better bread-making quality, kernel mineral contents, or phosphorus-use efficiency. The lines with a chromosome of Leymus were found to secrete a substance to inhibit nitrification, which may increase nitrogen-use efficiency. In addition, we produced multiple synthetic derivative (MSD) populations in the genetic background of several practical cultivars. The morphology of each plant in the population was similar to that of the common wheat variety and relatively regular with each other, which enabled to find QTLs to elucidate tolerance of abiotic stresses. We are cultivating these lines in the North African countries and evaluating.

본 연구는 우리나라 기상여건을 고려하여 콩 생육초기에 습해 저항성 자원을 선발하여 내습성 콩 품종의 조기육성 및 유전적 요인을 구명하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 수행하였던 바, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다.1.국내 콩 주요 품종 및 보존 유전자원 등 192점에 대한 담수처리에 의한 생존율에 따라 습해 저항성과 감수성으로 분류하였다. 그 결과, 장백콩, 단백콩, 소원콩, 소청2호, 수원269는 습해 저항성 자원으로 선발되었다. 신록, T181, T201, NTS1116, HP-963은 습해 감수성 자원으로 선발되었다. 2.습해처리에 의해 발현이 증가된다고 보고된 유전자들 APX1, APX2, Adh의 발현을 분석한 결과 유전자들의 발현이 증가하였으며, 이로 미루어 습해처리가 정상적으로 처리되었음을 알 수 있다.3.1차 선발된 습해 저항성 및 감수성 자원에 습해를 처리하였을 때, 저항성 자원은 생존율이 71% 이상, 감수성 자원은 25% 이하의 생존율을 나타내었다. 1차 선발된 습해 저항성 및 감수성 자원에 대한 재현성을 확인하였다.4.부정근은 습해 저항성 자원에서 17.3~41.3개, 감수성 자원에서 0~9개를 나타내었다. 습해 감수성 자원에 비해 습해 저항성 자원에서 부정근이 상대적으로 많이 발달함을 확인할 수 있었다.5.주근의 길이는 저항성 자원에서는 0~25% 정도 감소한 반면 감수성 자원에서는 44~60% 감소한 것으로 조사되었다. 측근의 수는 감수성 자원에서는 37~65%로 감소하였지만 저항성 자원에서는 8~67% 증가하였다.

본 연구는 고 전분 함유 유용 유전자원 선발 및 콩 우량품종 육성의 기초자료로 활용하고자 국내 콩 주요 품종 및 보존 유전자원의 전분함량과 변이 양상을 분석하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1.총 2354점 국내 콩 주요 품종 및 보존 유전자원에 대한 요오드-전분 반응에 의한 착색 정도에 따라 1에서 4등급으로 분류를 하였으며, 대부분의 콩 유전자원이 2∼3등급으로 분류되었고, 가장 강한 착색 반응을 보인 4등급으로 126점의 유전자원이 선발되었다2.전분함량의 정량적 분석을 수행한 결과, 1, 2등급으로 분류된 유전자원 Daewang, Soheonje, Jyuiku #109는 각각 0.57, 0.45, 0.54%의 낮은 전분함량을 나타내었다. 반면, 4등급으로 분류된 유전자원은 2.81∼4.55%의 상대적으로 높은 전분함량을 보여 요오드-전분 반응법은 유전자원의 대량검정에 유용하게 이용할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.3.각 유전자원에서 전분함량의 차이가 다른 구성 성분의 함량에 영향을 미치는지를 알아보기 위해, 조단백질함량, 조지방함량, 수분함량을 각각 측정하였다. 전분함량의 변화는 조단백질 함량 변화에 영향을 미치며, 조지방과 수분함량의 변화에 영향이 없음을 확인하였다.

무핵 포도 품종 육성 시, 주요 교배친으로 사용되는 무핵 품종 20점의 유연관계를 분석 하고, 무핵 형질과 연관된 P3_VvAGL11 마커의 이용 가능성을 검토하였다. SSR 마커 30종을 이용한 결과 218개의 대립인자가 확인되었고, 마커 당 대립인자 수는 평균 7.3개였다. PIC (Polymorphism information contents) 값은 SSR 마커에 따라 0.052에서 0.883으로 나타났고 평균 값은 0.442이었다. 또한 P3_VvAGL11 마커를 이용하여 포도 무핵 유전자원 20 점을 분석한 결과 ‘Sultanina’와 ‘Kishmish Chernyi’ 품종으로부터 유래한 18개 무핵 품종에서 무핵 특성 특이적인 밴드가 증폭되었다. 선발된 218개의 다형성 밴드를 이용하여 UPGMA 군집분석한 결과 유사도 지수 0.722를 기준으로 4개의 그룹으로 구분할 수 있었다. 각 그룹은 교배친으로 사용된 품종들의 유전적 background에 유럽종(V. vinifera), 미국종(V. labrusca), 그리고 이들의 종간교잡종인 V. labruscana의 비율에 따른 분류와 일치하였다. 품종 간 유전적 유사도는 0.592에서 0.844의 범위로 나타났으며 평균 유사도 지수는 0.715였다. 가장 높은 유사도 지수를 나타낸 것은 ‘Emerald Seedless’와 ‘Ruby Seedless’ 품종 간이었고, 가장 낮은 유사도 지수를 나타낸 것은 ‘Beauty Seedless’와 ‘Honey Seedless’ 품종 간이었다. 이러한 결과는 무핵 포도 품종 육성 시, 유전적 background가 다양한 양친 선정 및 무핵 교배 실생 조기 선발에 활용 될 수 있을 것이다.

농촌진흥청 농업유전자원센터에 보존되고 있는 우리나라 재래종 벼 유전자원 중 선발된 394품종의 미질과 관련된 특 성을 분석하고 상호관계에 대한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 단백질 함량은 5.2~9.9%까지 다양한 분포를 보였고, Mg함량은 12.7 mg에서 37.7 mg까지의 넓은 범위의 분포를 보였으며, K함량 또한 60.0 mg에서 125.9 mg 까지의 넓은 범위의 분포를 나타냈고, 차진정도의 지 표로 사용되는 Mg/K 비율은 일품벼보다 높게 분포하 였다. 2. 쌀의 차진정도를 결정하는 주된 인자이며 미질을 나타 내는 척도의 하나인 아밀로스 함량은 현재 우리나라 밥쌀용 수도 장려품종들이 대체로 18～20% 수준에 있는데 비하여 재래종 유전자원에서 메벼의 범위가 12.4～28.9%였고 18～20% 범위에 있는 품종은 144 품종이었다. 3. KOH에 의한 알카리붕괴도는 0.0~7.0까지 분포하였는 데 일품벼의 6.4와 유사한 품종이 95품종이었다. 4. Toyo 식미계를 이용한 식미 검정에서 현재 양식미 품 종으로 평가받고 있는 일품벼와 유사한 품종이 16품 종이고, 우리나라 사람들이 양식미로 선호하는 호화온 도가 낮고 Toyo 식미치가 높은 품종은 IT 173444번, 008530번, IT 006554번이 대표적 이었다.

여주는 몇몇 열대지역에서 중요한 채소 작물이다. 여주 과 실이 의학적으로 효능이 있는 활성물질을 포함하고 있음에도 불구하고, 한국에서는 주로 장식용으로 이용되어 왔다. 최근 여주의 미숙과실에 있는 항당뇨성분 때문에 여주에 대한 관 심이 증가하고 있다. 그러나 재배법과 기능성성분에 대한 연 구가 거의 수행되지 않았다. 본 연구에서는 항 당뇨성분인 카란틴 성분 함량이 높은 유전자원을 선발하기 위하여 카란틴 성분을 분석하였다. 여주 과실의 카란틴 성분 분석은 31자원 의 인공교배된 착과 후 15일 경과한 과실을 이용하였다. 카란틴 함량은 15.1∼161.4 μg·g -1이었으며, 건물중은 221 ∼2,097 g이었다. ‘K169998’, ‘K042800’, ‘K170002’, ‘Hwanock’ 그리고 ‘Nockwoo’ 5개 계통의 카란틴 함량은 각각 143.7, 104.6, 103.5, 161.4, 101.1 μg·g -1이었다. 이러한 결과는 항 당뇨 성분인 카란틴 함량이 높은 여주자원 선발에 활용될 수 있으며, 안정적인 고품질 여주 자원 선발에 기초자료로 이용 될 것이다. 향후 여주의 수확시기가 어떻게 카란틴 함량 변화 에 관여하는지에 대한 기작 규명 연구가 필요하다.

Collected germplasms of five representative species belonging to Curcuma genus (C. longa, C. aromatica, C.zedoaria, C. phaeocaulis and C. kwangsiensis) were 52 samples from different farmhouse in Korea and China. To elucidatethe genetic diversity among the species, 52 samples were analyzed by genomic fingerprinting method using amplified frag-ment length polymorphism (AFLP). AFLP results of 6 primer combinations were revealed 643 total DNA fragments and349 polymorphic bands with the 54.3% ratio of polymorphism. In the analysis of coefficient similarity using unweight pairgroup method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA), 52 Curcuma germplasm lines were ranged from 0.60 to 0.99 and clus-tered distinct five groups according to the species and collected geographical levels. However, the result of principal coordi-nate analysis (PCA) by multi-variate analysis was shown significantly greater differences among species than geographicalorigins based on AFLP profiling data of these samples.

The most important factor in breeding program is to obtain the value-added genetic line. Generally, breeders develop genetic sources using several methods such as segregation-breeding, cross-breeding, backcross-breeding, mutation induction, tissue culture and so on. Here, we present one classical way but very valuable method called cell fusion or protoplast fusion to create genetic sources for the breeding practice. The method we developed was the asymmetric somatic-hybridization of protoplast isolated from carrots. This is rather to transfer the nucleus from the high quality F1 hybrid to other mediocre line to produce a new carrot line. Since the breeding a carrot line for higher quality and purity takes a long time, therefore this nuclear transfer technology is very beneficial to generate a new line that could be useful to breed elite varieties. We had obtained around 200 fused carrots (cybrids), 12 cybrids were self pollinated and produced seeds. Selected progenies have been evaluated for horticultural characteristics and we have found new genetic lines that show better phenotypes.

In U.S.A. maize breeding, exotic germplasm is considered as high-risk and usually introduced by backcrossing specific traits into elite lines. The U.S.A. maize germplasm base is narrow. Only a few open-pollinated varieties are well represented in current programs. Currently, the barrier in using of exotic germplasm in the U.S.A is less formidable than in the 1980s. The major reason is that U.S.A materials are now used in tropical breeding to accelerate earlier maturity and lodging resistance. These exotic materials, developed with U.S.A germplasm, are being introduced back into the U.S.A.Since1994, the ARS-led Germplasm Enhancement of Maize (GEM) project has sought to help broaden the genetic base of America’s corn crop by promising exotic germplasm and crossing it with domestic lines. New hybrids derived from such crosses have provided corn researchers and the producers. These may include improved or alternative native source of resistance to insect pests such as corn rootworms and diseases like northern leaf blight. GEM’s aim is to provide source of useful genetic maize diversity to help the producers to reduce risks from new or evolving insect and disease threats or changes in the environment or respond to new marketing opportunities and demand. During the 2009 growing season, the Ames (Iowa) and Raleigh (North Carolina) locations managed or coordinated evaluations on 17,200 nursery plots as well as 14,000 yield trial plots in Ames and 12,000 in Raleigh. A new “allelicdiversity” study is devoted to exploring and capturing the genetic variation represented by over 300 exotic corn races. Since 2001, GEM has released 221 new corn lines to cooperators for further development into elite commercial new hybrids. GEM has already identified about 50%-tropical, 50%-temperate families tracing primarily to tropical hybrids that are competitive with commercial checks. In North Carolina State University program, they have examined the potential of tropical inbredand hybrids for U.S.A. breeding by crossing temperate-adapted, 100%-tropical lines to U.S.A hybrids. There should be favorably unique alleles or genomic regions in temperate germplasm that can be helpful in tropical maize improvement as well as utilization of tropical lines in temperate areas.