This study was conducted to investigate the effects of cutting frequency on dry matter yield and nutritive value between heading and headless varieties of sorghumxsudangrass hybrid in 1998. Treatments were var. TE hay grazer(heading type) and Jumbo(headle

1) 강소성 유한 요소법 프로그램 RDHPSC는 2단헤딩 가공에 있어서의 신뢰 할 수 있는 해석수단이다. 2) RDHPSC에 의한 2단헤딩의 해석은 2단헤딩가공에서의 최적 가공 조건의 결정에 유용한 정보를 제공할 수 있다. 3) 2단헤딩 가공중의 금속흐름을 수치해석에서의 격자 변형에 의해 관찰될 수 있다. 4) 2단헤딩 가공중의 표면 결함의 발생가능성은 수치해석 결과에서 원수방향응력과 계수 D를 관찰함으로서 탐색되어질 수 있다. 5) 2단헤딩가공중에 있어서의 내부결함 발생가능성은 수치해석의 격차 변형을 통하여 알 수 있다. 6) 마무리 가공금형 수명에 대한 최적가공조건은 수치해석에서의 접촉압력을 조사하여 얻을 수 있다.(이 논문의 결론부분임)

벼줄기굴파리의 2화기 피해에 있어서, 이삭 및 잎의 피해양상과 용위화치를 조사한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 상수율과 공흔발생에 있어, 통일계가 일반계에 비해 높았다. 2) 상수의 피해위치에 있어, 일반적으로 출수기가 이를수록 이삭 하부에, 늦을수록 이삭 상부에 피해를 받았다. 3) 통일계에 있어, 상부 또는 중부 피해 이삭경에 있어서는 상엽에 공흔, 1엽에 무공흔의 경우가 가장 많았고, 하부피해이삭경에서는 모두 무공흔의 경우가 가장 많았다. 4) 용화위치는 지엽과 1엽의 엽초내이었으며, 특히 지엽에 현저히 많았다.

A ship’s automatic steering system is the basis for addressing control difficulties related to course-changing and course-keeping during navigation through heading angle control, and is a link in realizing unmanned and autonomous ships. This study proposes a robust RCGA-based linear active disturbance rejection controller (LADRC) design method considering environmental disturbances, measurement noise, and model uncertainties in designing a ship heading controller for use when the ship is sailing. The LADRC consisted of a transient profile, a linear extended state observer, and a PD controller. The control gains in the LADRC with the linear extended state observer were adjusted by RCGAs to minimize the integral of the time-weighted absolute error (ITAE), which is an evaluation function of the control system. The proposed method was applied to ship heading control, and its effectiveness was validated by comparing the propulsive energy loss between the proposed method and a conventional linear PD controller. The simulation results showed that the proposed method had the advantages of lower propulsive energy loss, more robustness, and higher tracking precision than the conventional linear PD controller.

We developed new two-rowed covered barley ‘Gwangmaeg’ superior to ‘Hopum’ that has been widely cultivated in Korea for using beer-materials. ‘Gwanngmaeg’ was related from the line named as ‘Iksan149’ in 2010 after yield trials test in conducted for three years from 2008. And then it was registered to ‘Plant protection right, No. 5847’ in 2016 after field experiment by KSVS(Korea Seed & Variety Service). ‘Gwangmaeg’ has distinct characteristics in winter type (IV) and mid-tall culm length which makes reduce damage by off-season heading and lodging comparing to those of ‘Hopum’. ‘Gwangmaeg’ have characteristics of cold tolerance and disease resistance to BaYMV(Barley yellow mosaic virus) and Net blotch(Pyrenophora teres). Yield of ‘Gwangmaeg’ was about 611kg/10a and 524kg/10a in upland and paddy field condition, respectively, which higher 2-4% than ‘Hopum’, however, it has no significant difference. In quality examination for beer usage, ‘Gwangmaeg’ has lager grain and higher assortment ratio than those of ‘Hopum’. In malt quality, ‘Gwangmaeg’ showed higher and better quality in malt extract rate and diastatic power than those of ‘Hopum’. ‘Gwangmaeg’ would be suitable for the area above –4℃ of daily minimum temperature in January in Korean peninsula.

‘Jungmo2501’ (Avena sativa L.), a winter oat for forage use, was developed by the breeding team at the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA in 2010. The following is the characteristics of ‘Jungmo2501’ that is characterized as light green leaf, yellow brown culm and whitish yellow grain. The heading date of ‘Jungmo2501’ was about 3 days earlier than that of check cultivar ‘Samhan’(May 7 and May 10, respectively). Its plant height was 11 cm longer than 103 cm of the check, and the leaf blade ratio of aerial parts was 26 % higher than the check (11.8% and 9.4%, respectively). The cold tolerance, resistance to lodging and wet injury of ‘Jungmo2501’ were similar to those of the check. The average forage dry matter yield of ‘Jungmo2501’ harvested at milk-ripe stage was 5% higher than the check (15.5 ton ha -1 and 14.7 ton ha -1 , respectively). ‘Jungmo2501’ was higher than the check in terms of protein content (6.6% and 5.9%, respectively), neutral detergent fiber (58.5% and 57.6%, respectively), and acid detergent fiber (34.5% and 32.1%, respectively), while total digestible nutrients was lower than the check (61.6% and 63.6%, respectively), and TDN yield was 0.37 ton ha -1 more than that of the check (9.71 ton ha -1 and 9.34 ton ha -1 , respectively). The silage grade of ‘Jungmo2501’ estimated by Flig score showed level Ⅱ, meaning good quality. Fall sowing cropping of ‘Jun

This study aimed to determine the optimal harvesting time for covered barley to make grain silage, in Honam region of Korea. We harvested six varieties of barley every third day from 24 to 42 days after heading (DAH). The moisture content decreased from 62.4% at 24 DAH to 24% at 42 DAH. The moisture content at 36 DAH was 44.3%; however, moisture content at 39 and 42 DAH was lower than 40%. Yield of covered barley significantly increased from 24 to 42 DAH (p < 0.05). Yield at 36 DAH (557 kg/10a) was not significantly different from that at 39 and 42 DAH (p < 0.05). With respect to the feed value of barley grain silage, the amount of crude fiber and crude ash was different by harvesting time (p < 0.05). However, the amount of crude protein, crude fat, and total digestible nutrients (TDN) from 24 and 42 DAH was not significantly different. The pH of grain silage from 24 to 42 DAH was between 3.8 and 4.2 and it was stable until 36 DAH (p < 0.05). However, the pH of grain silage at 39 and 42 DAH was 5.2 and 5.8, respectively, which was higher than the pH of silage with good fermentation quality. The lactic acid content of barley grain silage from 24 to 42 DAH decreased from 5.5% to 0.5% (p < 0.05). The amount of lactic acid at 36 DAH was higher than that at 39 and 42 DAH (p < 0.05). With respect to moisture content, yield, feed value, and fermentation, the optimal harvesting time for grain silage of covered barley was 36 DAH. This could increase the use efficiency of harvesting machine for barley and reduce the harvesting time gap between whole barley silage and grain silage in Korea. Moreover, using barley grain silage for animal feed could reduce the import of corn.

Heading time is important element for yield and quality in crops. Among day length and temperature which influence on heading, temperature effect has not been investigated well. To investigate temperature effect on heading, heading date and plant growth characters were checked under the low and high temperature conditions in short day length. Analyzing heading date of six Korean varieties under the high and low temperature condition, heading date of varieties were delayed under low temperature. In the low temperature condition, dry weight and area of leaf were reduced. Varieties showing more delay of heading under low temperature also showed more reduction in leaf area. After selecting three varieties showing significant difference in leaf growth and heading date under different temperature conditions, nutrient contents of plant were analyzed. Nitrogen content was reduced in leaf and shoot under the low temperature condition. OsNRT2.3, nitrate transporter, was significantly down regulated in varieties showing more heading delay. Available phosphate content was decreased in leaf, but increased in shoot due to reduction of phosphate mobility. OsPT1, phosphate transporter regulating phosphate uptake, was more down regulated in varieties showing more heading delay. OsPT6, phosphate transporter regulating phosphate transport in plant, was also significantly down regulated in those varieties. With these data, we expected that active nitrogen and available phosphate uptake and transport in plant would increase leaf growth then might reduce heading delay under the low temperature condition.

In recent years, the efficiency and accuracy of QTL analysis for identification of useful traits have been increased by high-throughput genotyping. In a previous study, the genome variation of significant DNA polymorphism was observed in early maturing type rice mutant (EMT) by comparing with that of wild type (WT). For detection of major QTL for flowering time, we constructed a linkage map of 36 InDel- and 6 SNP- markers. In the linkage analysis of F2 plants derived from the cross “WT x EMT”, we have detected one potential QTL region on chromosome 6 by M6-3 marker. Also, the Hd1, which contained the target fragment of M6-3 marker, exhibited the relatively high nonsynonymous substitutions in genes located on chromosomal region from M6-2 to M6-4. To evaluate the reliable allele segregation related to expected Mendelian ratio between M6-3 and its flanking markers, M6-3 marker developed in Hd1 gene exhibited the 1:2:1 ratio as clear monogenic segregation in heterozygous F3 plant. Additionally, we further analyzed the different transcript regulations of OsGI and Hd3a gene related to Hd1 involved in photoperiodic flowering pathway. Although the mRNA levels of Hd1 had no difference between WT and EMT, the Hd3a as downstream effector of Hd1 significantly upregulated in EMT, suggesting that Hd1 gene may become nonfunctional.

‘수양’은 우리나라에서 재배가 가능한 조숙 양질 다수성 쌀귀리 품종을 육성하고자 1996년에 조숙성인 ‘식용귀리’를 모본으로, 조숙 대립 겉귀리 계통인 ‘귀리23호’를 부본으로 인공교배를 하여 계통 및 집단육종법에 의해 선발된 ‘SO96025-B-303-44-2-4’ 계통이다. 이 계통은 2003년부터 생산력검정시험을 거쳐 계통명이 ‘귀리56호’로 명명되었고, 2005년부터 지역적응시험을 거쳐 2010년에 육성된 품종이다. ‘수양’의 잎은 담녹색이고 폭과 길이는 좁고 짧으며, 종실은 길고 황갈색이다. ‘수양’의 출수기는 재배지 평균 4월 28일로서, 기존에 육성된 ‘선양’에 비해 11일 빨랐으며, 성숙기 또한 6월 7일로서 ‘선양’에 비해 6일 빨랐다. ‘수양’의 내한성은 표준품종인 ‘선양’ 보다 강하였고, 도복도 ‘선양’과 같은 수준이었다. ‘수양’은 m2당수수가 568개로 51개 적었으나, 1수립수는 73개로서 7개 많았고, ℓ중은 646 g으로서 596 g인 ‘선양’에 비해 50 g, 천립중은 29.2 g으로 4.2 g 무거운 편이었다. 지역적응시험에서 ‘수양’의 평균 종실 수량은 4.35 톤/ha으로 표준품종인 ‘선양’보다 29% 많았다. ‘수양’은 ‘선양’에 비해 탈부율이 100%로 높고, 조단백질 함량이 11.3%, 베타글루칸 함량이 4.7%로 표준품종인 ‘선양’과 비슷하였다.

Heading date and photoperiod sensitivity are fundamental traits that determine rice adaptation to a wide range of geographic environments. By quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and candidate gene analysis using wholegenome re-sequencing, we found that Oryza sativa Pseudo-Response Regulator37 (OsPRR37; hereafter PRR37) is responsible for the Early heading7-2 (EH7-2)/Heading date2 (Hd2) QTL which was identified from a cross of late-heading rice ‘Milyang23 (M23)’ and early-heading rice ‘H143’. H143 contains a missense mutation of an invariantly conserved amino acid in the CCT (CONSTANS, CO-like, and TOC1) domain of PRR37 protein. In the world rice collection, different types of nonfunctional PRR37 alleles were found in many European and Asian rice cultivars. Notably, the japonica varieties harboring nonfunctional alleles of both Ghd7/Hd4 and PRR37/Hd2 flower extremely early under natural long-day conditions, and are adapted to the northernmost regions of rice cultivation, up to 53° N latitude. Genetic analysis revealed that the effects of PRR37 and Ghd7 alleles on heading date are additive, and PRR37 down-regulates Hd3a expression to suppress flowering under long-day conditions. Our results demonstrate that natural variations in PRR37/Hd2 and Ghd7/Hd4 have contributed to the expansion of rice cultivation to temperate and cooler regions

Using a series of BC8F4 nearly isogenic lines(IL-20) derived from a cross between Hwaseongbyeo, as the recurrent parent, and wild rice Oryza minuta (IRGC Acc. No. 101144) as the donor parent we constructed a high-resolution physical map for the days to heading (dth9)-QTL. dth9 QTL was mapped to the long arm of chromosome 9 across a 34.74-kb region containing 8 predicted genes. Heading date of Japonica rice variety Hwaseongbyeo was one week earlier than a near-isogenic line (NILs) IL-20 under natural field (NF) conditions and 3-4 days under short-day (SD) conditions implying that the dth9-QTL is involved in photoperiod sensitivity in rice. Of the 8 predicted genes three were protein-coding genes in dth9-QTL region. According to RiceXpro published data, micro-array analysis of different leaf developmental stages of Nipponbare showed a higher level of LOC_Os09g36700 mRNA expression during panicle initiation stage. This data further supported our prediction that dth9 locus is responsible for delayed heading in IL-20. Previous studies showed that RNase T2 family proteins are involved in photoperiod sensitivity. Based on these findings we sequenced two candidate genes, which encoded for RNase T2 family proteins. Interestingly, we found the existence of a missense mutation in LOC_Os09g36700 gene suggesting that dth9-QTL might control difference in days to heading between Hwaseongbyeo and IL-20. The QTL for days to heading had not been detected in previous QTL studies between Oryza cultivars, indicating the existence of potentially novel allele from O. mimuta.

우리나라의 지문항해학은 1969년 윤여정은 지구과학, 항로표지, 수로도지, 조석 및 조류, 연안항법, 항정선항법 및 대권항법 등을 중심으로 실무적 경험과 학문적 이론에 입각하여 지문항해학 교재를 집필하였는데, 이것은 지금까지도 해기전문 인력을 교육하는 주요 교재로 이용되고 있다. 그러나 이 '지문항해학'의 일부 내용의 경우 해운선진국이라 할 수 있는 미국, 영국 및 일본에서 출판된 항해학관련 도서를 바탕으로 하였기 때문에 설명되는 과정에서 적용한 학술용어가 맞지 않거나 설명이 부족하여 독자의 이해부족과 오해를 초래하고 있다. 이 연구에서는 선박의 이동방향에 관한 기초 용어인 침로(Course)와 선수방향(Heading)이 가지고 있는 문제점과 논란의 원인을 분석하였고, 이론적 검토를 통하여 사용상 오류와 혼동을 방지할 수 있도록 용어의 개념을 새롭게 정립하였다.

The timing of flowering, which is of crucial importance for plant growth and survival, is controlled by intricate pathways. To identify heading date-QTL, we constructed high resolution map on chromosome 3 using heterogeneous inbred family-near isogenic lines (H-NILs) derived from F7 RILs generated by the cross of early-heading japonica rice ‘H143’ and middle-late-heading indica-japonica hybrid cultivar ‘Milyang23’. QTL and subsequent sequence analysis using H-NILs revealed that the gene underlining QTL EH3, which is detected in the region of Hd16, is EL1 encoding casein kinase I (CKI). Two types of single amino acid substitutions in Ser/Thr kinase domain of EL1 were found in various cultivars, among which H-NIL(eh3) caused loss of function in EL1 demonstrated by altered heading date and GA response. Moreover, the phosphorylation of EL1 appears to involve in EL1 activity to regulate heading date. Transcriptional analysis clearly indicated that H-NIL(EH3) suppresses heading under LD conditions by down-regulating Ehd1, there by Hd3a and RFT1 expressions were not induced, suggesting that EL1 is photoperiod-sensitive and functions as a LD-specific suppressor of heading. Further characterization suggested that EL1 is likely to involve in anther development and seed settings by regulating GAMYB expression. Our study demonstrated that the genetic basis of natural variation occurred in ‘H143’ was revealed by QTL analysis using H-NILs, and EH3/EL1 function is crucial for heading and development in rice. The genetic natural variation of H-NIL(eh3) may have contributed to adaptation of rice cultivation to the higher regions by regulating the expression of rice flowering activator genes and GA signaling.

Mutation breeding is characterized by its merit, creation of new mutant characters and addition of very few traits without disturbing other characters of variety. Gamma ray is generally used to induce mutation in various crops. Heading dat is one of the key factors in the regional and seasonal adaptation of rice verity. This study was carried out to evaluate agronomic characteristics, genetic variation and grain quality of early heading rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Dongjin 1) lines derived from gamma-ray (Co60, 300 Gy) irradiation. The average heading date of the early heading lines in M7 and M8 generation was faster than that of mother verity as 11 (line γ-2), 10 Aug (line γ-5), 6 Aug (γ-1 line), 5 Aug (γ-3 and X-1), 4 (line γ-4) days, respectively. The selected lines showed shorter culm length and ear length compared with the control. Total spikelets per panicle, percent ripened grain and thousand grain weight of the lines were also mostly shorter or lower than those of the control except total spikelets per panicle of γ-4 and γ-5 lines. When genetic variations of rps16-trnK region were evaluated by nucleotide analysis, nucleotide length of the rps16-trnK region was 664 bp in all the early-heading lines and control. Out of 5 sites of nucleotide transposition detected in the region, however, 2 sites were appeared only in the early-heading lines. Amylose content of the early heading lines ranged from 18.3% to 18.4% and the content was included in high eating quality. Protein content of the lines ranged from 6.6% to 7.0%. The content belonged to Top-rice showing under 7% of protein content. Toyo taste value of the lines ranged from 76.3% to 84.8%.

최근 개발된 직파재배의 일종인 무논점파는 무논점파기(8조식, 15×28cm , 주당 5~8립)를 이용하여 파종하므로 이앙재배의 재식거리와 유사한 밀도를 유지할 수 있는 장점이 있다. 벼 무논점파재배의 생육 및 출수특성과 출수일변동에 따른 등숙율과 완전립율의 변이를 알아보고자 국립식량과학원 답작과 논포장(수원)에서 2009년부터 2011년까지 3년동안 본 시험을 수행하였다. 1. 무논점파는 입모수는 기계이앙의 재식밀도와 큰 차이가 없었으나 분얼수가 많아 최고분얼기에 단위면적당 경수는 기계이앙의 1.3~2배였다. 최고분얼기 이후 분얼수는 감소해 성숙기 이삭수는 기계이앙과 큰 차이가 없었다. 2. 무논점파의 출수전 생육일수는 운광벼 84일, 호품벼 98일로 기계이앙의 파종일로부터 14일, 19일의 재배기간이 단축되었다. 3. 무논점파의 성숙기 생육특성은 간장과 수장 및 면적당 이삭수는 기계이앙과 차이가 없었다. 통계적 유의성은 없었으나 수당립수는 많아지는 경향이었다. 4. 출수기는 무논점파가 이앙보다 운광벼는 9일, 호품벼는 3일 늦어졌는데 호품벼의 연차간 변이가 작았다. 호품벼는 출수기간이 기계이앙보다 2일 짧아 동시출수율이 높았다. 4. 무논점파재배시 출수일변이에 따른 등숙율과 현미완 전립율은 기계이앙과 차이가 없거나 오히려 높은 것으로 나타났으나 조생종인 운광벼보다 중만생종인 호품벼의 연차간 변이가 적어 무논점파 안정성이 우수한 것으로 나타났다.

식물유전자원의 소재를 확대하고자 동진 1호 벼의 건조 종자에 감마선(60Co, 300 Gy)을 조사하여 선발한 조기출수 계통의 유전적 변이성을 분석하였다. 선발한 조기출수 계통의 M7(2010년)과 M8(2011년) 세대에서 평균 출수기는 대조품종인 동진 1호(중만생종) 보다 각각 11일(γ-2 계통), 10일(γ-5 계통), 6일(γ-1 계통), 5일(γ-3 계통), 4일(γ-4 계통)이 빠르게 나타났다. ISSR 분석 결과, 선발계통의 유전적 다형성은 γ-2 계통 5.9%, γ-1 계통 7.5%, γ-4 계통 15.1%, γ-3 계통 15.3%, X-1 계통 19.4%, γ-5 계통 23.4%로 대조품종의 4.3% 보다 높게 나타나 방사선 조사로 DNA 수준에서 변이가 증가되었음을 확인하였다. 엽록체 DNA(rps16-trnK 영역) 분석 결과, 염기 길이는 대조 품종과 같은 664 bp인 반면, 총 5개 염기서열 영역에서 치환 변이가 발생하였고 그 중 6 bp 및 587 bp 영역의 변이는 선발 계통에서만 나타났다.

This paper presents a new approach for mobile robot heading detection using MEMS Gyro north finding method in the indoor environment. Based on this, the robot heading angle measurement scheme is proposed; improved north finding theory and algorithm are also explained. Several approaches are applied to confirm system’s precision and effectiveness. In order to find out the heading angle, a single axis MEMS gyroscope to sense the angle between the robot heading direction and the north is used. To reach enough estimation accuracy and reduce detection time,the least square method (LSM) for the signal fitting and parameter estimation is applied. Through a turn‐table, we setup a carouseling system to decrease the substantial bias effect on gyroscope’s heading angle. For the evaluation of the proposed method, this system is implemented to the Pioneer robot platform. The performance and heading error are analyzed after the test. From the simulation and experimental results, system’s accuracy, usefulness and adaptability are shown.

국립식량과학원에서 조사료용 조숙호밀을 개발하고자 1995 년에 ‘조춘호밀’등 10개 품종을 방임수분으로 혼합교배하여 그중에서 형질이 우수한 계통(SR95POP-S1-119-2-11)을 선발하여 생산력을 검정한 결과 그 특성이 우수하여 ‘호밀30호’로 계통명을 부여하고 5개 지역에서 4개년간 지역적응성을 검정하여 조숙이면서 조사료 수량이 많을 뿐만 아니라 지역간, 연차간 재배안정성이 높은 것으로 나타나 2006년 직무육성신품종 선정위원회에서 ‘다그린’으로

무제초제 친환경 작물 재배 시 봄 리빙멀치용 맥류의 사용을 위해 품종 및 파종기에 따른 출수반응 및 잎의 생산량을 2007년, 2008년 및 2009년 3년에 걸쳐 조사하였는데, 조사된 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 호밀은 품종간 출수반응이 뚜렷이 나타나 리빙멀치용품종의 선택이 중요하였는데, 파성이 높은 Frima 및 윈트그린 품종은 지온이 낮은 3월 파종에도 출수되는 개체가 없어 리빙멀치 용으로 가능하였고, 파성이 낮은 Koolgrazer, 곡우 등 조생품종은 지온이 높은 5월 상순파종까지 출수가 되어 리빙멀치 용으로 부적합하였다. 2. 보리와 밀은 지온이 낮은 3월 파종에서 모두 출수하였지만 4월 초중순 이후에는 대부분 출수하지 않는 뚜렷한 출수반응을 나타내었으며, 엽중에서는 밀보다 보리가, 보리 품종에서는 미락이 올보다 많았다. 3. 4월 초 중순 파종에서는 엽중이 품종간 차이를 보이지 않았지만 엽중이 감소하는 4월하순 이후 파종에서는 품종간 엽중의 차이가 나타나, 맥류의 파성이 크게 문제되지 않는 4월 하순 이후 파종에서는 출수반응보다는 엽중의 확보가 더욱 중요하였다. 4. 호밀 품종 두루는 4월 초순부터 리빙멀치 용으로 파종이 가능하였고 다른 품종보다 엽중이 많아 리빙멀치용으로 유망한 품종으로 생각되었다.