Spodoptera frugiperda, commonly known as the fall armyworm (FAW), is a major pest across the globe due to its broad host range and distribution worldwide. We investigated the function of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the detoxification of insecticides, with a specific focus on its susceptibility to chlorantraniliprole which is widely utilized insecticide for its management. miRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules, crucial for post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. This study aims to elucidate the impact of these miRNAs on the expression of cytochrome P450 genes, which play a significant role in conferring insecticide resistance. We identified notable changes in the abundance of two specific miRNAs, sfr-miR-10465-5p and sfr-miR- 10476-5p through RNA sequencing, after chlorantraniliprole exposure. These miRNAs exhibited significantly high expression in the fat body tissue, while showing relatively lower expression in the head, midgut, and malpighian tubules. Further analysis suggested that these miRNAs might target specific cytochrome P450 genes, like CYP4C1 and CYP4C21, which are known to play a role in insecticide resistance development. Experimentation with miRNA mimics through microinjection revealed a notable increase in the survival rates of S. frugiperda larvae when subjected to chlorantraniliprole exposure, with a significant reduction in CYP4C1 and CYP4C21 gene expression levels. This suggests a direct connection between the miRNAs and the increased tolerance of Spodoptera larvae to the insecticide. Our research presents the complex function of miRNAs in gene expression regulation related to insecticide resistance, offering valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms of chlorantraniliprole resistance in S. frugiperda. These findings pave the way for further investigations into miRNA roles and their potential in managing pesticide resistance in agricultural pests.

전 세계적으로 농업해충의 약제 저항성 발달에 따른 방제 효율 저하는 농약의 과다 사용을 초래하여 농업의 생산성 저하 및 환경 파괴 문제 등을 야기하고 있다. 뿐만 아니라 위생해충의 경우에도 약제 저항성 발달이 심각한 수준으로 나타남에 따라 인류 보건에 큰 위협이 되고 있다. 해충의 약제 저항성은 자연계에 존재하는 극히 낮은 빈도의 저항성 형질이 반복적인 약제 사용에 따라 선발되는 과정을 통해 발달 되는데, 해충 약제 저항성의 효과적 관리를 위해서는 저항성 발달 기작의 규명과 신속·정확한 진단법의 확립이 필수적이다. 현재까지의 저항성 관리 는 저항성 발달 후 대응적(reactive)으로 이루어져 왔으나, 미래에는 보다 다양한 분자 마커를 활용하여 저항성 형질 빈도를 관리 가능한 수준에서 유지하는 선제적(proactive) 저항성 관리도 가능할 것으로 예상하고 있다. 본 발표에서는 해충 약제 저항성 연구의 현재 상황과 미래 전망에 대해 소개하고자 한다.

그녀의 남편이 죽었다는 객관사실에 대해 중국어는 ‘她的丈夫死了’, ‘她死了丈夫’, ‘她把个丈夫死了’라는 3가지 서로 다른 통사형식으로 표현이 가능하다. 이 중 ‘她死了 丈夫’와 ‘她把个丈夫死了’는 자동사 ‘死’가 각각 SVO 구조, ‘把’字句에 사용되었다는 점에서 독특하다. 특히 ‘她把个丈夫死了’는 주어가 행위자가 아니라 경험자라는 점, 전치사 ‘把’의 목적어가 ‘个+N’ 구조라는 점에서 비전형적인 ‘把’字句이며, 이를 ‘把个’ 句라고 부른다. ‘把个’句는 구문내적 생성기제와 구문외적 생성기제가 있다. ‘把个’句 는 ‘把’字句의 발전과정에서 구문내적으로 주관성의 강화에 의해 출현되었다. 구문외 적으로는 소유자-대상 구문의 영향을 받았다. 소유자-대상 구문의 영향으로 인해 ‘死 了+NP’와 같은 ‘Vi+NP’ 구조의 사용이 자연스러워졌고, 그 결과 타동성이 강한 ‘把’ 字句에서 ‘她把个丈夫死了’와 같은 문장이 출현할 수 있게 되었다. ‘她的丈夫死了’는 그녀의 남편이 죽었다는 객관적 사실을 서술한다. ‘她死了丈夫’는 그녀의 남편이 죽 었다는 사실 외에 부정적, 손해, 안타까움이라는 주관적 감정이 이입되어 있다. 마지막으로 ‘她把个丈夫死了’는 그녀의 남편이 죽었다는 사실과 더불어 의외성, 원하지 않았던 일의 발생이라는 주관적 감정이 이입되어 있다. 이처럼 이 세 문장은 동일한 객관사실에 대해 각기 상이한 의미·화용적 기능을 담당하고 있다고 할 수 있다.

In this paper, as there are many cases of fires occurring due to the failure or inoperability of the thermostat of electronic products, the purpose is to test and analyze the risks and probabilities through fire cases and reproduction experiments, and suggest countermeasures. Among electronic products, water purifiers are composed of a refrigerant system with a compressor to make cold water, a heating device to make hot water, and an electric device used as an energy source. Due to the nature of the water purifier manufacturing, these devices are subject to a lot of moisture and dust. etc. exist in large quantities and use electrical energy, so there is a possibility of fire due to short circuit in the wire, electrical abnormal overheating (tracking phenomenon) in the thermostat, electronic board, starting relay, etc., and overheating of the heating device (Band Heater). there is. Therefore, in order to prevent fires from these devices, a system to remove foreign substances inside the water purifier is necessary, the use of heat-resistant (fire-resistant) wires for electrical devices is essential, and the use of non-combustible materials (semi-combustible materials) for each part is necessary to prevent fire. The risk must be eliminated through prevention and combustion expansion prevention devices.

Copper, mainly used as a material for outer canister, generates various corrosion products under aerobic and anaerobic conditions in the operational and/or post-closure phases of the deep geological repository. These products could affect performance of engineering barrier system (EBS) through interaction with surrounding bentonite that makes up the buffer and backfill materials. Accordingly, in this study, we suggested research items to be conducted to minimize degradation of EBS due to copper corrosion products, based on the phenomenological review results for copper corrosion mechanisms and interaction between resultant product and bentonite in the deep geological disposal environment. During the post-closure phase, condition in the disposal facility changes form aerobic to anaerobic over time, and thereby, causes and products of copper corrosion vary. Under aerobic condition, copper corrosion is mainly induced by oxygen (O2) in the repository, chloride (Cl-) and carbonate (CO3 2-) ions from groundwater flowing into the facility, resulting in corrosion products such as cuprite (Cu2O), tenorite (CuO), atacamite (CuCl2·3Cu(OH)2) and malachite (Cu2CO3(OH)2). And, copper corrosion under anaerobic condition is primarily due to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and sulfate (SO4 2-) in groundwater flowing into the facility, leading to formation of chalcocite (Cu2S) and covellite (CuS) as corrosion products. Depending on environment of the disposal facility, copper corrosion products are dissolved and ionized to Cu2+ in groundwater, and subsequently adsorbed on the nearby smectite. Then, it causes a cation exchange reaction with exchangeable cations in the interlayer of smectite. As a result of reviewing the previous experiments, it was confirmed that Cu2+-exchanged bentonite has a slightly reduced basal spacing and swelling capacity. From the results as above, there is a possibility that performance of EBS may be degraded due to copper corrosion products. To minimize its effect of degradation in the domestic facility, items to be further studied are as follows: (a) Method for reducing copper corrosion such as selection of appropriate material and structure for the canister, and (b) How to control dissolution of copper canister product into groundwater through predicting type and ionization process. The results of this study could be directly used to developing design concept of EBS for the domestic disposal facility and to establishing roadmap of future R&D programs.

Metaverse is a virtual world where users can engage in various activities, and its market is expected to grow rapidly in the coming years (Hwang, 2021). Generation Z, also known as digital natives, are heavily involved in social media and often share selfies, making them more sensitive to body image concerns (Ameen, 2022). In the metaverse, users can create customized avatars, allowing them to experience an ideal body image. This study applies the “extraordinary self” theory to avatar creation, a concept that explains how people create an ideal, fantastic, or transcendent self by consuming experiences that set them apart from their mundane real self (Procter, 2021). Based on the theory, this study examines how dissatisfaction with body image of Generation Z can lead to the creation of avatars that manifest an ideal body image, which in turn, can influence self-congruence with the avatar and self-esteem in the metaverse. This study also looks into the possible effects of enhanced self-esteem on user’s intention to purchase virtual products and their loyalty to a specific metaverse platform. Therefore, the following hypotheses are developed.

Electronic waste (E-waste) has become a long-standing global concern. People are purchasing new affordable and improved technologies long before the end-of-life (EOL)’s of their old devices, which is leading to overconsumption and growing volumes of e-waste. At present, official data indicates that 80% of the volume of e-waste is not formally treated globally. The complex nature of e-waste recycling processes is a significant challenge.

Previous studies do not provide information on which channel governance exporters should use in combination. Moreover, they neglect the role of multiple channel system and psychic distance in the implementation of channel governance. Accordingly, this study investigates the combined effects of channel governance, multiple channels, and psychic distance on export performance. The methodology used in this study is a fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA), which is a powerful method for analyzing whether combinations of conditions (i.e., configurations) lead to certain outcomes. The results show that which channel governance combination leads to higher export performance depends on multichannel use and on psychic distance. This study contributes to the advancement of international marketing channel research by identifying patterns in superior combinations of governance mechanisms.

Maintaining fuel sheath integrity during dry storage is important. Intact sheath acts as the primary containment barrier for both fuel pellets and fission products over the dry storage periods and during subsequent fuel handling operations. In KNF, in-house fuel performance code was developed to predict the overall behavior of a fuel rod under normal operating conditions. It includes the analysis modules to predict temperature, pellet cracking and deformation, sheath stress and strain at the mid-plane of the pellet and pellet-pellet interfaces, fission gas release and internal gas pressure. The main focus of the code is to provide information on initial conditions prior to dry storage, such as fission gas inventory and its distribution within the fuel pellet, initial volumes of storage spaces and their locations, radial profile of heat generation within the pellet, etc. To upgrade the developed code that address all the damage mechanisms, the first step was a review of the available technical information on phenomena relevant to fuel integrity. Potential degradation mechanisms that may affect sheath integrity of CANDU spent fuel during dry storage are: creep rupture under internal gas pressure, sheath oxidation in air environment, stress corrosion cracking (SCC), delayed hydride cracking (DHC), and sheath splitting due to UO2 oxidation for a defective fuel. The failure by creep rupture, SCC or DHC is in the form of small cracks or punctures. The failure by sheath oxidation or sheath splitting due to UO2 oxidation results in a gross sheath rupture. The second step was to examine the technical bases of all modules of the in-house code, identify and extend the ranges of all modules to required operating ranges. This step assessed the degradation mechanisms for the fuel integrity. The objective of this assessment is to predict the probability of sheath through-wall failure by a degradation mechanisms as a function of the sheath temperature during dry storage. Further improvements being considered include upgrades of the analysis module to achieve sufficient accuracy in key output parameters. The emphasis in the near future will be on validation of the inhouse code according to a rigorous and formal methodology. The developed models provide a platform for research and industrial applications, including the design of fuel behavior experiments and prediction of safe operating margins for CANDU spent fuel.

Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) represents one of the major Ca2+ entry routes in non-excitable cells. It is involved in a variety of fundamental biological processes and the maintenance of Ca2+ homeostasis. The Ca2+ releaseactivated Ca2+ (CRAC) channel consists of stromal interaction molecule and Orai; however, the role and action of Homer proteins as an adaptor protein to SOCE-mediated Ca2+ signaling through the activation of CRAC channels in non-excitable cells still remain unknown. In the present study, we investigated the role of Homer2 in the process of Ca2+ signaling induced by the interaction between CRACs and Homer2 proteins in non-excitable cells. The response to Ca2+ entry by thapsigargin-mediated Ca2+ store depletion remarkably decreased in pancreatic acinar cells of Homer2–/– mice, as compared to wild-type cells. It also showed critical differences in regulated patterns by the specific blockers of SOCE in pancreatic acinar cells of Homer2–/– mice. The response to Ca2+ entry by the depletion in Ca2+ store markedly increased in the cellular overexpression of Orai1 and STIM1 as compared to the overexpression of Homer2 in cells; however, this response was remarkably inhibited by the overexpression of Orai1, STIM1, and Homer2. These results suggest that Homer2 has a critical role in the regulatory action of SOCE activity and the interactions between CRAC channels.

Given the significant social and economic impact caused by heat waves, there is a pressing need to predict them with high accuracy and reliability. In this study, we analyzed the real-time forecast data from six models constituting the Subseasonal-to-Seasonal (S2S) prediction project, to elucidate the key mechanisms contributing to the prediction of the recent record-breaking Korean heat wave event in 2018. Weekly anomalies were first obtained by subtracting the 2017- 2020 mean values for both S2S model simulations and observations. By comparing four Korean heat-wave-related indices from S2S models to the observed data, we aimed to identify key climate processes affecting prediction accuracy. The results showed that superior performance at predicting the 2018 Korean heat wave was achieved when the model showed better prediction performance for the anomalous anticyclonic activity in the upper troposphere of Eastern Europe and the cyclonic circulation over the Western North Pacific (WNP) region compared to the observed data. Furthermore, the development of upper-tropospheric anticyclones in Eastern Europe was closely related to global warming and the occurrence of La Niña events. The anomalous cyclonic flow in the WNP region coincided with enhancements in Madden- Julian oscillation phases 4-6. Our results indicate that, for the accurate prediction of heat waves, such as the 2018 Korean heat wave, it is imperative for the S2S models to realistically reproduce the variabilities over the Eastern Europe and WNP regions.

난황형성과정(Vitellogenesis)은 발달하는 난모세포에 난황이 축적되는 과정으로, 이 과정의 개시는 알형성과정(oogenesis)을 제어하는 주 요 메커니즘이다. 곤충생리학 모델인 노랑초파리(Drosophila melanogaster)에서 난황형성과정은 성충으로 우화한 직후 시작하여 성적 성숙이 일어 나는 2-3일간 지속된다. 성숙한 난모세포가 충분히 만들어지고 성적 성숙이 종료되면, 짝짓기 후 알형성과정이 다시 시작될 때까지 난황형성과정은 멈춘다. 수컷 초파리의 정액 단백질인 성 펩타이드(Sex peptide, SP)는 짝짓기의 신호로서 알라타체(corpora allata)를 자극해 유약호르몬 (Juvenile hormone, JH) 생합성 및 분비를 유도하며, 혈림프(hemolymph) JH 농도의 증가는 난황형성과정을 자극한다. 최근 연구 결과에 따르 면, SP수용체 뉴런은 자궁 내막의 수상돌기를 통해 교미 중 정액과 함께 자궁으로 전달된 SP를 감지함으로써, 축삭돌기를 통해 중추신경계인 복부 신경절에 짝짓기 신호를 보내는데, 이러한 중추신경계 SP 신호가 JH 생합성 및 분비, 그리고 난황형성과정을 유도하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 짝짓기 후 암컷에서의 난황형성과정은 일주기 리듬을 보이는데, 노랑초파리의 일주기 리듬은 중추 신경계 뉴런들에 의해 제어된다. 본 종설은 성적 성숙, 짝짓기 신호, 그리고 일주기 리듬에 따라 난황형성과정을 제어하는 신경 메커니즘에 관한 최근 연구 성과를 다룬다.

In view of the growing need for clean energy, supercapacitors (SC), especially those based on activated carbon (AC) and organic electrolyte are attracting great attention for their theoretically infinite life span. However, they still age much faster than expected due to certain mechanisms. Several researches is being conducted to understand these mechanisms, but so far, the chemical reactions at the phase boundary of the activated carbon electrodes and organic electrolyte have been very unclear. Some pathways have not yet been investigated; there is no research on the reactions that can take place between acetonitrile in the vapor phase and the oxides presented on the surface of activated carbons. For this reason, in this study, divided into two parts, the first based on a thermal simulation and the second based on an experimental study, we have systematically described the ageing mechanisms by determining the gas-phase reactions that can occur at the electrode–electrolyte interface. On the one hand, a thermal model of a supercapacitor cell using activated carbon and organic electrolyte technology has been developed. This model allowed us to study the temperature distribution of supercapacitors, and thus to determine the thermodynamic parameters related to the phenomena produced at the electrode–electrolyte interface. On the other hand, a thermo-gravimetric analysis coupled with gas phase infrared spectroscopy on the activated carbons of an aged supercapacitor of the same technology as that used in the simulation was carried out. The results obtained made it possible to identify the chemical groups produced by ageing.

절차 공정성은 지난 수십 년간 경영학(인사․조직), 심리학, 법학 등의 분야에서 가장 많은 관심을 받아온 주제 가운데 하나이지만, 국제경영 분야에서 절차 공정성을 다룬 국내외의 연구는 소수에 불과한 실정이다. 본 연구는 다국적기업의 해외 자회사에서 근무하는 현지 직원의 절차 공정성 지각에 관한 연구로서 해외 자회사에 대 한 본사의 세 가지 통제 방식(집권화, 공식화, 사회화)이 해외 자회사 현지 직원의 절차 공정성 지각에 영향을 미치며, 해외 자회사 현지 직원의 절차 공정성 지각은 이들의 상대적 박탈감에 영향을 미칠 것이라고 주장하였다. 구체적으로 해외 자회사에 대한 본사의 집권화는 절차 공정성 지각과 부(-)의 관계를 가지고, 본사의 공식화와 사회화는 절차 공정성 지각과 정(+)의 관계를 가질 것이라고 주장하였다. 또한, 해외 자회사 현지 직원의 절차 공정성 지각은 이들의 상대적 박탈감과 부(-)의 관계를 가지며, 절차 공정성 지각이 세 가지 통제 방식과 상대적 박탈감 간의 관계를 매개할 것이라고 주장하였다. 이 가설들을 검정하기 위해 18국 출신, 85개 다국적기업 해외 자회사에서 근무하고 있는 704명의 현지 직원들로부터 수집한 자료를 활용하여 위계적 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 실증분석 결과, 모든 가설이 지지가 되었으며, 이를 토대로 본 연구의 학문적 시사점과 실무적 시사점, 그리고 연구의 한계점과 향후 연구 방향을 제시하였다.