This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of ImmunoSEB as an immune-booster additive on the performance of broiler chicks. A total of 1150 broiler chickens were randomly allotted to three treatments on the basis of body weight (10 pens per treatment with 40 broilers in each pen): the control (CON), CON + ImmunoSEB 0.025% in feed (SEB25), and CON + ImmunoSEB 0.050% in feed (SEB50). The experiment was conducted for d 42 in three phases (phase 1, d 0–14; phase 2, d 15–28; and phase 3, d 29–42). There were significant differences in the average daily gain (ADG) and feed intake. The ADG at d 14 in the SEB50 treatment was greater than that in the CON treatment. The overall ADG in the SEB50 treatment was greater than that in the CON treatment. During d 0–14, the feed intake of chickens in the SEB50 treatment increased compared to that in the CON treatment. The crude protein and lysine digestibility improved in the SEB25 and SEB50 treatments compared to those in the CON treatment at d 28. Superoxide dismutase concentration significantly increased in the SEB50 treatment compared to that in the CON treatment. The interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α concentrations were higher in the cecum of chickens in the CON treatment than in the SEB25 and SEB50 treatments. A lower population of E. coli was detected in the ileum and cecum of broilers fed the SEB50 diet compared to those of broilers fed the CON diet. The overall result showed the beneficial effects of using ImmunoSEB at a dose of 0.050% in broiler chickens.

Selectins are cell membrane glycoproteins that recognize specific glycoconjugates expressed on the surface of cells. Then, selectins adjust cell-cell interactions that are important in inflammation, hemostasis and cancer metastasis. Selectins mediate leukocyte calls to move into the site of inflammation through interactions with activated endothelial cells or endogenous selectin ligands expressed in high endothelial venules. Types of selectins are divided into L-selectin, E-selectin and P-selectin, which are called to CD62L, CD62E, and CD62P, respectively. Each selectin is composed of four regions; the C-type lectin region of N-terminal, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) region, the intracellular C-terminal region, and the hydrophobic transmembrane region. They have similar structures but differ in their binding specificities and tissue distributions. The selectin family commonly recognizes the sialyl Lewis X (sLeX) on carbohydrate structures. Although biological ligands bound to each selectin are different from each other, they commonly bind to P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) ligand. The PSGL-1 ligand is a glycoprotein promoting cell adhesion in inflammatory responses. If the absence of selectins and their ligands in humans and animals are, should lead to persistent infections and diseases. Selectin family must be considered as a key subject for drug discovery since they have various functions depending on the ligand which they bind to.

한우 송아지의 생후 환경스트레스에 대한 면역반응성 및 신바이오틱제제의 급여효과를 구명하기 위해서 출생 후부터 각 처리구별로 5두씩 배치하여 총10두(2처리×5두)를 대상으로 대조구(신바이오틱제제미투여)와 처리구(신바이오틱제제 투여구)로 배치하여 총 65일간(포유기간) 시험하였다. 송아지 체중은 대조구(21.4±2.51 kg - 57.0±12.83 kg)에 비해 신바이오틱제제 급여 처리구(22.0±2.12 kg - 53.2±4.32 kg) 개체간의 체중의 편차를 줄이는 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. Nitric oxide는 신바이오틱제제 처리구(12.52 μM/L-39.72 μM/L)가 대조구(19.68 μM/L-64.80uM/L)보다는 낮았으며, 코티졸 농도는 한우 송아지 신바이오틱제제 처리구에서 7일령, 45일령, 그리고 65일령에서 유의적으로 감소하였고(P<0.05), 혈중 Glutathione는 65일령에서 유의적으로 증가하였다(P<0.05). SOD의 농도는 신바이오틱제제 처리구의 28일령과 65일령에서 유의적으로 감소하였고(P<0.05), H2O2의 농도는 신바이오틱제제 처리구 45일령과 65일령에서 유의적으로 감소하였다(P<0.05). Interlukin-1β 농도는 대조구에서 28일령(43.26±4.40 pg/mL)과 처리구 21일령(24.68±3.20 pg/mL)에 가장 높았으며, 14일령, 28일령, 65일령의 신바이오틱제제 처리구에서는 유의적으로 낮았다. IL-2 농도는 대조구 28일령 (218±16.94 pg/mL)과 신바이오틱제제 처리구 7일령(174.60±11.60 pg/m)에서 각각 가장 높았고, 21일령 이후 처리구에서 유의적으로 감소하였다. IL-6 농도 또한 대조구 28일령(403.20±48.19 pg/mL)과, 신바이오틱제제 처리구 65일령( 238.20±15.63 pg/mL)에서 가장 높았으며, 21일령 이후 신바이오틱제제 처리구에서 유의적으로 낮았다. PGE2 농도는 대조구 45일령(3660±463.25 pg/mL)과 신바이오틱제제 처리구 45일령(1070±141.92 pg/mL)에서 각각 가장 높았으며, 14일령 이후 신바이오틱 제제 처리구에서 유의적으로 낮았다. 앞의 결과를 종합해보면, 신바이오틱제제의 경구투여로 생체내의 싸이토카인의 체내 균형조절 및 면역 염증반응을 억제하는 데 관여하는 것으로 보인다. 그리고 신바이오틱제제의 급여로 분만 직후 한우 송아지의 체내의 변화가 체외의 변화로 이어져 가축의 성장촉진 및 열악한 주변환경 극복 등에 보다 더 확실한 효과를 기대하기 위해서는 신바이오틱제제의 급여기간을 늘릴 필요가 있을 것으로 사료된다.

The present study is designed to explore an anti-tumor activity on crude extracts of Oplopanax elatus. Water extractions of Oplopanax elatus were performed at 100℃(OeE-100). OeE-100 doses up to 62.5 ㎍/㎖ had no cytotoxicity on the tumor cell lines in vitro. In experimental lung metastasis of colon26-M3.1 carcinoma or B16-BL6 melanoma, the prophylactic intravenous (4~100 ㎍/mouse) or oral (2 ㎎/mouse) administration of OeE-100 significantly inhibited tumor metastasis as compared with tumor controls. Peritoneal macrophages stimulated with OeE-100 produced various cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-12. In an analysis of NK-cell activities, i.v. administration of OeE-100 (10~100 ㎍/mouse) significantly augmented the cytotoxicity to YAC-1 tumor cells. Vaccination of mice with boiling-treated tumor cells (BT-vaccine) in combination with OeE-100 (100 ㎍/mouse) showed higher inhibitions in tumor metastasis when compared with the mice of BT-vaccine treatment. In addition, the splenocytes from OeE-100 admixed BT-vaccine immunized mice secreted a higher concentration of Th1 type cytokine such as IFN-γ. These results suggested that the OeE-100 stimulated immune system and was a good candidate adjuvant of anti-tumor immune responses.

In this study the real situation of apartment house in seoul is reproduced with multi-zone modeling program contam2.4. This model include immune building system(disinfection system) which is consist of dilution, Filter Technology and UVGI(ultra violet germicidal irrdiation). In this study experiments design method used for estimating interaction of HRV air change rate, UVGI air change rate and UVGI grade. Result show that HRV air change rate and UVGI air change rate is most influence factor for remove rate. also Interaction of HRV air change rate and UVGI air change rate is ost influence factor for remove rate.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of heat appli˗ cation on the immune activities of the human body. To exam, further˗ more, the immune effect from the healthy volunteer(male:15, female:15) by monitoring changes of immune substances such as various leukocytes[total white blood cell(WBC), eosinophil, neutrophil, basophil, monocyte, and lymphocyte], a comparative study with warm water immersion(40.8±0.3℃) and infrared(250W) was carried out. The plasma analysis showed that the count of white blood cell, eosinophil, and neutrophil were elevated in warm water immersion- or infrared˗ stimulated group compared with control group. However, the count of basophil was decreased in both warm water immersion- and infrared-stimulated group than control group. Therefore, these results suggest that the thermostimulation improved immune activity.

We have previously shown that the larvae of swallowtail butterfly, Papilio xuthus, exhibit substantial antibacterial activity in the hemolymph, upon challenging with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Here we report the isolation and molecular characterization of several immune inducible genes that are specifically expressed by employing annealing control primer (ACP)-based GeneFishing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from P. xuthus the larva. Using 120 arbitrary ACPs, we identified 24 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that are up-regulated in response to injected LPS. Sequence analysis showed that 18 DEGs revelaed a high sequence similarity to the previously characterized genes of other insects, although 6 DEGs showed no significant similarity to any known genes. Among these inducible transcripts we found 8 putative immune-related genes including cecropin and attacin. Finally, we analysed the expression profiles of potential immune-related genes by RT-PCR and found all of them were considerably increased in the mRNA levels by LPS injection.

The six polysaccharide fractions were prepared by chromatographic procedure from the hot water extractsof the aboveground parts of Astragalus membranaceus. These six polysaccharides from aboveground parts of Astragalusmembranaceus Bunge were tested for gut-mucosal immune activity and acute toxicity. In a view of molecular weight, the sixfractions were estimated to be 75000, 88000, 129000 and 345000 Da, respectively. Component sugar analysis indicated thatthese fractions were mainly consisted of galactose (46.3~11.8%) and arabinose (35.4~9.9%) in addition to glucose,rhamnose, fucose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucuronic acid and galacturonic acid. Among the six major purifiedpolysaccharides, AMA-1-b-PS2 showed highest bone merrow cell proliferation and lymphocyte of Peyer's patch stimulatingactivity. It may be concluded that intestinal immune system modulating activity of aboveground parts from Astragalusmembranaceus Bunge is caused by polysaccharides having a polygalacturonan moiety with neutral sugars such as arabinoseand galactose. In single oral dose toxicity study, no differences were observed between control and treated groups in clinicalsigns. The results indicated that lethal dose 50 (LD50) of water extracts from Astragalus membranaceus-aboveground partswas found to be higher than 5000㎎/㎏/day in this experiment. From the above results, we may suggest that Astragalusmembranaceus-aboveground parts might have useful as a safe material for functional food and pharmaceutics.

Fish larvae are immediately exposed to microbes from hatching to maturation of their lymphoid organs, therefore effective innate mechanisms is very important for survival. However, the knowledge of the development of immune system in fish is limited and in demand now. In vertebrates, recombination-activating gene 1 (RAG-1) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) have been considered as very useful markers of the physiological maturity of the immune system. In this study, the expression of the both genes was assessed throughout the early developmental stages of olive flounder larvae (5-55 dph) and used as markers to follow the development of immune system. RAG-1 and IgM mRNA expression was detectable at 5 dph and remained so until 55 dph. These patterns of expression may suggest that the olive flounder start to develop its function around 5 dph. Tissue distribution was found that both genes mRNAs are only expressed in the immune-related organ such as spleen, kidney and gill. The early detection of IgM mRNA led to the investigation of its presence in oocytes. Both RAG-1 and IgM mRNA transcripts were detected in unfertilized oocytes, suggesting that they are maternally transferred. The biological significance of such a phenomenon remains to be investigated.

Spilled oil into marine environments are known to induce disturbance not only hepatodetoxification system but also immune function in fish. However, toxic mechanisms on immune system and complex toxicity of crude oil have not been fully investigated. Innate immune response considered on the attractive effect-based monitoring tools due to their capacities to predict population disturbances by modification of disease susceptibility. In the study, to clarify the toxic effects of Hebei sprit spilled crude oil on fish immune system, multiple hepatodetoxific enzymes (Cytochrome P4501A and GST) and cytokines such as Interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) were evaluated in juvenile Rockfish fed individually the gelatin-capsulated Iranian Heavy Crude Oil (IHCO). At 12 h after treatment, the oil-fed groups were shown higher concentrations of biliary 1-OH pyrene fluorescence metabolite and CYP1A expression than the control group. Cat. L and G-CSF mRNA also increased significantly at initial stage of exposure (from 12 h to 48 h after exposure) but decreased to the level of control group or less. 72 h post-oil injection, fish were intraperitoneallyadministered an LD50 dose of Streptococcus iniae (FP.5228; Korea Fish Diseases Information Center). Host survival was monitored for 7 days and cumulative mortality rate was calculated. Host mortality rate was increased significantly in oil exposure group compared to sham group.

와송 (OJB)의 면역 및 항암 효과를 관찰한 결과, 와송은 생쥐의 비장 및 흉선세포의 생존율을 증가시켰으며, 임파구 아집단분석 결과 비장 T세포를 유의성있게 증가시켰는데 비장 T세포 중의 TH세포 및 Tc세포가 모두 증가되었고, 혈청 중 γ-interferon의 생성을 현저하게 증가시켰다. 또한 와송은 L1210세포 및 U937세포 등의 백혈병세포의 아폽토시스를 촉진시키는 항암능력을 보유하고 있었다.

인간 면역 세포 중 하나인 T세포에 대한 각 시료의 생육촉진 활성은 시료의 1.0 g/l에서 기준물질로 사용한 유향열매의 정유 성분이 T세포의 생육촉진 활성 측정에서 가장 좋은 활성을 나타내었으며, 노간주나무의 열매의 정유성분이 줄기 부분의 정유 성분보다 높은 생육 촉진 활성을 보였다. T 세포의 각 cell 당 TNF-α의 분비량을 살펴보면 모든 시료의 정유 성분들이 배양 2일째 최대분비량을 나타내었고, IL-6의 경우는 모든 시료들이 배양 시간 의존적으로 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 유방암 세포인 MCF-7에 대한 각 시료의 생육 억제 활성은 각 정유 성분에 대하여 농도 의존적인 경향을 나타내었으며, 가장 좋은 활성을 나타낸 시료는 노간주나무 열매의 정유 성분으로 약 84%의 높은 생육 억제 활성을 나타내었으며, 유향 열매와 노간주나무 줄기의 정유 성분들도 약 80%에 가까운 높은 생육 억제 활성을 나타내었다. 간암 세포인 Hep3B에 대한 각 정유 성분들의 암세포 생육 억제 활성도 유방암 세포와 같이 각 정유 성분에 대하여 농도 의존적인 경향을 나타내었으며, 유향 열매의 정유 성분이 약 83%의 높은 생육 억제 활성을 나타내어 가장 좋은 활성을 나타내었다. 항암 및 면역기능의 역할에 대한 분자수준에서의 검증을 위해 HL-60 세포의 분화도를 살펴본 결과, 배양 시간 의존적으로 분화도가 증가하는 경향을 나타내었으며, 유향열매의 정유 성분이 Control 군에 비하여 1.38배의 증진활성을 나타내어 가장 높은 분화도를 나타내었으며, 노간주 열매의 정유 성분이 줄기의 정유 성분에 비하여 높은 분화도를 나타내었다.