Molecular markers have been widely utilized in population genetics, diagnostic taxonomy, and genetic mapping, and can be applied to cultivar discrimination during field selection processes for alfalfa. In this study, whole-genome sequencing information was obtained for seven alfalfa lines and cultivars developed in Korea, including ‘Alfaone (MS001)’, using Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS). Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis revealed that ‘Alfaone (MS001)’ could be distinguished from other lines and cultivars using six SNP loci. Specifically, only two SNP loci were sufficient to differentiate ‘Alfaone (MS001)’ from major lines and cultivars such as ‘MS002’ and ‘Alfaking (MSCB07)’. This set of SNP barcodes provides a reliable standard for alfalfa cultivar discrimination, contributing to domestic cultivar protection and the advancement of the Korea forage industry. Furthermore, the development of distinguishing markers across alfalfa cultivars will enhance genetic resource identification and support the breeding of high-quality new cultivars.

With the evolving nature of modern warfare and the rapid advancement of technology, Manned-Unmanned Teaming (MUM-T) has emerged as a core element of future air power. This study systematically identifies evaluation measures for assessing the mission effectiveness of MUM-T in the context of Air Force operations. To this end, a survey of experienced fighter pilots was conducted to derive mission scenarios suitable for MUM-T, and statistical analysis led to the selection of five scenarios. Subsequently, comprehensive evaluation measures for each selected scenario were derived through literature review and expert interviews, and their validity and expert consensus were verified using the Delphi method. Finally, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was employed to calculate the relative importance of the evaluation measures (secondary measures only) for each scenario, and a formula-based model was proposed. The findings of this study provide a quantitative evaluation framework for verifying MUM-T mission effectiveness using Modeling and Simulation (M&S) tools, and are expected to serve as a foundational basis for weapon system acquisition and the development of operational concepts.

This study investigates the internal structure of the Habitat and Riparian Health Index (HRI) by identifying conditional dependencies among its components and the mechanisms that form grade boundaries, rather than treating HRI as a simple arithmetic sum. Using the 2024 national river assessment dataset, the analysis combined bootstrap-supported Bayesian Networks for stable dependency inference with classification decision trees for explicit grading rules and threshold identification. A multi-criterion priority scheme integrating network centrality, contribution to total-score variability, and classification contribution was also applied to derive management priorities within and across basins. Across all basins and analytical perspectives, Flow Velocity Diversity consistently emerged as the most influential component. It occupied the central position in the dependency structure and accounted for the largest share of variability in the composite score, indicating that it operates as a system-level outcome in which channel morphology, bed condition, and anthropogenic constraints converge. The grading mechanism was strongly asymmetric. Deficiencies in riverbank protection functioned as a dominant trigger for rapid grade deterioration, whereas attainment of the highest grade required a conjunctive and non-linear pathway in which sufficient flow heterogeneity was accompanied by the sequential resolution of structural constraints, particularly those associated with transverse structures and embankments. Basin-level comparisons further showed that network structures were not interchangeable, with the Nakdong River basin exhibiting the most distinct configuration and basinspecific priority patterns. These results imply that management should separate strategies aimed at preventing degradation through bottleneck control from strategies aimed at achieving top-tier conditions through coordinated, multi-component interventions.

최근 3년간 알락하늘소(Anoplophora malasiaca = A.chinensis)는 2020년 제주 감귤 농장을 시작으로 2023년에는 블루베리 농장에서 대량으 로 발생하여 이를 생물학적으로 방제방법을 개발하고자 알락하늘소의 기초생태와 인공증식 방법을 연구하였다. 충청남도 천안시 블루베리 시설하 우스 기준 6월에 대량 발생하였으며, 암컷보다 수컷이 많이 채집되었다. 산란은 나무 기저부에서 발견되었다. 인공사육 결과 26°C 사육 후 10°C 월동자극 30일 투입 시 유충 207~243일, 번데기 14~15일, 성충 37~64일로 263~338일의 생활사를 가지며 유충은 5°C에서 30일 월동자극으로 번데기 용화를 촉진할 수 있었다. 성충은 바닥재와 나뭇가지 하단부가 만나는 지점의 수피와 목질부사이에 산란하였으며, 블루베리 나뭇가지의 하 단 기준 2cm 직경에서 산란량이 가장 많았으며, 수종별 산란량은 새순 급이 버드나뭇가지에서 산란량이 가장 많았다. 본 연구에서는 알락하늘소의 산란, 유충 성장, 월동자극 조건을 구명하였으며, 이 결과는 향후 생물학적 방제 및 인공사육 효율 향상에 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있다.

As domestic traffic policies have shifted from vehicle-centric approaches to a ‘Safe Speed’ paradigm, the installation of roundabouts has surged. However, existing studies based on linear statistical models have failed to identify the complex non-linear interactions between geometric features and accident severity, limiting their ability to provide concrete design thresholds. To overcome the lack of traffic volume data, this study developed a geometry-based Design Capacity Index (DCI) and proposed a new analytical framework using the Equivalent Property Damage Only (EPDO) rate per unit capacity as the dependent variable. Utilizing a dataset of nationwide roundabouts (2007–2020), a grid search-optimized eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model and SHAP analysis were applied, achieving a 40.5 % performance improvement over linear baselines. The results revealed that circulatory roadway width was a dominant factor; contrary to the 'Road Diet' theory, ensuring 'Geometric Sufficiency' (wider lanes) proved more effective for safety in medium-to-large roundabouts. Furthermore, a 'Broad Optimal Zone' was identified within an inscribed circle diameter (ICD) of 35–70 m, while a 'Paradox of Scale' emerged beyond 70 m where safety benefits plateaued. Additionally, raised crosswalks served as essential offset measures, consistently reducing accident costs regardless of the intersection size. Based on these findings, this study provides empirical evidence for revising design guidelines to prioritize the 35–70 m ICD range and advocates for the mandatory installation of physical calming measures in oversized roundabouts.

상수관망의 누수는 수자원 손실 및 시설물 피해의 주요 원인으로, 효과적인 탐지를 위해 다양한 기술이 개발되고 있다. 본 연구는 실제 상수도 누수 사례를 대상으로 청음 데이터를 수집하고, 주파수 및 청각 기반 음향 특징을 추출하여 비지도 학습 기반의 이상 감지 모델을 적용함으로써 누수음을 탐지하는 기법을 제안한다. 청음 신호에 대해 푸리에 변환과 멜 주파수 켑스트럼 계수(MFCC)를 적용하여 총 86개의 음향 특징을 구성하였으며, 랜덤 포레스트를 통해 주요 변수 6개를 선정하였다. 거리 기반 군집 분석을 통해 정상 소음 분포를 구성하고, Isolation Forest 및 Autoencoder 알고리즘을 활용하여 이상 음향을 판별하였다. 비지도 모델에 의해 탐지된 이상 지점이 실제 현장 판단과 부합함을 확인하였다. 정량적 기준 기반의 이상 탐지 결과가 실제 누수 지점과 일관성을 보였다. 본 연구는 실무 적용 가능한 비지도 이상 탐지 접근법을 제시함으로써, 기존 라벨 의존 탐지 방식의 한계를 보완할 수 있음을 시사한다.

In this study, vision-based monitoring combined with accelerometer-based measurements was conducted in a large-scale concert hall under crowd loads. First, the dynamic characteristics of the structure were identified from ambient vibrations measured in the absence of crowds. Then, an FE model was established that exhibits dynamic attributes similar to those of the structure. Subsequently, camera footage of crowd motion at a K-pop concert was used to estimate crowd loads, which were then applied to the FE model to assess responses. The acceleration response obtained from the analysis was compared with the measured acceleration and the acceptance criteria of design guidelines, such as AISC DG11. The acceleration predicted by the vision-based estimation was approximately 67% of the estimated value based on peak values and 62% of the measured value based on root mean square (RMS) values. Overall, the vision-based estimation showed a peak response around 10 Hz, while the measurement showed a gradual increase in the frequency range above 10 Hz. This is likely because low-frequency components were underrepresented in the vision-based estimation, resulting in relatively underestimated amplitudes and lower responses in the high-frequency range.

Background: Pyometra, involves pus accumulation that can lead to death if detected late, making early diagnosis and management crucial, and it is more common in older dogs. The Axiom™ Canine HD Array was used in the study to determine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with pyometra, with the aim of providing foundational data for the future development of SNP markers. Methods: Samples were collected from 95 dogs of 26 breeds in South Korea, and SNP genotypes were analyzed for the final two SNPs (AX-168186923, AX-168208364). To verify the sequences and genotypes of the selected SNPs, we conducted a sequencing analysis of 96 dogs from 11 breeds previously reported to have been affected by the disease. To confirm the linkage disequilibrium (LD) between the selected SNPs and the influence of non-synonymous SNP (nsSNP), candidate gene function and, protein structure change prediction analyses were performed. Results: Sequence and genotype analyses of the selected SNPs revealed differences in genotype frequencies among the varieties. A strong LD block was formed between the SNPs, confirming that both SNPs were genetically associated. Candidate gene ABCC4 analysis revealed that ABCC4 transports prostaglandins. An analysis of the three-dimensional protein structure affected by the nsSNP (AX-168186923) showed that the amino acid changed from Methionine to Valine, but the overall protein structure remained unchanged. Conclusions: The SNPs selected in this study can be used to identify genetic factors, associated with pyometra and vulnerable breeds. This is expected to reduce companion animal related costs and the psychological burden on owners.

우리는 한국과 일본에서 포도의 주요 해충 중 하나인 연무늬들명나방(Syllepte pallidinotalis (Hampson))(나비목: 풀명나방과)의 성페로몬 체 계를 연구했다. 우선 연무늬들명나방 암컷의 성페로몬 샘 추출물을 GC-MS로 분석하여 3가지 성분인 (10E,12Z)-hexadeca-10,12-dienal (E10, Z12-16:Ald), (11E)-hexadeca-11-enal (E11-16:Ald), 및 (10E,12E)-hexadeca-10,12-dienal (E10,E12-16:Ald)이 100:5:4 비율로 존재한다는 것을 밝혔다. 야외 포장에서 합성한 3가지 성분을 이용하여 다양한 혼합물로 수컷의 유인효과를 평가한 결과, 주성분인 E10,Z12-16:Ald 단독으로 는 성충을 유인하지 못하였다. 반면에 E10,Z12-16:Ald와 E11-16:Ald의 혼합물은 수컷에 유인성이었으며, 이 2가지 성분의 비율은 유인성에 큰 영향을 주지 않았다. 한편, 성페로몬 샘에서 미량으로 존재하는 E10,E12-16:Ald은 수컷을 유인하는데 영향을 미치지 못하였다. 그러므로 E10,Z12-16:Ald와 E11-16:Ald의 혼합물이 본 해충의 성페로몬이며 암컷에서 발견되는 100:5의 혼합물을 발생예찰과 방제에 활용하는 것이 효 과적일 것이다.

Octopus minor is an important seafood species inhabiting Korean coastal mudflats and holds considerable industrial value. However, the restricted distribution of mudflats and increasing environmental pollution have highlighted the need for stock restoration and the development of superior strains. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptomic profiles of O. minor across sexes, tissues, and developmental stages to identify genes associated with sexual maturation. A de novo transcriptome assembly yielded 993,121 transcripts, and after redundancy removal and expression refinement, 40,688 transcripts were retained. Differential expression analysis identified 8,104 DEGs in females (gonad: 7,068; optic lobe: 1,036) and 5,285 in males (gonad: 4,765; optic lobe: 520). Gene expression changes related to sexual maturation were more pronounced in females and in gonadal tissues than in males and optic lobes. These findings provide essential genomic insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying sexual maturation and offer valuable resources for selective breeding and sustainable aquaculture of O. minor.