전산 자원의 발달로 여러 부품들이 결합된 전체 구조물에 대한 해석이 가능해져 해석에 필요한 계산 시간과 데이터의 양이 증가하 였다. 이러한 전체 구조물에는 같은 부품이 반복되어 규칙성을 가지는 경우가 많다. 이러한 반복적인 구조물에 균질화 기법을 적용하 면 효과적인 해석이 가능하다. 상용 프로그램의 일반적인 균질화 모듈에서 단위 구조는 모든 방향으로 반복된다고 가정한다. 하지만 실제 구조물들은 여러 단위 구조가 복잡하게 반복되는 경우가 많아 기존 균질화 기법을 적용하는데 어려움이 있다. 본 논문에서는 복 잡한 반복성을 고려하는 다단계 균질화 기법을 제안한다. 제안된 균질화 기법은 구조물을 여러 영역으로 나누어 균질화를 수행하는 형태로 기존 기법보다 정확한 해석이 가능하다.

PURPOSES : The primary purpose of this study is to establish a crash probability model based on a statistical method that explains the relationship between regressor and explanatory variables using both fixed and random effects to control the heterogeneous characteristics of the observed data. In addition, an attempt was made to discover the leading cause of crashes by vehicle type, including passenger car, bus, truck, and trailer. METHODS : The levels of each route and day of the week are grouped using raw expressway crash data for 10 years from 2012 to 2021, and a multilevel mixed-effect logit model is constructed for each vehicle type assuming that the error terms are derived from the hierarchical structure of the group to which they belong. RESULTS : Speeding and obstacles on the road are significant factors that increase the probability of passenger car crashes, and bus crashes have a high rate at toll gates on weekdays. CONCLUSIONS : The multilevel mixed-effect logit model derived in the study has higher accuracy than the general logit model, confirming that mixed-effect analysis is plausible.

본 연구에서는 기존의 네이버후드 효과 연구가 가지는 방법론적 이슈를 고려한 실증적인 방법을 적용하여, 학생들의 학업성 취도에 대한 네이버후드 효과를 규명하고자 하였다. 연구 목적의 달성을 위하여 개인-학교-네이버후드 3수준의 다수준 모형 분석을 수행하였다. 분석의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 기초모형을 통해 학생들의 수능 점수에 대한 수준별 영향력을 확인한 결과, 개인, 학교, 네이버후드 순으로 높은 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 네이버후드 효과의 정도는 과목별로 다소간의 차이가 있었는데, 국어에 비해 영어 점수에 대한 네이버후드 효과가 더 높게 나타났다. 둘째, 모형 3을 통해 지역별 네이버후드 효과를 살펴본 결과, 대부분의 지역에서 이전 모형에 비해 네이버후드 효과의 정도가 감소하였다. 그러나 양천구, 강남구 등 일부 학교군에 서는 여전히 높은 네이버후드 효과가 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 그동안 논쟁이 되어왔던 네이버후드 효과에 대해 실증적인 분석을 통해 정량적인 수치를 제시하였다는 데에 의의가 있다. 이러한 결과는 학업성취도의 공간적 격차와 관련하여 교육정책의 방향을 결정하는 데에도 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다

Do unhappy people drink alcohol or does alcohol make people unhappy? This research utilized cross-national data (Study 1) and a daily diary survey (Study 2) to investigate the link between alcohol consumption and happiness. In Study 1, at the national level, we examined the relation between alcohol consumption and happiness in 113 nations. The results revealed that there was an overall negative correlation between alcohol consumption and subjective well-being (SWB), positive affect, and generosity. In Study 2, at the individual level, we validated the findings of Study 1 by using the multilevel modeling method via the daily diary reports of Korean participants (N = 480). This method allowed us to investigate further whether alcohol consumption affected the level of happiness or whether happiness affected the level of alcohol consumption. The results showed that SWB increased the likelihood of alcohol consumption on that day, however, drinking alcohol decreases the level of SWB on the next day.

Background: In some clinical guidelines followed in clinical practice, nonsurgical treatments are recommended as the primary intervention for patients with lumbar disc herniation (LDH). However, the effect of a therapeutic exercise program based on stabilization of the lumbar spine for treatment of multilevel LDH has not been evaluated thoroughly. Objective: To investigate the effects of therapeutic exercise on pain, physical function, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in a patient with multilevel LDH. Design: Case Report Methods: A 43-year-old female presented with low back pain, radicular pain and multilevel LDH (L3–L4, L4–L5, L5–S1). The therapeutic exercise program was conducted. in 40-min sessions, three times a week, for 12 weeks. Low back and radicular pain, lumbar disability, and physical function were measured before and after 6 and 12 weeks of the exercise program. MRI was performed before and after 12 weeks of the program. Results: After 6 and 12 weeks of the therapeutic exercise, low back and radicular pain and lumbar disability had decreased, and lumbar range of motion (ROM) was improvedbilaterally, compared with the initial values. Also improved at 6 and 12 weeks were isometric lumbar strength and endurance, and the functional movement screen score. The size of disc herniations was decreased on MRI obtained after 12 weeks of therapeutic exercise than on the pre-exercise images. Conclusions: We observed that therapeutic exercise program improved spinal ROM, muscle strength, functional capacity, and size of disc herniation in LDH patient.

Although many studies have found a positive relationship between learning orientation and performance, there is still a debate in the learning literature that learning-oriented behaviours may be inefficient or even dysfunctional under certain circumstances (Bunderson and Sutcliffe, 2003, March, 1991) when learning without assurance of results can be time-consuming and negatively influence performance (March, 1991). The learning literature shows that whether learning orientation, of any level, can improve or restrain performance depends on different contexts, suggesting the look for a moderator for this relationship. Furthermore, it can be seen from the literature of learning orientation that all of studies up to now have examined learning orientation only at a single level, individual-level or organization-level. This shows an important lack of literature, given the multilevel nature of learning when individuals act as learning agents for organizations and organizations create environments for learning of individuals (Argyris and Schön, 1978). Therefore, this study is among the first to investigate the effect of learning orientation on performance in the sales management context at two levels: salesperson-level and sales team-level. The next contribution of this study to the literature is the argument of the double-edged effects of team-level social capital moderating the link between learning orientation and performance. Very few studies have discussed the dark side of social capital, (Villena et al., 2011) although the dark side of social capital has been warned in studies of sociology (Granovetter, 1985), strategy (Adler and Kwon, 2002). This study extends the literature by investigating the curvilinear moderating role of social capital on the relationship between learning orientation and performance.

Wind waves are important due to their high energy and impact on marine activities. This phenomenon is affects directly or indirectly the construction of coastal infrastructure, shipping and recreational activities. Due to the issues presented, marine parameters are very important. In this study, we try to pay attention to wave as one of the most important marine parameters. As the movements of waves have high uncertainty, financial models can be used to simulate the wave's paths. We use the Monte Carlo method for this purpose. The Monte Carlo simulation is a flexible and simple tool that is widely used in the evaluation of random paths. To compute a random path, we require an integral discretization. In this paper, we study the valuation of European options using Monte Carlo simulation and then compare this result with multi-level Monte Carlo approach and other antithetic variables. Then, we use the multi-level Monte Carlo approach proposed by (M. B. Giles 2008) for pricing under the two-factor stochastic volatility model. We show that the multi-level Monte Carlo method reduces the computational complexity and also cost of the two-factor stochastic volatility model when compared with the standard Monte Carlo method. Also, we compare the multi-level Monte Carlo method and standard Monte Carlo method using an Euler discretization scheme and then, analyze the numerical results.

본 연구의 목적은 다층자료 매개효과의 분석 방법을 제안하는 것이다. 연구내용은 다층자료 매개효과의 통계방법 탐색, 분석절차 제안, 그리고 분석의 실례 제시 등 세 가지다. 첫째, MLM (multilevel modeling)과 MSEM (multilevel structural equation modeling) 중에서 어떤 방법이 다층자료의 매개효과 분석에 유용한지 탐색하였다. MSEM은 MLM 의 약점을 극복한 것으로서 유용한 다층 매개효과 분석방법이었다. 둘째, 다층자료 매개효과의 분석절차를 연구모형설 정, 전제조건 검토, 모형검증, 계수검증의 4단계로 전개하였다. 셋째, 매개효과 분석의 실례에 사용된 자료는 2,695명의 초중등 학생과 88명의 학급교사로 구성되었다. 분석 실례로 2층→2층→1층과 1층→1층→2층 두 가지를 제시하였다. 2층→2층→1층과 1층→1층→2층 모형은 완전매개모형이 지지되었지만, 2층→2층→1층 모형의 매개효과 계수만 95% 신뢰구간에서 유의하였다. 분석 실례에 사용된 Mplus 프로그램은 부록에 제시하였다. 연구결과를 기초로 본 연구의 의의와 제한점, 그리고 후속연구의 방향이 논의되었다.

Introduction The research described in this abstract discusses “multilevel marketing,” including a review of academic literatures and studies that have used the direct sales business method as a research context. The multilevel marketing business structure represents an alternative to the business-employee-consumer relationships of those offered by traditional bureaucratic organizations. As such, they have, on one hand, collectively prospered and, on the other hand, attracted negative attention from regulatory and government entities, scholars, and competitors. Studies related to MLM organizations have examined these businesses on every populated continent, and have considered the viewpoints of consumers, MLM participants, and sales managers. Research has included a variety of empirical approaches, from quantitative survey methods to qualitative ethnographic studies. Consumer dispositions toward MLM have been measured intermittently over several years, and include consumer responses from many different countries. One consistent finding is that people who have purchased products from MLMs expressed more favorable opinions of them than do those who have not bought from MLM. Further, studies also provide evidence that consumers perceive that buying from direct selling is perceived to be less risky than some other non-store shopping modes (Gillett, 1976; Peterson, Albaum & Ridgway 1989; Alturas, Santos & Pereira 2005). Nonetheless, the practice is controversial and faces intense scrutiny in many countries while being banned in others. However, the research literature suggests careful consideration of the benefits of MLM organizations, in that the nontraditional organizational structure and methods of promotion may provide economic development in poor economies and also allow consumer-participants to develop important skills. One common method of retailing is direct sales. Direct selling companies emphasize promotion and distribution of their products through person-to-person contact, usually away from a physical retail location and usually through some network of independent sellers. The sales presentations are often held in homes, in the form of door-to-door solicitation, one-to-one meetings, through sales “parties,” or through some type of online social media platform (e.g., Facebook). Direct selling provides a channel of distribution for companies as an alternative to traditional retail outlets; it is attractive to companies that may be unable to compete with the vast advertising and promotion expenses that other manufacturers employ to gain shelf space in traditional retail stores. The variety of products and services that are sold through direct sales matches that of major traditional retailers, including cosmetics, home décor, wellness, jewelry, kitchen products, clothing, organic gardening, and scrapbooking supplies. Promotion of the products often relies on product demonstrations. One type of direct sales is multilevel marketing. A multilevel marketing organization (MLM) is a type of compensation structure (Coughlan & Grayson 1998) through which distributors earn income from their own sales as well as through commissions from the sales made by individuals they have recruited into their organization. As depicted in Figure 1, there are three basic components to compensation: 1. Distributors purchase the products or services at wholesale cost from the MLM organization; these products are sold at a profit (markup) to end consumers 2. Distributors are paid a commission by the MLM for what they sell directly 3. Distributors earn a bonus (percentage) of the sales made by individuals they recruit into the MLM. Recruits are referred to as the distributor’s “downline,” while the recruiter is referred to as the recruited person’s “upline.” MLM and traditional organizations MLM participants include people with diverse backgrounds, levels of education and experience, and personal qualities. Direct selling organizations rely on social connections and relationships to broaden their potential customer base; MLM organizations rely on these social connections as integral to their recruiting as well. MLM organizations do not have formal sales management structures. MLM participants are not “employees,” but rather act as independent franchisees that must adhere to organizational, ethical, and legal parameters. MLM participants are usually not co-located – they do not work at a central office – and often begin work part-time. Participants usually pay start-up or membership fees and pay for training and other selling-related materials. Because MLMs operate without bureaucratic organizational structure or traditional workplace, the company’s culture and ideologies are circulated through social relationships of each individual participant. Several researchers have asserted that cultural characteristics have a significant impact on the success of MLMs in any economy. Biggart (1989) observed that MLMs are successful in Asian countries because those societies tend to be very structured and hierarchical, and individuals in those countries carry a Confucian work ethic similar to Protestant ethic characteristic of the United States. Additionally, Asian extended family networks make selling and recruiting easier. By contrast, Herbig and Yelkurm (1997) observed that MLMs have not succeeded in parts of Europe, because the cultural and ideological climate is comparatively unreceptive to free enterprise and market entry. Laws restrict sellers to contact people at home. Southern European countries, however, tend to have larger informal sectors, fewer worker protections and restrictions, and stronger family and extended-family relationships. Statistics Worldwide, direct retail sales were $182.8 billion in 2014, an increase of over 6% from the previous year; these sales were generated by over 99 million direct-sellingretailers, including cosmetics, home décor, wellness, jewelry, kitchen products, clothing, organic gardening, and scrapbooking supplies. Promotion of the products often relies on product demonstrations. One type of direct sales is multilevel marketing. A multilevel marketing organization (MLM) is a type of compensation structure (Coughlan & Grayson 1998) through which distributors earn income from their own sales as well as through commissions from the sales made by individuals they have recruited into their organization. As depicted in Figure 1, there are three basic components to compensation: 1. Distributors purchase the products or services at wholesale cost from the MLM organization; these products are sold at a profit (markup) to end consumers 2. Distributors are paid a commission by the MLM for what they sell directly 3. Distributors earn a bonus (percentage) of the sales made by individuals they recruit into the MLM. Recruits are referred to as the distributor’s “downline,” while the recruiter is referred to as the recruited person’s “upline.” MLM and traditional organizations MLM participants include people with diverse backgrounds, levels of education and experience, and personal qualities. Direct selling organizations rely on social connections and relationships to broaden their potential customer base; MLM organizations rely on these social connections as integral to their recruiting as well. MLM organizations do not have formal sales management structures. MLM participants are not “employees,” but rather act as independent franchisees that must adhere to organizational, ethical, and legal parameters. MLM participants are usually not co-located – they do not work at a central office – and often begin work part-time. Participants usually pay start-up or membership fees and pay for training and other selling-related materials. Because MLMs operate without bureaucratic organizational structure or traditional workplace, the company’s culture and ideologies are circulated through social relationships of each individual participant. Several researchers have asserted that cultural characteristics have a significant impact on the success of MLMs in any economy. Biggart (1989) observed that MLMs are successful in Asian countries because those societies tend to be very structured and hierarchical, and individuals in those countries carry a Confucian work ethic similar to Protestant ethic characteristic of the United States. Additionally, Asian extended family networks make selling and recruiting easier. By contrast, Herbig and Yelkurm (1997) observed that MLMs have not succeeded in parts of Europe, because the cultural and ideological climate is comparatively unreceptive to free enterprise and market entry. Laws restrict sellers to contact people at home. Southern European countries, however, tend to have larger informal sectors, fewer worker protections and restrictions, and stronger family and extended-family relationships. Statistics Worldwide, direct retail sales were $182.8 billion in 2014, an increase of over 6% from the previous year; these sales were generated by over 99 million direct-selling distributors (World Federation of Direct Selling Associations, 2015). The primary product categories included cosmetics/personal care, wellness, household products, and clothing/accessories. The largest markets for direct selling include the United States, Europe, and Japan. The European Direct Selling Association (Seldia) reported that 2014 sales of direct selling firms in European Union countries were €24 billion (about $26.7 billion), with over 5 million direct sellers (Seldia, 2015). In Japan, 2012 direct selling revenues were ¥177 trillion ($16 billion), with 3.3 million participants (WFDSA, 2015). In the United States, there were over 18 million direct-selling distributors in 2014 who generated $34.5 billion, a 5.5% increase from 2013. The Direct Sales Association reported that over 95% of U.S. direct sales in 2011 were through MLMs (Direct Sales Association, 2015). In terms of participation, the vast majority of direct distributors are women in both of two largest aggregate direct-selling markets. In the European Union, 79% of all direct sellers were women in 2014 (Seldia, 2015); seventy-six percent of direct sellers were considered to be part-time. In the U.S., the percentage of female direct sellers in the U.S. in 2014 was 74% (DSA, 2015). Criticism and Legal/Regulatory Issues Legitimate MLMs are often characterized as or confused with illegal “pyramid” or “Ponzi” schemes, and seem to have always attracted regulatory scrutiny (Arun, 2015; Alpert, 2012; Croft, Cutts & Mould, 2000; Hyman, 2008; Herbig & Yelkurm, 1997; O’Regan, 2015). In response to illegitimate operations, consumer protection groups and federal and local governments have provided information and enacted laws which distinguish MLMs from their fraudulent counterparts. MLMs and pyramid schemes Much of the academic and legal literatures have ventured to provide formal delineation between legal MLMs and the illegal and unethical practices related to pyramid schemes (Stockstill, 1985; Coughlan & Grayson, 1998; Epstein, 2010; Vander Nat & Keep, 2002). There is nearly universal concurrence that whether a program is a legitimate multilevel marketing plan or an illegal pyramid depends on: (1) the method by which the products or services are sold; and (2) the manner in which participants are compensated. Basically, if an organization pays participants for sales by their “enrollees,” “recruits,” and/or their downline enrollees and recruits, that plan is multilevel. If a program compensates participants, directly or indirectly, merely for the introduction or enrollment of other participants into the program, unrelated to the sales of any product, it is considered to be a pyramid. In the United States, federal and state anti-pyramid statutes comprise a comprehensive consumer protection umbrella. These laws are designed to protect individuals from being defrauded through illegitimate programs which lure participants with the promise of easy money by compensating them from the investments of additional participants rather than from legitimate product sales. Federal and state regulatory agencies have sought to prohibit such illegal activity using laws that control pyramids, mail fraud, business opportunity, franchise, lottery, and securities. Internationally, many countries ban some forms of pyramid schemes. Pyramid selling and multilevel marketing both take the form of complex organizations, and because of different interpretations of business activities and underlying regulatory philosophies across countries, regulation takes different forms (Micklitz, Monazzahian & Rößler, 1999; Dobson, 2011; Chan, 1999; China Daily, 2013; Epstein, 2010). Economic Development and MLM Organizations Several studies have observed that one of the key reasons for the establishment and growth of MLM organizations has been that they are often introduced into a larger socioeconomic context, using pre-existing social relationships to become engrained in the overall complex of an economy. Indeed, in communities where families and social networks are relatively large and geographically concentrated, MLM organizations have tended to thrive. MLMs are particularly attractive employment options for groups of people who may experience high unemployment and discrimination in the primary labor market (Brodie, Stanworth & Wotruba, 1998), for example women (Biggart, 1989; Casanova, 2011a, 2011b; Vincent, 2003; Dolan & Scott, 2009; Cahn, 2011; Singh & Aggarwal, 2012) and ethnic minorities (Dai, Wang & Teo, 2011; de Vidas, 2008). Further, as many countries attempt to follow a neo-liberalized, free-market approach to economic development, employment has become more feminized (Standing, 1999) and selling for a transnational direct sales organization is often an appealing option for women in developing countries, providing paid employment that takes place not only outside the home, but outside the archetypical, standardized workplace of the export-product manufacturing factory (Casanova, 2011a, 2011b; Wilson, 1998). Other evidence has suggested several macro-environmental developments that continue to have an impact on direct sales organizations (Ingram, 1993; Ragland, 2012). First, the splintering of market segments into subsegments has compelled companies with fewer resources to focus to avoid the “mass market,” and focus instead on smaller segments, tailoring their efforts to gain customer satisfaction (Kotler & Armstrong, 2014). MLMs are particularly suited to this consumer environment – distributors talking directly to consumers to find out what it is that they want, like, and prefer. One further outcome of this fragmentation has been that people have been forced to seek new groups to satisfy their need to belong, and “hybrid” economic social networks such as MLMs satisfy these nonmaterial needs of distributor participants (Green & D’aiuto, 1977). This appears to be a reasonable explanation of why many of the largest MLM organizations have several million distributors, the majority of whom gain only very minimal financial rewards despite devoting a substantial portion of their time to company activities. A second macro trend is that of globalization. Over the past thirty years, a strong demand has developed for Western products in then-newly-opened European and Asian markets. This continues to be the case in central Asia (India, Russia) and Latin America. In addition to consumer demand, a high level of salesperson motivation in those countries cited as a key to success. Thus consumer demand for MLM-supplied products has grown, while the entrepreneurial spirit that multilevel marketing encourages is appealing to many who seek self-managed work and independence from the traditional employer-employee relationship. Third, manufacturers often pursue multiple channels of distribution to make products available, and MLMs offer a realistic (and often creative) alternative component. This makes it easy for shoppers to find what they want, and a “direct” channel can coexist with traditional channels, allowing entry into extremely local markets and extremely poor consumers (Ireland, 2008; Dolan & Scott, 2009). For example, Ireland (2008) provided several examples of the implementation of MLM in poor communities in South America. This strategy was executed by well-known brands, some of which were recognizable MLMs (e.g. Avon) and some of which were traditional consumer products manufacturers (e.g. Coca Cola). The MLM organization in each of these cases emphasized physical distribution – in some situations going so far as to provide refrigerators in the homes of poor consumers, who would then sell beer or soft drinks directly from their homes. Improving access to products involved elaborate multilevel marketing channels that used the social skills and energy of “bottom of pyramid” (very poor) residents who participated as distributors. A fourth macro-level trend has been that toward trust-based relationship marketing, defined as building, developing and maintaining strong relationships with customers and other stakeholders in order to obtain a high profitability through customer satisfaction (Berry, 1983). The success of the MLM business model as a strategic alternative may thus be linked to the macro-level processes in national and global economies. Discussion and Conclusions Modern versions of direct selling hold the potential to improve lives across the world’s developing economies as the range of products begins to include those that have high social value, such as medicines, hygienic items and communications. Multilevel marketing is an innovation that has become increasingly successful as it has evolved in Western economies to include well-known consumer products (Amway, Tupperware, Mary Kay) but also high-end fashion (J. Hilburn, Etcetera) and even sex toys (Passion Parties). In developing countries, the MLM represents a potentially lucrative channel for traditional companies seeking growth – the flexibility of the channel of distribution, the fact that it relies on existing relationships among potential consumers and distributors, and its ability to reach consumers directly make it a potential tool for economic development. Even still, multilevel marketing carries negative connotations in many marketplaces worldwide. Because MLM participants are technically not employees of their company, “control” over participants is difficult, and continued participation is difficult to maintain. The high degree of commitment and strong organizational culture seem to foster accusations of “cult” behaviors. While there is no question that false product or business opportunity claims may be made – as with any consumer product – academic research tends to suggest that prohibition or strict regulation needs to be carefully weighed against the potential benefits of MLM organizational structures and operations. Multilevel marketing and other direct sales channels of distribution may facilitate economic development, first by employing people who may have little business experience, and second by making products available to consumers in markets where few other retailers may be able to reach. Research also suggests that the MLM business method provides a legitimate alternative strategy to traditional retailing: marketers can get information to consumers in ways that are not feasible using traditional advertising or retail distribution, and person-to-person selling increases the likelihood of customer satisfaction.

Resistance switching memory cells were fabricated using atomically dispersed Pt-SiO2 thin film prepared via RF co-sputtering. The memory cell can switch between a low-resistance-state and a high-resistance-state reversibly and reproducibly through applying alternate voltage polarities. Percolated conducting paths are the origin of the low-resistance-state, while trapping electrons in the negative U-center in the Pt-SiO2 interface cause the high-resistance-state. Intermediate resistance-states are obtained through controlling the compliance current, which can be applied to multi-level operation for high memory density. It is found that the resistance value is related to the capacitance of the memory cell: a 265-fold increase in resistance induces a 2.68-fold increase in capacitance. The exponential growth model of the conducting paths can explain the quantitative relationship of resistance-capacitance. The model states that the conducting path generated in the early stage requires a larger area than that generated in the last stage, which results in a larger decrease in the capacitance.

This study examines the effect of brand-specific transformational leadership (BSTL) on employee-based brand equity (EBBE) with the mediating mechanism of empowerment. We explore the newly emerging concept of ‘employee based brand equity’ particularly from the perspective of brand-specific transformational leadership in the service industry. Furthermore, we explore the perspective of empowerment, structural and psychological empowerment, as the mediating mechanism between BSTL and EBBE. We highlight the direct and indirect effects of BSTL on EBBE and employs hierarchical linear modeling (HLM). 578 questionnaires were collected from multilevel data of subordinates and their supervisors at 58 well-known service brand units in Taiwan. Our research results implicate that: (1) BSTL is positively related to employee base brand equity; (2) Structure empowerment is a mediator factor of BSTL and employee base brand equity relationship; (3) Psychological empowerment is a mediator factor of BSTL and employee base brand equity relationship. This study presents three key contributions. This study provides the following research contributions: (a) In contrast to previous studies that focused on customer brand equity, we initiate the quantitative research of research on frontline employee based brand equity. (b) This study suggests and confirms that BSTL influences EBBE through the mediation of structure empowerment and psychological empowerment, which further contributes to EBBE research. (c) Finally, this study applies a hierarchical linear model to conduct a cross-level analysis of EBBE. Consequently, this study provide evidence supporting the previous assertion that comprehensive insight into service organizational behaviors can be achieved only by employing cross-level analysis and mediating factors.

In this paper we explore the relationships between brand-centered human resource management (HRM) and brand citizenship behavior. The roles of person-brand fit and brand commitment are discussed, and seven hypotheses presented. Using multilevel analysis, we test whether these concepts mediate the relationship between brand-centered HRM and brand citizenship behavior.

본 연구는 부구조화에 기초한 다단계 혼성 구조 재해석방법을 제시한다. 부구조화의 틀에 보존근사화의 각 항을 차원축소법의 기저로 한 보존 전역-부분근사화에 의하여 변위 산정의 정확성과 효율성을 확보하고, 이를 바탕으로 이미 구성된 응력-변위 관계식을 병용하는 혼성방식을 통하여 전체 설계의 중간 단계에서 반복되는 재해석 과정의 신뢰성을 높인다. 전체적으로 선형근사화와 상반근사화를 교차적용하는 1단계 보존근사화로부터 전역 근사화와 결합하여 구하는 변위산정과 그에 종속되는 행렬연산으로 산출하는 응력계산의 3단계로 이루어지는 본 방법은 대형 구조계를 대상으로 하여, 해석의 기본 틀로 부구조화 방법을 택하였으며, 몇 개의 예제들을 통하여 타당성 및 유용성을 검증하였다.

계측점의 규모가 제한되어 있는 경우에 대형구조물의 모든 부재의 손상을 추정하는 것은 기술적으로 불가능하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 최근에 국내외에서 많이 연구되고 있는 인공신경망이론을 이용하여 구조물의 손상을 추정하는 기법을 개발하였으며, 대형구조물의 손상을 계측자료로부터 보다 효과적으로 평가하기 위해 두 단계로 수행되는 손상부재 평가과정을 개발하였다. 먼저 합리적인 평가대상 부재선택을 위해 구조물의 파괴 또는 이상거동 등에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 부재를 민감도분석을 통해 선정한 후, 선정된 부재의 손상추정에 가장 영향을 미치는 계측점과 적절한 계측기의 수를 민감도분석기법을 이용해 선정하는 기법이다. 다양한 예제를 통하여 본 연구에서 제안된 방법들의 적용가능성을 검증한 결과, 본 연구에서 개발한 기법을 적용하면 제한된 수의 계측자료를 가지고 보다 효과적으로 대형구조물의 파괴나 이상거동을 사전에 감지할 수 있는 것으로 분석되었다.

본 논문에서는 다단계다목적함수 최적화(MLMO)를 통해 철근콘크리트 뼈대구조의 최적해를 일단계단일 목적함수 최적화(SLSO)에 의한 결과와 비교하였다. MLMO방법에 의해서 간단히 가중치(Weighting factor)를 도모함으로써 경비와 처짐의 두가지 목적함수를 만족시키는 것이 가능했으며, 단계별로 제약조건식의 수를 감소시키고, 문제형성의 비선형성을 감소시킴으로써 최적화의 과정을 효율적으로 수행할 수 있었다. 또한 각 부구조물간의 설계변수의 변화에 의한 부재력의 변화를 제약조건에 반영하기 위하여 부재력변화량 추정을 하였고 부구조물의 최적화시 부재감 결합(coupling)이 가능하도록 하였다. 부구조물의 최적화시 선형화된 구조시스템의 선형화된 목적함수와 제약조건식을 사용하여 재해석 과정을 효율적으로 감소시킬 수 있었다. 최적화 과정중 초기에는 설계변수에 대한 비교적 큰 이동한계의 사용이 가능하였으며 반복회수 4호 정도에 최적해로의 효율적인 수렴이 이루어졌다.

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to explore how advertising for multilevel marketing brands affect the salesperson’s activity including customer-salesperson interactivity, work attitude, and perceived and actual performance after the campaign. Research Design, data, and methodology - This study collects experimental data, survey data, and actual sales data and applies statistical analyses such as factor analysis, t-tests, and a structural equation model. Results - The results show that advertising campaign can enhance a salesperson’s selling activities and provide wide managerial implications to a multilevel marketing firm by filling the gaps for the field of advertising research. Conclusions - Managerial implications include: i) multilevel marketing firms should consider advertising campaigns as a means of changing customer responses because advertising plays a significant role in increasing familiarity with, and knowledge of, attitudes toward the brand, which also helps salespeople interact with customers; ii) multilevel marketing firms should consider brand advertising as a means to support the sales activities of salespeople including sales effectiveness, work attitudes, and perceived performance, and iii) multilevel marketing firms should consider brand advertising as a means to enhance a salesperson’s pride and motivation for selling their brand, which will lead to improved sales performances.

다문화교육이 정책적으로 강조되면서 교사의 다문화교육 역량을 어떻게 신장시킬 것인가에 대한 논의가 지속적으로 이어지고 있다. 관련 논의 중 본 연구는 교사들이 다문화가정 학생을 어려움 없이 지도할 수 있다고 생각하는 긍정적 인식에 영향을 미치는 요인들이 무엇인지 교사효능감의 이론 틀을 적용하여 분석하였다. 특히 교사효능감을 형성하는 주요 요인 중 교사의 성취 및 대리 경험, 학교 환경 등을 고려하여 다문화가정 학생 지도에 대한 교사의 긍정적 인식이 어떤 요인들에 의해 제고될 수 있는지 살펴보고자 했다. 이러한 문제의식을 바탕으로 2016 다문화사회 관련 의식 조사 중 교사 데이터를 활용하여 179개교의 3,970명의 교사를 대상으로 다층모형을 통해 분석을 시행하였다. 그 결과, 교사의 성취 경험이라고 할 수 있는 다문화가정 학생 담임 경험은 정적인 효과가 있었지만 다문화교육 관련 강의 수강이나 현직연수 프로그램 이수는 유의미한 효과가 나타나지 않았다. 교사의 대리 경험으로서 가정한 동료 교사들의 다문화사회에 대한 긍정적 인식 수준은 정적인 효과가 있었으며 학교 간 효과의 차이가 존재함을 확인하였다. 한편 학교의 다문화교육 관련 정책 수행과 학교 문화는 유의미한 효과가 나타나지 않았다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 다문 화 관련 교사교육과 학교 정책에 대한 시사점을 도출하였다.

We studied clinical utility of open door laminoplasty with foraminotomy in CSM with multilevel radiculopathy. We divided into two groups; the first group underwent laminoplasty with formainotomy, and the second group underwent laminoplasty and multiple ant. approaches. In the first group, the JOA score increased from a preoperative 13.3 to postoperative 16.0 (range, 10 to 18), and in the second group from 12.8 to 15.5 (range, 10 to 18). However, the pre-operative VAS score was 6.1, 6.5 and, 2 weeks after surgery, had decreased to 2.4, 1.4, the last score was the same, 1.8, finally. The open door lami-noplasty with foraminotomy was easily performed and clinical profiles were similar to those for the laminoplasty and multi-ple anterior approach.