본 논문에서는 초고층 건물의 철근콘크리트 아웃리거 벽체 개구부의 최적설계를 위한 수학적 최적화 프레임워크를 제시하였다. 전용 유한요소해석 프로그램을 이용하여 아웃리거 벽체를 해석하였으며 깊은 보의 스트럿-타이 거동을 고려하여 개구부를 배치하였다. 최적화를 위해 파이썬 SciPy 라이브러리 중 순차이차계획법(Sequential Quadratic Programming)을 이용하여 제약 경계 최적화를 수행 하였다. 최적화에 필요한 미분가능한 연속 함수를 얻어내기 위해 선형 보간법을 사용하였으며, 최적화 프로그램의 효율성을 위해 데이터베이스를 이용하였다. 2변수 최적화의 결과를 탐색 알고리즘의 이동 경로를 통해 살펴본 결과 알고리즘이 최적화된 결과를 효율적으로 찾아냄을 확인하였다. 그리고 개구부의 폭을 모두 같게 설정한 것이 아닌 각각의 개구부의 크기를 개별 변수로 설정하였을 경우 목적함수의 값이 최소화되어 더 우수한 최적화 결과를 도출함을 확인하였다. 또한, 최적화의 과정에 있어 데이터베이스를 이용할 경우 최적화 시간을 효과적으로 단축시킬 수 있음을 확인하였다.

이 글은 바흐와 그의 음악을 1700년대를 전후한 독일의 오페라 전통이라는 음악문화 안에서, 또는 그것에 기대어 이해하려는 시도이다. 전통적인 바흐연구는 바흐가 속한 사회적 맥락을 경건과 세속, 또는 교회와 그 외부로 엄밀하게 구분했고, 작곡가를 경건과 교회에 속한 루터교 교회음악가 로 규정했다. 이 연구는 이러한 시각에 문제를 제기하면서, 당대 독일, 특별히 라이프치히의 지적, 신학적 담론이 세속과 교회가 구분되는, 그리하여 서로 넘나드는 유동적이고 탄력적이며 다양한 문 화적, 사회적, 신학적 지형을 만들어나가고 있었다는 사실을 주장한다. 이러한 지형 안에서 당대 작곡가들은 전례음악과 오페라 모두를 넘나드는 작품을 작곡하였다. 이 글의 결론은 바흐 역시 당대의 음악관습에서 예외일 수 없다는 사실을 지적하고 있다.

In January 2019, the Jeju District Court handed down a ruling to reject the indictment from all 18 survivors who were sentenced to prison terms in 1948 and 1949 at military court meetings in Jeju. For the past 71 years, Jeju Islanders have campaigned for transitional justice in that time to find the truth about the Jeju massacres(1947-1954). The most important and urgent task in solving the Jeju massacres issue is to set the right for truth and transitional justice before seeking reconciliation and co-prosperity each other. The ruling, which was made by the Jeju District Court in fact not guilty of surviving inmates of the military court in 1948 and 1949, carries the historical significance of returning to the pivot to human rights.

Background: Although magnetic resonance imaging is accurate, it is expensive to measure the movement of temporomandibular joint. The three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis system is an inexpensive measurement tool. Objects: This study examined the reliability of quantifying the mouth opening and lateral mandibular shift and differences between individuals with and without temporomandibular disorder (TMD) using the hygienic method of surface markers on the skin with 3D ultrasound-based motion analysis. Methods: This study included 24 subjects (12 with and 12 without TMD). Temporomandibular joint motion during mouth opening was recorded using two surface markers with 3D ultrasound-based motion analysis. An intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC (3,k)] was used to confirm the intrarater reliability of quantifying kinematic temporomandibular joint motion, and an independent t-test was used to evaluate differences in maximal mouth opening and lateral mandibular shift between the two groups. Results: Assessment of mouth opening and lateral mandibular shift showed excellent test–retest reliability with low standard error of measurement. The lateral mandibular shift and opening-lateral mandibular shift ratio were significantly increased in the TMD group during maximum mouth opening (p<.05). However, no significant difference in maximal mouth opening was observed between the groups with and without TMD (p>.05). Conclusion: This hygienic and simple surface marker method can be used to quantify the mouth opening and lateral mandibular shift at the end-range of mouth opening. The TMD group showed an increased lateral mandibular shift movement at the end-range of mouth opening. The lateral mandibular shift movement can be regarded as a symptom in the diagnosis and treatment of TMD.

개혁개방이후 중국은 경제적 발전에 따라 사회적 갈등과 경제적 분화가 급속히 일어났다. 그 중에서도 소유형태의 허용으로 인한 도시와 농촌간의 격차, 기업 간의 격차 등이 생기면서 중국은 새로운 갈등문제가 경제속도에 상응하면서 발생하게 된 것이다. 특히 농촌에서의 도시로의 진입은 사회 계층구조에 급격한 변화를 발생시켜서 도농간의 격차와 함께 경제적 격차와 사고적 갈등을 일으키게 되었다. 이러한 문제들이 현저하게 발생하게 되자 많은 중국의 젊은 감독들이 그동안 소외되어 왔던 도시 빈민들, 농공민, 방황하는 젊은이들을 소재로 영상으로 담아내었다. 특히 이러한 문제의식에 깊이 있는 성찰로 사회적, 계층적 갈등문제를 국제적으로 다루고 있는 감독이 지아장커(賈樟柯) 감독이었다. 그는 그의 영화들 속에서 그 의미들을 우리들에게 심각하지 않으면서도 신랄하게 전달해주고 있다.

In the historical flow of the Second Revolution of China, the reform and opening, Chinese films have achieved rapidly developing revolution and expansion. These revolutions and expansions are expressed mainly in four respects. That is, the ecological environment of film, the change from closed to open film production mechanism (change), the film management mechanism, from single to pluralization (change), to market from film marketing market (change), from domestic to overseas (change). It is through this transformation and expansion that China has already developed to a movie superpower. But in order for China to become a true film powerhouse, there are still many problems to solve. If these problems are not solved in a timely manner, the dream of a "movie powerhouse" may not be realized quickly. At present, in each field of China, all kinds of projects for full and intensified reform are ongoing, and the formation of a new structure of external openness is accelerating in all directions. Under these circumstances and in the context of the society, Chinese film will be able to make quicker and better development in each field only when they spur to construction of movie power country by continuously strengthening its core competitiveness with continuous realizing and executing the "Film Industry Promotion Act" and reform and opening policies, while adapting to the new changes in the new era and also they can smoothly complete conversion and development from a movie power country to a great film power.

In case of a low speed gearing in the automatic transmission, since the torque is increased, it is difficult to secure a good feeling on gear shift of transmission. It is possible to improve the shift feeling on transmission by applying a one-way clutch in case of the gear shift from the first stage to the second stage. But in case of the gear shift from the second stage to the third stage, it is difficult to secure a good feeling on gear shift of transmission because the hydraulic components are directly controlled simultaneously. In this study, a shift performance of an automatic transmission was investigated as a basic study to solve these problems. The subjects of this study are 2-3 step upshifting gearing process and the performance data such as the pressure characteristics and torque of the transmission according to the amount of the throttle valve opening are analyzed on basis of experiment with an actual vehicle. As a result, the transient time of the shift is closely related to the amount of the throttle valve, opening and the time point at which the shifting ends is shortened when the throttle valve opening reaches 30% of the opening amount.

This study was conducted in order to improve opening efficiency of the miniaturized small-scale net for anchovy boat seine gear to reduce the fleet size. Field experiment was performed to observe geometry of nets by catcher boats. When the distance between the two ships was 150, 300 and 450 m and the speed of towing nets was 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2 kt, the vertical opening and actual opening of each part of the miniaturized small-scale net was as follows: the front part of the wing net, 6.8-9.5 m, 45-63%; the middle part of the wing net, 16.1-30.7 m, 34-65%; the entrance of the inside wing net, 21.6-41.2 m, 44-84%; the square and bosom, 17.4-34.0 m, 38-75%; the entrance of the body net, 16.5-29.4 m, 36-64%; the entrance of the bag net, 14.5-21.9 m, 70-106%; the flapper, 6.7-7.7 m, 81-83%, and the end of the bag net, 8.6-10.9 m, 64-81%. The tension of towing nets was measured to be 2,734-6,812 kg approximately, which indicates that the fleet can tow nets with 350 hp, the standard engine horse power. The fishing operation time was shortened comparing to existent net with the large-scale buoy attachment operation. It was also possible to operate the ship without fish detecting boat.

본 연구는 국립공원 신규 탐방로 개방 전․후 초기 토양경도의 변화를 알아보기 위해 실시하였다. 연구대상지는 2018년 5월 16일에 개방된 설악산국립공원 점봉산 곰배골 신규 탐방로이며, 조사시기는 탐방로 개방 전 2018년 4월 27일과 탐방로 개방 후 2018년 6월 23일에 실시하였다. 토양경도 측정은 미국 Foresty Suppliers, Inc.사의 토양경도계를 이용하였으며, 분석은 Spss ver.23을 통해 시행하였다. 탐방로 개방에 따른 탐방로 좌․내․우측의 토양경도를 비교 한 결과, 탐방로 내의 토양경도는 개방 전 2.00±1.09kg/㎠에서 개방 후 3.72±0.70kg/㎠로 높아졌으며, 탐방로 좌측의 토양 경도는 개방 전 0.46±0.45kg/㎠에서 개방 후 0.98±0.68kg/㎠로, 탐방로 우측의 토양경도는 개방 전 0.51±0.42kg/㎠에서 개방 후 0.76±0.52kg/㎠로 나타났다. 탐방로 유형별(계곡, 사면)의 토양경도를 비교한 결과, 탐방로 좌측은 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났으나, 탐방로 내와 우측은 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 탐방로의 토양경도는 계곡부와 사면부 등 지형 유형과 관계없이 탐방로 개방 후에 높아졌다. 본 연구의 시사점은 국립공원에서의 탐방 등 레크레이션 에 의한 생태적 영향 규명과 국립공원 핵심 서식지에서의 보전 관리 지표를 개발하는데 유용하게 활용될 것으로 판단된다.

The emergence of a new marketing channel affects the economy by expanding the consumer's choice of products, altering the competitiveness of retail markets and having an influence on manufacturers' profitability. The electronic commerce channel through the Internet constitutes a typical marketing channel with these features. In this paper, we construct a vertical product differentiation model comprising an upstream manufacturer and two downstream retailers. Our model is closely related to that in Chiang, Chhajed and Hess (2003). We incorporate cost asymmetry across the retailers into the model, a new feature which is not in their model. In this model, the manufacturer not only produces a physical product it sells to the downstream retailers, but also has an option of "versioning" to open a new direct channel for an alternate digital product. We find that, when the marginal cost of the physical product is in some range given other cost parameters, the direct digital channel reduces the quantity of the physical product sold by the inefficient retailer even if it increases total quantity of the physical product. We also find that, when it is higher than the above-mentioned range, the direct digital channel increases the quantity of the physical product sold by the efficient retailer even if it reduces its total quantity. Cost asymmetry across the retailers plays a role in these results. Taking the above results into account, we discuss managerial implications for a manufacturer supplying the physical and digital products.

This research examines the impact of closing versus opening eyes on consumers’ decision making as to whether the decision context is driven by utilitarian versus hedonic motivation. The findings from three studies show that consumers processing advertising messages with their eyes closed are likely to use high-level, abstract processing, and thus more positively evaluate the utilitarian products (vs. the hedonic products). On the contrary, consumers with their eyes open are likely to use low-level, concrete processing, and thus more positively evaluate the hedonic products (vs. the utilitarian products). Implications for consumers and marketers are discussed.

In this study, the structural analysis of the structural insulation panels with openings was carried out. The analytical results were compared with those of the previous structural performance tests. The structural behavior of the structural insulation panels subjected to eccentric axial load with the opening size, installation direction as parameters was analyzed through finite element analysis. Through this, we propose an optimal opening shape suitable for the structural insulation panel.

43세 남자 환자가 3일 간의 상복부 통증으로 본원에 입원하였다. 복부 전산화 단층 촬영에서 담도에 공기가 차있는 양상이 관찰되었으며 내시경역행성담췌관조영술에서 십이지장 기형을 동반한 바터 팽대부와 이소성 총담관 개구부가 나타났다. 담즙 감압을 위해 바터 팽대부의 상부 언덕 부위에 있는 이소성 총담 관개구부를 통해 플라스틱 스텐트를 삽입하여 증상 호전되어 퇴원하였다. 퇴원 2주 후에 황달의 악화로 재입원하였다. 플라스틱 스텐트 제거 후 이전 스텐트 삽입부 주위의 발적, 궤양이 관찰되어 생검을 시행하였다. 생검상 고도 이형성이 진단되었으며 휘플 수술을 받았다. 내시경적 생검은 이소성 총담관 개구 부 및 주위 점막 이상을 지닌 환자에서 권장된다.

This study was conducted in order to improve opening efficiency of the miniaturized large-scale net for anchovy boat seine gear to reduce the fleet size. Field experiments were performed to observe geometry of nets by catcher boats. When the distances between the two ships were 150, 300 and 450 m, and the speeds of towing nets were 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2 k't, respectively. The vertical opening and actual opening of each part of the miniaturized large-scale net was as follows: the front part of the wing net, 8.7-13.3 m, 51-78%; the middle part of the wing net, 28.1-34.2 m, 55-67%; the entrance of the inside wing net, 31.3-38.5 m, 60-73%; the square and bosom, 22.7-29.6 m, 47-62%; the entrance of the body net, 20.9-26.4 m, 42-52%; the entrance of the bag net, 17.2-21 m, 72-89%; the flapper, 13.2-15.3 m, 78-83%; and the end of the bag net, 13.2-15.7 m, 72-75%. By connecting the net pendants with the front part of the wing net, the opening of the front part of the wing net was significantly improved compared to the traditional gear, which ensured both the wing net and the inside wing net with a normal net height. This, in turn, increased the efficiency of herding. The height of the body and bag nets was also higher than that of the tradition gear. In particular, the body net attached to the gear significantly improved the pocket shape of the gear and reduced the number of fish that were caught and escaped from the bag net, which increased the rate of fishing. The tension of towing nets was measured approximately between 2,958 and 7,110 kg, which indicates that the fleet can tow nets with 350 ps, the standard engine horse power. The fishing operation time was shortened compared with of the existent net, and the large-scale buoy attachment operation was also possible to operate the ship without fish detecting boat.

This study was conducted in order to improve fishing gear for existent net of the anchovy boat seine. Field experiments were performed to observe geometry of nets by catcher boats. When the distances between the two ships were 100, 300, and 500 m, and the speeds of towing nets were 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2 k't, respectively. The vertical opening and actual opening of each part of the existent net was as follows: the middle part of the wing net, 12.9-26.6 m, 19-39%; the entrance of the inside wing net, 23.3-35.3 m, 40-60%; the square and bosom, 18.4-24.2 m, 37-49%; the entrance of the bag net, 19.0-23.3 m, 79-96%; the flapper, 13.2-15.3 m, 142-161%; and the end of the bag net, 13.2-15.7 m, 51-61%. The actual net opening of each part of the existent nets used in this study was lower than that of the design net height, due to the low net height of the wing net and the inside wing net, it limited a range of the net height of the square and bosom. The opening of the entrance of the bag net caused the net pocket shape and inflated some parts of the nets. The tension of towing nets was measured between 4.4 and 11.0 tons, and it is necessary to reduce the structure and improve the structure of the bag net.