Anti-expectation category is one of the important concepts in semantic-pragmatic interface research. It not only reflects the truth-value sematic relationship and conditions of the objective world, but also reflects the subjective understanding or attitude of both parties in communication. This article is mainly based on the theory of information structure to classify anti-expectation adverbs in Chinese and Korean. It is mainly divided into eight categories: unexpected surprise type, unexpected dissatisfaction type, fact awakening type, fact correction type, typical turning type and polarity turning type. The semantics of each type of Chinese and Korean are compared and analyzed, and the similarities and differences of anti-expectation adverbs in Chinese and Korean are understood through preliminary comparisons, and they are analyzed and explained by information structure theory. Through preliminary analysis, we can see that there is no one-to-one correspondence between Chinese and Korean anti-expectation adverbs, and there are differences in information intensity and subjectivity.

This study examines consumers’ online activities according to the categories of goods and services, applying foraging theory, and explore online information structure perceived by consumers, determining the degree of information overload. Consumers are confronted by nearly unlimited amounts of information when they gather information to make purchase decisions in an online environment. Few studies have focused on the behavioral pattern of information acquisition to reduce information overload. The available studies are limited by particular conditions under a normative perspective (e.g., cognitive limitation with item specific information only and overemphasis on the quantity dimension of information structure). An improvement may be a holistic approach that allows freedom of information acquisition, and includes an ecological perspective, which emphasizes an interaction between minds and immediate environments (Todd & Gigerenzer, 2007). In other words, to provide a better explanation of information overload phenomenon, the research includes quantity information as well as quality and environmental information in the information structure. This has been overlooked in an information overload paradigm (for example, the question of whether more or less information is better) (Scheibehenne, Greifeneder, & Todd, 2010). Moreover, Xia and Monroe (2005) argued that the majority of research about information acquisition has overemphasized information searching while overlooking information browsing, although both activities occur concurrently during processes of information acquisition. The foraging theory (Stephen and Kreb, 1986), which originated from behavioral ecology, can help explain a continuum of browsing and searching behavior through utilizing the patch framework (Kim & Hantula, 2016). The patch framework provides a different perspective for information structure in terms of the amount of data as a combination of within-patch (searching) and between-patch (browsing), thereby covering the issue of the browse-search continuum to explain issues of amount for information overload. (e.g., Detlor, Sproule, & Gupta, 2003). The current study applied foraging theory into the online behavior of information acquisition and explored the information structure that consumers establish and consider in their process of information foraging across categories of goods and services (i.e., durables, nondurables, and services). This theoretical integration would proffer some clues for information structure to reduce information overloads through browsing and searching information online. The investigations consist of ordinary activities and purchase-related activities online, frequently purchased items and consideration to make purchase decisions, strategic information foraging patterns, and perceived decisional difficulty.

This study examines consumer reaction to different luxury advertising information (promotion-focus vs. prevention-focus). Studies examine the relationship between consumers’ face concern and individual regulatory focus, and explore the relationship between face concern and luxury advertising type with a 2 (face concerns) × 2 (advertising information) experiment design.

주어진 시스템에서 정보와 정보흐름에 대한 패턴인식을 하기 위해서는, 정보를 내포하고 있는 문맥이 내용에 따라서 다른 단어나 다른 정보를 추론하여 원래의미를 전달함에 있어 오도할 수 있기 때문에, 문맥의 분해에서 정보 조각의 묶음 형태로 전환하는 작업에서부터 연구는 시작되어야만 한다. 많은 연구자들이 정보의 저장, 재표현, 부호화, 검색 등에 관해 효과적인 방법론을 찾고자 노력해 오고 있다. 유사한 노력의 일환으로 본 논문에서는 군이론과 상황이론을 응용해

A study is for the approach that we could reduce the logistics costs through uprising the efficiency, complying to the demand in time, stock management based on the general production plan in the point of SCM. We will take following steps to get the goal. First, we will overview the physical distribution expenses annually. Second, will find the main cause of optimal load loss by improper container and lack of delivery flexibility to the demand. Third, the goal will be inferred through the fast information share based on organic relationship, the establishment of general production plan, the improvement of stock management plan. By way of this process, it can be accomplished expense reduction as well as flexible establishment of the reduction of worker's load.

A study is for the approach that we could reduce the logistics costs through uprising the efficiency, complying to the demand in time, stock management based on the general production plan in the point of SCM. We will take following steps to get the goal. First, we will overview the physical distribution expenses annually. Second, will find the main cause of optimal load loss by improper container and lack of delivery flexibility to the demand. Third, the goal will be inferred through the fast information share based on organic relationship, the establishment of general production plan, the improvement of stock management plan. By way of this process, it can be accomplished expense reduction as well as flexible establishment of the reduction of worker's load.

In 1949, consolidating their previous efforts, Shannon and Weaver published The Mathematical Theory of Communication (i.e. Information Theory), which is, in short, a theory of measuring how effectively a message is transmitted from sender to receiver in a unit of time. Although the theory itself originates in communication engineering, it is also useful in the realm of music, especially in analysis, in twentieth-century composition, and in recent developments in aesthetics and psychology. The term "information," used in information theory, is to be understood not as used in ordinary usage, but as a technical term indicating the measured quantity of a message. Precisely speaking, the word "information" in communication theory rather refers to "the measured amount of information" or "a mathematical abstraction of information content" The notion of "entropy" was also introduced by Shannon and Weaver as a measurement of potential information contained in a message. By definition, the less predictable the communication system is (i.e. the more even the distribution of possible outcomes is), the higher entropy will be. In pitch class analysis, therefore, when the distribution is rectaguar (when all twelve pitch classes are evenly used), one can expect the maximum entropy (3.585). From 1956, many theorists have investigated musical works of various historical periods. Among them, R. Strauss' Lieder turn out to contain the most information, and nursary tunes yield the least information. In general, however, the results could be divided into several categories. That is, stylistic differences of music-historical periods in terms of the use of pitch-classes readily emerged. Although infromation theory is thus useful and even advantageous in music analysis, several questions can be raised with regard to the reliability of the data, the perceptual and cognitive validity of statistical results, and the contextual aspects of music which are totally ignored from the perspectives of statistics. Many scholars have attempted to overcome the technical and philosophical limatations and problems of information theory; as a result, recent research regarding music as a medium of communication has developed in both scope and quantity.