In this study, we analyzed all of the waste streams associated with household waste to provide a basis for incorporating the individual characteristics of municipalities in setting targets for waste-to-resource circulation. Toward this end, we examined how household waste is treated based on the disposal method (mixed waste disposed of in standard volumerate garbage bags, separation recyclable waste, and food waste) and the amount of residuals generated at their respective treatment facilities. The actual recycling rate or actual waste-to-energy conversion rate was calculated as the ratio of the actual amount of waste that is recycled or converted to energy against the amount of waste intake at waste treatment facilities. The conversion factor of actual recycling rates at 17 municipalities showed an average of 63.9% for public material recovery facilities (MRFs) with those for individual municipalities ranging from 50.4% to 93.2%, and an average of 93.8% for private and public food waste treatment facilities with slightly higher rates found for public facilities (70.4 ~ 100%) than private facilities (63.3 ~ 100%). The actual waste-to-energy conversion factor was 59.3% on average for combustible waste-to-energy facilities (17.2 ~ 72.3%) and 92.0% on average for biological waste-to-energy facilities (77.1 ~ 99.5%). To achieve the national target for the actual recycling rate, additional strategies for recycling or converting the residuals generated at recycling or combustible waste-to-energy facilities into resources are needed. The actual recycling and waste-to-energy conversion rates provided in this study based on a full examination of household waste streams hold valuable insights for incorporating the individual situations of municipalities in setting their targets for wasteto- resource circulation indicators and creating new strategies for improving the actual recycling rate.

한국 전통문화와 상품에 대한 관심은 증가하는 것으로 보이는 반면, 다양한 상품 개발은 아직 미흡한 실정에 있다. 전통공예 산업에 있어서도 사정은 이와 비슷하여 현실적으로 국내외 시장 환경 변화에 따른 많은 어려움을 겪고 있다. 본 연구는 한국 전통이미지를 재해석하여 전통문화가 현대적 이미지로 반영된 콘솔디자인 개발을 연구의 목적으로 하였다. 연구범위는 생활의 편리함을 주는 기능적 측면과 함께 장식적인 요소로서도 역할을 하는 콘솔디자인을 대상으로 설정하였다. 연구의 핵심부분은 디자인 개발과정을 중심으로 하는 사례개발 과정에 초점을 두었다. 콘솔디자인의 기본적 구조는 기존의 콘솔의 범주에서 벗어나지 않도록 하여 사용성과 편의성을 확보하도록 하였으며 시각적, 장식적 디자인은 한국 전통적인 이미지에 부합시켜 디자인의 방향을 결정하였다. 본 연구에서는 한국 전통이미지의 요소로서 첫째, 한국의 전통미 가운데 하나인 곡선미를 추출하여 콘솔의 상단부분에 부드럽고 단순한 곡선이미지를 적용하였다. 둘째, 건축적인 구조를 모티브로 하여 디자인에 적용하였다. 한국 건축의 공포(기둥과 지붕을 연결하는 부분)이미지, 기둥 모양, 그리고 창살의 구조를 활용하여 한국의 전통이미지로 해석하고 콘솔디자인에 반영하였다. 셋째, 한국의 전통적인 문양 가운데 구름문 문양을 세부 표현 요소로 하여 콘솔테이블의 장식요소로 활용하였다. 이와 같은 요소에서 전통이미지를 재해석하여 작품의 기본 요소로서 콘솔디자인에 적용하여 3종류의 콘솔가구를 제작하였다. 본 연구는 한국의 전통적 이미지를 재해석하고 이를 적용한 현대적인 상품을 개발하여 시작품을 제안하는데 의미가 있으며 앞으로도 다양한 상품에 대한 연구 개발 노력이 뒤따라야 할 것이다.

국제 원자재 가격 상승 및 환경규제 강화 등으로 인해 폐자원의 재활용에 대한 관심이 높아지고 경제적 가치가 부각되고 있다. 그 중 일상적인 전자제품들은 편의성에 따라 널리 사용되며 폐기시 유해물질로 인한 각종 환경오염 문제를 일으킨다. 이에 정부는 폐전기・전자제품의 재활용 활성화를 위하여 EPR 제도를 도입하여 시행하고 있으며, 2014년 폐소형가전까지 확대 지정하여 EPR 대상품목에 포함하였다. 폐소형가전의 경우 해마다 새로운 제품들이 쏟아져 나오며 재활용 대상 폐가전제품의 발생량도 크게 증가할 것으로 예상된다. 가볍고, 성형이 쉬운 플라스틱을 가전제품에 사용할 경우에는 화재에 취약하다는 단점을 가지고 있다. 특히, 소형가전제품에는 화재예방을 위한 난연제, 제품의 상품성을 높이기 위한 착색제, 제품을 보호하기 위한 코팅제 및 대전방지제 등 각종 첨가제들을 여러 종류 사용하고 있다. 난연제의 경우 우수한 난연 성능 및 저렴한 가격으로 인하여 브롬화난연제(Brominated Flame Retardants, BFRs)를 가장 널리 사용하고 있으며, 대표적인 브롬화난연제는 PBDE(polybrominated diphenyl ether), TBBPA(Tetrabromobisphenol A), HBCD(Hexabromocyclododecane) 등이 있다. 가전제품으로부터 회수한 플라스틱의 효율적인 재활용을 위해서는 브롬화난연제가 함유된 플라스틱의 사전제거가 중요하다. 브롬화난연제를 함유한 플라스틱을 인식/식별하는 기술은 개발되었으나, 선별기술의 상용화사례는 전무한 실정이다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 레이저 기반 기술을 이용하여 폐소형가전에서 회수한 플라스틱 중 브롬화난연제를 함유한 플라스틱의 특성을 파악하였다. 향후 폐소형가전으로부터 발생한 플라스틱의 효율적인 재활용을 위한 선별기술 개발 자료로 활용하고자 한다.

전 세계적으로 폐전자제품의 연간 발생량은 약 5,000 만톤에 달하고 있으나, 재활용되는 비율은 약 15 %미만으로 폐전자제품의 처리에 대한 EU의 WEEE 지침 등이 지속적으로 강화되고 있다. 폐가전제품(e-waste)에는 철금속류, 알루미늄 및 구리 등의 비철금속류 등 유용자원 뿐만 아니라 다량의 플라스틱류가 포함되어 있다. 특히, 폐소형가전의 경우 제품의 종류나 구성 물질이 매우 다양하며, 재질 중 흑색 플라스틱의 비율이 높을 뿐만 아니라 적정 선별기술이 없어 효율적인 재활용이 되지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 2014년부터 폐중･소형가전까지 EPR제도의 확대 시행으로 폐가전제품의 발생량은 지속적으로 증가할 것으로 예측된다. 폐소형가전 민간재활용업체에서는 특정 선별기술을 적용하지 못하고 인력에 의하여 일부 고가의 유용자원만을 선택적으로 선별/회수하여 재활용하고 있으며, 일부 경제성이 낮은 흑색 플라스틱의 경우에는 혼합물의 형태로 매각하고 있는 실정이다. 다량의 유용자원을 포함하고 있는 폐소형가전의 효율적인 재활용을 위해서는 해체/파쇄 기술뿐만 아니라 다양한 구성 물질 특히, 흑색 플라스틱의 재질을 자동으로 인식하고 선별할 수 있는 기술의 개발이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 폐소형가전으로부터 발생하는 흑색 플라스틱의 재질을 레이져 기반 기술을 이용하여 재질별 자동 인식하였으며, 획득한 흑색 플라스틱 재질별 데이터는 인공지능을 이용한 알고리즘으로 분류기를 설계하였다. 폐소형가전으로부터 발생하는 흑색 플라스틱의 재질별 선별을 위한 자동선별 시스템을 개발하였으며, 흑색 플라스틱의 재질별 인식율 및 선별효율 향상 등을 위하여 자동선별 시스템의 성능 개선 및 보완 등의 연구를 수행 중에 있다.

인구 증가와 인구의 도시 집중 발생, 이에 따른 도시의 변화와 생활양식의 변화 등은 자연환경에 끊임없는 부담을 가중시켜 환경문제를 발생시키고 있다. 현대 산업사회의 대량생산, 대량소비 등으로 인한 폐기물 문제는 심각한 사회문제로 대두되고 있다. 이에 발생량이 증가하면서 폐기물문제는 사회적 이슈로 등장하게 되었다. 이러한 문제가 대두됨에 따라 스위스 제네바의 연방 폐기물 정책은 미래의 재활용을 위해 가정용 폐기물을 분류하는데 초점을 맞춤으로써 자원 보호의 목적을 달성하게 되었다. 연방 및 시의 권위자는 각 가정들의 폐기물 분류를 향상시키기 위하여 강화된 정책기구 또는 사회기반시설을 바탕으로 하는 기구들, 그리고 설득력 있는 기구들을 이용하여 제네바에서 2002년부터 2013년까지의 가정용 폐기물을 분류하고, 재사용하는 정책에 대해 평가와 현 상황의 분석을 함께 진행하였다. 정책 평가의 결과는 소각세 등 강화된 기구들이 제네바 자치당국의 분류 시스템 및 사회기반시설들이 효율적으로 향상되는 것을 보여준다. 아직 이러한 연구가 미흡한 우리나라 가정생활폐기물에 대해 제네바의 선행연구를 바탕으로 폐기물흐름분석과 향후의 각 도시별 트랜드를 예측하는 지표를 개발함으로서 가정계 생활폐기물의 적정관리 방안 마련을 위한 기초자료로 활용하기 위해 연구를 진행하였다.

India is the top recipient of workers’ remittance flows; recent data indicate that the Remittances/GDP ratio has increased from 2.7% in 2000 to 3.36% in 2015. We apply a consumption behavior model, based on the “permanent income hypothesis”, to estimate the consumption augmentation and the stability impact for the period of 1989-2014. The independent variables are: (i) real per capita income (exclusive of remittances) is the measure of “permanent income”, (ii) remittances is the measure of “transitory income”, and (iii) real interest rate as the indicator of consumers’ ability for intertemporal consumption. The economic ramifications are important since current global risk factors could decrease flows in the future. The results indicate the significance of all three variables; there are: (i) evidence of significant consumption augmentation, (ii) consumption responds higher to remittances than to real income, the remittance elasticity is 0.571 and the income elasticity is 0.31, and (iii) evidence of pro-cyclical effect. The VAR model indicates some linkages and causality in the series that result in small response to the shocks. Policies to increase or stabilize remittance flows and to leverage remittances for economic development are important.

플라스틱은 가볍고 튼튼하여 다양한 산업에서 폭 넓게 사용되고 있으며, 특히 여러 가지 형태로 가공이 가능하여 전자산업에서 유용하게 사용되고 있다. 전자산업에 사용되는 플라스틱의 경우 우리의 삶을 편리하고 풍요롭게 만들어 주고 있으나, 사용 후 폐기단계에서 여러 가지 많은 문제를 일으키고 있다. 폐가전제품(e-waste)에는 철금속류, 알루미늄 및 구리 등의 비철금속류 등 유용자원 뿐만 아니라 다량의 플라스틱류가 포함되어 있다. 특히, 폐소형가전의 경우 대형가전에 비해 플라스틱의 함량이 높고, 검정색 플라스틱의 비율이 상대적으로 높은 실정이다. 폐소형가전의 경우 제품의 종류, 모델 및 제조사 등에 따라 구성하고 있는 물질과 플라스틱의 종류가 매우 다양하여 파쇄, 해체 및 선별 등의 재활용 공정에서 특정 선별기술의 적용이 매우 어려운 실정이다. 폐소형가전 재활용 현장에서는 선별기술을 적용하지 못하고 인력에 의하여 일부 고가의 유용자원만을 선택적으로 선별/회수하여 재활용하고 있으며, 일부 경제성이 낮은 검정색 플라스틱의 경우에는 혼합물의 형태로 매각하고 있는 실정이다. 다량의 유용자원을 포함하고 있는 폐소형가전의 효율적인 재활용을 위해서는 해체/파쇄 기술뿐만 아니라 다양한 구성 물질 특히, 검정색 플라스틱의 재질별 인식 및 선별할 수 있는 기술과 상용화기술의 개발이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 폐소형가전으로부터 발생하는 검정색 플라스틱의 재질별 선별을 위하여 여러 가지 선별기술을 검토하였으며, 본 연구 결과를 기반으로 검정색 플라스틱의 재질별 자동 인식 및 선별 기술을 개발하여 현장적용을 위한 기초자료로 활용하고자 한다.

This study aims at identifying the characteristics of family-owner firms from the business studies and searching for the usefulness of the concept for the farming research. From the 1980s, there have been a lot of studies on family business which found out its different features in term of management characteristics. Exploring the concept of the family business, this tries to figure out any kind of similarities of the family farm concept which could be applied for the studies on identifying novel characteristics of contemporary family farms in capitalised societies.

This study probed into some characteristics of the urban household such as household income, number of the household, age distribution of the family members, their characteristics of shopping behavior such as the shopping place, types of the packaging and the characteristics of the time series, using consumer panel data of the Rural Development Administration (RDA). It further examined how the above factors affect fruit purchasing prices and then estimates the degree of the influence by each factor. The study looked at the purchase of apples, pears, tangerines, and oranges - the most favorite fruits in Korea. The results of this study can be utilized as the basic information for marketing strategies and/or for the establishment of future policy plans related to fruits consumption.

Generator’s direct weighing method was applied for investigation of household waste generation. At least 28 days, eachhousehold member measured and recorded the weight of garbage discharged with plastic garbage bag, food waste, andrecyclable waste. Collected garbage record books were used as input data in Microsoft Excel, and statistical analysis weredone with Minitab 16 software. By generator’s direct weighing method for household waste generation, garbage dischargedby plastic bag, food waste, and recyclable waste were 130.5, 98.2, and 187.9g/capita/day, respectively. Difference inaverages of per capita garbage discharge between Seoul, Gyeonggi, Incheon, and Chungbuk were no statisticallysignificant. And as the number of house member decrease, per capita garbage discharge increase numerically, but therewas no statistically significant.

The management of household hazardous waste (HHW), a component of municipal solid waste (MSW) has become a major of concern partly due to their potential toxicity upon disposal. Improper management of such waste can deteriorate the environment and cause serious damage to the human health. This paper discusses the current fundamental management practices, which include the generation rate, collection systems and treatment using the survey reviews of households and interviews held with experts in the Daejeon metropolitan city. Surveys of more than 378 people in Daejeon Metropolitan City were conducted to investigate the characteristics, generation rate, social behavior and awareness regarding disposal of HHW. The target items used in this study includes used lamps, used batteries, pharmaceuticals, and household pesticide chemicals. According to the survey conducted, the generation rates of HHW varied depending upon the dwelling type, collection system, and waste type. Apartment complex residents participated actively in source separation, using the established collection system with limited items (e.g., fluorescent lamps and batteries), while single family housing residents tend to store HHW at households. There is still a need for public awareness, detailed policies and legislation requiring source segregation at households, and better collection systems for HHW. The results of this study can be used for developing better management of HHW in municipal solid waste streams to prevent potential environmental impacts and human health risks.

In order to improve the potential for the resource circulation of household waste that is being handled by localgovernments within major cities, this research has analyzed the characteristics of waste produced and presented a blueprintfor a coding system for household waste, to enable the operation of a resource circulation management processing systembased on this analysis. The coding system –format #-#-##-#-#– has been developed to mirror the 6-digit number codesused nationally for categorizing industrial and harmful waste. In order to boost resource circulation, the household wastecoding system has been composed as such: ‘waste production category>kind of waste>waste item>circulation grade>related industry,’ to offer a more effective means of managing household waste. A waste management processing systemconstructed according to the coding system developed through this research will not only make waste management simplebut serve to promote resource circulation. This system has been applied for the resource circulation management ofhousehold waste in Nowon-gu in Seoul. As a result of this application 6 categories of waste production, 20 kinds of waste,155 waste items, 9 circulation grades and 26 connected industries were codified. Going forward, on the basis of thisresearch the code systems used in a wide range of local governments for the classification of household waste shouldbe researched and a means of standardization formulated. In addition there is a need for research to be conducted intointegration with existing industrial and harmful waste coding systems.

In spite of the government's various efforts to reduce food waste, the food waste in Korea has increased about 3%every year, mainly due to the growing population, number of households, and income. Food waste occurs in the processesof production, transportation, distribution, storage and cooking of food ingredients. However, there has been little reliabledata about how households - a major food waste source - store and treat their food and how much food waste they produce.In this regard, we thought it was important to understand the exact amount and characteristics of food waste fromhouseholds in order to reduce the country's food waste, which is why we monitored kinds, storage periods, treatment,and waste of food consumed in 100 households in the Seoul metropolitan area. Households normally store their foodingredients in refrigerators - on average 33 kinds and 35kg of food are stored - and some of them stayed there for upto 3 years. Moreover, not a small portion of the food is thrown away nearly untouched, mostly because people tend topurchase too much food at one time or they don't know or miss their expiration dates. The amounts of food waste bytype were in the order of vegetable>side dish>frozen food>fruit>seasoning. Also, we suggest effective and realisticmeasures to reduce food waste and promote a more desirable food consumption culture.

본 논문에서는 환경부에서 진행 중인 ‘지하수오염방지기술 개발사업’에 대한 경제성 분석의 기초자료로서 지하수오염 개선을 위한 일반가구의 지불의사액을 분석하고자 한다. 이를 위해 조건부 가치측정법(CVM)을 적용하되, CVM 연구에서 지켜야 할 다양한 지침을 엄격하게 준수하면서 가구조사를 시행하였다. 구체적으로 서울시, 인천시, 경기도 등 수도권 500 가구를 무작위로 추출하여 일대일 개별면접을 통해 '지하수오염방지기술 개발사업'에 의한 지하수오염개선을 위

This study was designed to evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively the pollutant compositions, which were emitted from three types of mosquito repellents(MRs)(mat-, liquid-vaporized, and coil-type) by utilizing a 50-L environmental chamber. A qualitative analysis revealed that 42 compounds were detected on the gas chromatography/ mass spectrometer system, and that the detection frequency depended upon chemical types. Nine of the 42 compounds exhibited a detection frequency of 100%. Four aromatic compounds(benzene, ethyl benzene, toluene, and xylene) were detected in all test MRs. The concentration equilibriums in the environmental chamber were achieved within 180 min after sample introduction. The coil-type MR represented higher chamber concentrations as compared with the mat- or liquid-vaporized-type MR, with respect to the target compounds except for naphthalene. In particular, the chamber concentrations of ethyl benzene, associated with the use of coil-type MR, were between 0.9 and 65 mg m-3, whereas those of mat- and liquid-vaporized-type MRs were between 0.5 and 2.0 mg m-3and 0.3 and 1.4 mg m-3, respectively. However, naphthalene concentrations in the chamber, where a liquid-vaporized-type MR was placed, were measured as between 17.8 and 56.3 mg m-3, but not detected in the chamber, where a mat- or coil-type MR was placed. The empirical model fitted well with the time-series concentrations in the environmental chamber(in most cases, determination coefficient, R2 ≳ 0.9), thereby suggesting that the model was suitable for testing emissions. In regards to the target compounds except for benzene, although they were emitted from the MRs, health risk from individual exposure to them were estimated not to be significant when comparing exposure levels with no observed adverse exposure levels or lowest observed adverse exposure levels of corresponding compounds. However, it was concluded that the use of MRs could be an important indoor source as regards benzene.

The purpose of this paper is to review current state of farm household's debt which is considered as one of the biggest problem in the rural community, to analyze the cause of farm household debt rising in Jeju province, and to make improvement schemes on how this problem of farm household debt could be alleviated. In order to achieve these objectives, raw data are collected from the interviews with 400 farming households in Jeju region. The results of the study are as follows; An average amount of total farm households debt was 42,000 thousand won in 2005, but an average of farm households debt excluding no debt farm households was increased by 10,000 thousand to 51,750 thousand won. But the debt properties are variable according to the farm type. Non-citrus farmers, younger farmers, rural area resident farmers hold more debt problems than other type. Among total farm households, 30 percent showed over 40 percent leverage ratio(debt/total assets), which is considered as risky or heavily indebted. Therefore, I designed a workout program and a program of land liquidation for heavily indebted farm households in Korea.

The objective of the this study is to find a way to increase fm household income through investigating their computer applications. We utilized the 2000 Korea Agricultural Survey data and applied a Heckman Selection Model to correct a selection bias. The present study found the following results. First, determinant of income among fm households by the level of computer applications has significant statistical differences based on their choices of computer applications. Accordingly, the application of general linear regression about fm income without adjusting these choices may cause statistical fallacy. Second, it has been reported that increasing the member of household is not directly related to increasing the fm income. In case of computer-own farm household, the effect of decrease in income according to increasing in age was predicted. However, in the fm household not possessing computer, it shows negative relationship. It shows that an agricultural career of farm owner and educational attainment of all farm household members have positive relationship regardless of computer possession. The income of the farm household those main field is not agriculture is also found to be lower than that of farm household whose major earnings come from agriculture.

Evaluated were household THMs exposure associated with the use of municipal tap water treated with chlorine and with ozone-chlorine. The current study measured the THMs concentrations in the tap water and indoor and outdoor air in the two types of household, along with an estimation of THMs exposure from water ingestion, showering, and the inhalation of indoor air. Chloroform was the most abundant THMs in all three media, yet no bromoform was detected in any sample. Contrary to previous findings, the fall water THMs concentrations exhibited no significant difference between the chlorine and ozone-chlorine treated water. However, the spring median chloroform concentration in the tap water treated with chlorine (17.6 ppb) was 1.3 times higher than that in the tap water treated with ozone-chlorine (13.4 ppb). It is suggested that the effects of the water parameters should be considered when evaluating the advantage of ozone-chlorine disinfection for THMs formation over chlorine disinfection. The indoor air THMs concentration trend was also consistent with the water concentration trend, yet the outdoor air THMs concentrations did not differ significantly between the two types of household. The indoor to outdoor air concentration ratios were comparable with previous studies. The THMs exposure estimates from water ingestion, showering, and the inhalation of indoor air suggested that, for the residents living in the surveyed households, their exposure to THMs in the home was mostly associated with their household water use, rather than the indoor air. The THMs exposure estimates from tap water ingestion were similar to those from showering.