포도 수출단지(경기 화성, 경북 상주와 영천, 전북 남원, 충북 영동)를 중심으로 애무늬고리장님노린 재에 의한 피해의 지역적 분포와 수출농가와 일반농가 간에 차이를 알아보고자 2010년부터 2012년까지 수행하였다. 애무늬고리장님노린재에 의한 포도 피해는 조사한 62개 과원 모두에서 나타났고, 피해율은 지역에 따라 차이가 있었으며, 동일지역 내에서도 농가별로 차이가 있었다. 내수용 포도를 생산하는 과 원에 비하여 수출용 포도를 생산하는 농가의 피해율이 낮았으며 피해신초율과 피해엽율은 높은 상관관 계를 보였다. 끈끈이트랩에는 15종의 노린재가 채집되었는데 애무늬고리장님노린재가 우점종이었다. 끈 끈이트랩에 유인되는 애무늬고리장님노린재의 밀도도 지역 간에 차이가 있었으며 수출과원이 내수과원 에 비하여 밀도가 낮았다. 포도과원에서 애무늬고리장님노린재는 수확기까지 지속적으로 끈끈이트랩에 채집되었다.

본 연구는 19년생 상수리나무 육종실생채종원에서 다양한 유전간벌 모형(간벌 방법 및 강도)에 따른 개량효과와 유전다양성을 추정함으로써, 본 채종원에 적합한 유전간벌 방법 및 강도를 선정하기 위해 실시하였다. 간벌 방법은 개체간벌, 가계간벌, 가계+가계 내 개체간벌을 적용하였으며, 간벌강도는 10% 단위로 10∼90%의 간벌강도를 적용하였다. 개체간벌은 모든 간벌강도에서 가장 높은 개량효과가 나타났지만, 유효집단크기를 이용하여 추정한 유전다양성은 가장 낮게 나타났다. 가계간벌은 가장 높은 유전다양성이 나타났지만, 잔존 가계수가 적고 개량효과가 극히 낮아 본 채종원에 적용할 간벌 방법으로는 부적절하였다. 가계+가계 내 개체간벌 방법은 높은 개량효과가 추정되면서, 안정된 유전다양성이 유지되었다. 간벌강도는 가계수와 유전다양성이 일정하게 유지되면서, 높은 개량효과를 얻을 수 있는 60%의 간벌강도가 적절한 것으로 생각되었다. 결론적으로 본 상수리나무 육종실생채종원 관리를 위하여 개량효과를 높이면서 유전다양성을 안정적으로 유지할 수 있는 가계+가계내 개체간벌 방안을 제시하는 바이다. 또한 상수리나무 채종원 관리자는 목적하는 개량효과 달성 및 유전다양성 유지에 필요한 유전간벌 강도를 설정할 수 있을 것이다.

Bumblebee, Bombus terrestris is widely used to pollinate various crops, especially tomato, in greenhouses. Mason bee, Osmia cornifrons, which is using as apple pollinator. Here we investigated characteristics on pollinating activity of B. terrestris and O. conifrons at different weather conditions in apple orchard. The foraging activity of O. conifrons was more sensitive than that of B. terrestris at weather conditions including temperature, illumination intensity and wind velocity. The pollinating activity of O. conifrons was very low than that of B. terrestris at a low temperature, cloudy, rainy and windy weather. Therefore, Our results indicated that B. terrestris was suitable for apple pollinator than O. conifrons, especially in low temperature and bad weather.

This study was conducted to develop the biological insect pest control on pear orchard by using the native natural enemy from 2011 to 2013. We selected the green lacewing, Chrysoperla nipponensis (Okamoto) for useful natural enemy and developed the artificial mass rearing technique, and tested finally in pear orchard located in Anseong city. Nine species of insect pests including Pseudococcus comstocki on pear and seven species of natural enemies including C. nipponensis were investigated in Gyeonggi area. The optimum developmental temperature, humidity and photoperiod for C. nipponensis were 20 ∼25℃, 60∼70%, and 16L : 8D respectively. One C. nipponensis during larval stage could feed about 440 2nd nymphs of P. comstocki at 20℃. The more prey density increase, the more feeding amount C. nipponensis larva was increased. The eggs of almond moth, Ephestia cautella were useful as a substitute diet for natural enemy, C. nipponensis. Three commercial insecticides which registered as insecticide on pear shown the low toxicity to natural enemy, C. nipponensis will be suitable for integrated pest management (IPM) in pear orchards. C. nipponensis shown the about 80% of control value against the P. comstocki in field test when had committed from the early May to the early July. Controlling the P. comstocki by using of C. nipponensis, not only the 30% of yield was increased, but also the quality especially fruit sugar was increased.

Bumblebee, Bombus terrestris is widely used to pollinate various crops, especially tomato, in greenhouses. Mason bee, Osmia cornifrons, which is using as apple pollinator. Here we investigated characteristics on pollinating activity of B. terrestris and O. conifrons at different weather conditions in apple orchard. The foraging activity of O. conifrons was more sensitive than that of B. terrestris at weather conditions including temperature, illumination intensity and wind velocity. The pollinating activity of O. conifrons was very low than that of B. terrestris at a low temperature, cloudy, rainy and windy weather. Therefore, Our results indicated that B. terrestris was suitable for apple pollinator than O. conifrons, especially in low temperature and bad weather.

Bumblebee, Bombus terrestris is widely used to pollinate various crops, especially tomato, in greenhouses. Mason bee, Osmia cornifrons, which is using as apple pollinator. Here we investigated characteristics on pollinating activity of B. terrestris and O. conifrons at different weather conditions in apple orchard. The foraging activity of O. conifrons was more sensitive than that of B. terrestris at weather conditions including temperature, illumination intensity and wind velocity. The pollinating activity of O. conifrons was very low than that of B. terrestris at a low temperature, cloudy, rainy and windy weather. Therefore, Our results indicated that B. terrestris was suitable for apple pollinator than O. conifrons, especially in low temperature and bad weather.

본 연구는 네눈쑥가지나방 유충의 공간분포 특성을 분석하여 산란처와 관련된 유충의 감귤원 내로 정착과정을 이해하고자 실시하였다. 노지와 하우스 모두 감귤나무에서는 알이 발견되지 않았고, 부지화 시설재배 하우스의 방충망에서 발견되었다. 시설재배 부지화에서 네눈쑥가지나방 유충은 통계적으로 유의하게 집중분포를 보였다. 온주밀감 노지재배원에서 분산지수(ID)는 전체적으로 1.0내외로 약한 집중 정도를 나타냈다. 하지만, 검정통계량인 d-값은 대부분 조사일에 -1.96에서 1.96 사이에 있어 임의분포가 통계적으로 유의하였다. 집중정도를 나타내는 GI 지수는 전체적으로 낮아 집중정도가 약하였으며, 집중분포로 검정된 경우에도 집중정도는 크지 않았다. 네눈쑥가지나방 유충수의 빈도분포는 포아송(임의분포)과 음이항 분포(집중분포)를 동시 만족시키는 경우가 많았다. 또한 유충 공간분포의 시간적 변화는 초기 정착지점에서 분산하는 양상이 아니라 무작위로 외부로부터 비산하여 새로 정착되는 양상을 보였다. 기타 시설과 노지감귤원에서 네눈쑥가지나방 유충 공간분포 양상의 차이에 대하여 고찰하였다.

In apple orchards under different farming practices (organic and conventional), arthropod community structure was investigated. Arthropods were collected with pitfall traps, band traps, yellow sticky traps and pheromone traps from May to December, 2012 in Danyang-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea. Biodiversity was analyzed with species richness and Shannon diversity index (H΄). Sampled arthropods were identified 37 families in 14 orders from 21,618 individuals in organic orchard-1 and 33 families in 10 orders from 11,318 individuals in organic orchard-2 and 35 families in 13 orders from 27,711 individuals in conventional orchard. Species richness was relatively highest in organic orchard-1, intermediate in conventional orchard and lowest in organic orchard-2. In ecologically functional group, abundance of pests was higher in conventional orchard than in organic orchards due to the high occurrence of Phyllonorycte ringoniella (Gracillariidae) and Lyonetia prunifoliella (Lyonetiidae). Organic orchards showed higher abundance, species richness and species diversity of epigeic predators and those of parasitoids above ground than conventional orchard. Abundance of detritivores, mainly collembola, were higher in organic orchard than in conventional orchard.

Insects in temperate climate zones are challenged to endure harsh temperature regimes and the absence of food resources during winter. Many insects overwinter in diapause at different sites. The overwintering sites differ according to the insect species. The study was conducted to investigate the overwintering sites between the two orchard systems for the Grapholita molesta larvae. Overwintering sites of Grapholita molesta were found different between apple grafting systems. More individuals favored the side branches and main bottom trunk as overwintering sites in big tree system (M26) and in dwarf grafting high density system (M9) respectively. There was no significant different between M9 and M26 cultivars in the relative proportion of larvae. However, significant differences were found in the interaction between the overwintering sites and the two M9 and M26 cultivar orchard systems. The natural mortality from the field was estimated as 22.1% and 18.3% from dwarfing, high density orchards and the big tree orchard systems respectively. This study provides valuable information and guidelines to understand the major overwintering sites within different orchard systems for scheduling management actions against spring adult moths population emergence.

 ,  , The dispersion indices, spatial pattern and sampling plan for pink citrus rust mite (PCRM), Aculops pelekassi, monitoring was investigated. Dispersion indices of PCRM indicated the aggregated spatial pattern. Taylor’s power law provided better description of variance-mean relationship than Iwao’s patchiness regression. Fixed-precision levels (D) of a sequential sampling plan were developed using by Taylor’s power law parameters generated from PCRM on fruit sample (cumulated number of PCRM in cm<, SUP>, 2<, /SUP>, of fruit). Based on Kono-Sugino’s empirical binomial the mean density per cm<, SUP>, 2<, /SUP>, could be estimated from fruit ratio with more than 12 rust mites per cm<, SUP>, 2<, /SUP>, : ln(m)=4.61+1.23ln[-ln(1<, SUB>, -p12<, /SUB>, )]. To determine the optimal tally threshold, the variance (var(lnm)) for mean (lnm) in Kono-Sugino equation was estimated. The lower and narrow ranged change of variance for esimated mean showed at a tally threshold of 12. To estimate PCRM mean density per cm<, SUP>, 2<, /SUP>, at fixed precision level 0.25, the required sample number was 13 trees, 5 fruits per tree and 2 points per fruit (total 130 samples).

This study investigated mineral element concentrations of acorns in Quercus acutissima and Quercus serrata seed orchard, so that to estimate the variation of these species based on the chemical composition in different clones from plus trees. The acorns were collected from ten clones of each species grown in the same clonal seed orchard. The nutritional concentration of acorns was significantly different between the clones and species. The concentration of nutrient for the whole acorn followed in this general sequence: P > K > Na > Mg > Ca > Mn > Fe > Zn > Cu . The mineral concentrations of acorns in clones of Q. acutissima and Q. serrata contained P (494 to 684 and 541 to 672 mg/100 g), K (114 to 569 and 140 to 251 mg/100 g), Na (57 to 121 and 49 to 85 mg/100 g), Mg (29 to 37 and 26 to 42 mg/100 g), Ca (10 to 53 and 26 to 68 mg/100 g), Mn (0.5 to 3.4 and 1.8 to 4.5 mg/100 g), Fe (0.7 to 1.1 and 0.0 to 2.2 mg/100 g), Zn (0.34 to 0.81 and 0.38 to 0.84 mg/100 g), and Cu (0.13 to 0.40 and 0.09 to 0.34 mg/100 g) respectively. Even though acorns of Q. serrata are smaller in size than Q. acutissima, acorns of Q. serrata contained significantly higher concentration of phosphorus, calcium, iron and manganese than Q. acutissima. Based on the mineral composition of the acorns, this study has shown that the clones of Q. acutissima and Q. serrata have different ability to accumulate mineral nutrients which could indicate the variation of Quercus species in terms of mineral acquisition and accumulation.

Understanding the spatial pattern of G. molesta and the temporal variation of their patterns are important to develop and maintain pest management programs in fruit orchards. The overwintering larvae of G. molesta pupate early in the spring and new adults begin a flight for several reasons such as mating, seeking resources (food or shelter) and oviposition. It was known that G. molesta presented “low movement activity” and male G. molesta flight behavior was closely related to the proximity of its host crops. Unmated males remain near the site of emergence in order to find and copulate with unmated females. The fruit-bearing status of orchards are important factors for G. molesta movement. To elucidate the spatial distribution and temporal variation of G. molesta within and among orchards, pheromone traps targeting male G. molesta were used because the trap represent a reliable and economic tool for monitoring adult G. molesta populations. The study was conducted in two apple orchards (one is isolated from other fruit orchards and another is surrounded by apple orchards), Andong and in seven plum orchards, Uiseong, 2010. Using spatial analysis by distance indices, the spatial pattern of G. molesta in each sampling date was presented. In the study of the spatial pattern within apple orchard, the index of aggregation (Ia) of isolated orchard were presented >1, indicating an aggregated distribution pattern, from monitoring results. The spatial association between successive monitoring using X (the index of spatial association) was negative during spring season and after then the value was changed to positive. In the experiment of the spatial pattern among orchards, the index of aggregation was >1 in most monitoring date and the index of spatial association was negative during early and late growing season. Factors influencing the spatial-temporal dynamics of G. molesta are discussed.

본 시험은 유기농 사과과원에서 생육초기인 5월과 6월에 ‘후지’ 사과나무 주위를 청결상태로 유지했을 때 잎과 토양의 무기성분 및 수체생장과 수확량에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 조기예초구 (5월과 6월에 예초)는 관행예초구(6월말 한번 예초)보다 높은 예초량 발생으로 수체에 높은 무기성분을 공급하였지만 토양과 잎의 칼륨함량을 증가시킨 것 이외에는 다른 무기성분에는 별다른 영향이 없었다. 하지만 엽내 칼륨은 관행재배에서 보고한 기준치보다 낮은 농도를 나타내었다. 두 처리 모두 재배 중기까지 토양에 약 200 g 전후의 전질소를 공급하여서 8년생 사과나무가 요구로 하는 질소량을 충족시켰다. 조기예초구는 수체의 수관증가와 원면적을 증가시킴으로써 과실의 수량을 관행예초구 보다 증가시켰다.

We investigated nesting and foraging behavior of Korean mason bees, Osmia cornifrons Radoszkowski, during apple orchard pollination. When O. cornifrons was nesting, the oviposit and store pollens were taken an average 118.54±15.88 second and constructing cell partition was an average 109.33±62.09 second. At foraging, collecting pollens was timed at an average 699.89±81.87 second, and carrying mud was measured an average 464.88±151.17 second. Nesting and foraging behavior of O. cornifrons were influenced by weather conditions, especially, temperature, luminance and wind. When the luminance was more than 20,000lux and temperature was more than 20℃, O. cornifrons was more actively nesting and foraging. But, nesting and foraging of O. cornifrons were rapidly dropped when the wind blew at the speed more than 5m/s. The correlation analysis showed that foraging behavior is weak positive correlation with luminance, temperature and nesting. On the other hand, there is negative correlation between wind and the behavior of O. cornifrons. The most effective factor was luminance among the factors affecting the weather condition by regression analysis. Therefore, if weather conditions is low luminance, low temperature and strong wind, it will be better not to use O. cornifrons during apple pollination.

We investigated the distribution and habitat characterization of Korean Osmia spp. in apple orchard of 32 localities during 2005 to 2008. A total of 6,737 Osmia spp. were collected, consisting of six species, which was Osmia cornifrons, O. pedicornis, O. taurus, O. benefica, O. satoi and O. jacoti. The rate of bee nested was 11.7%. Among collected 32 localities, Choongju showed the most collecting rate among other localities, which was 22.4% and 17.5% for Yeongju and 14.9% for Geochang. In case of collected six Osmia spp, O. cornifrons was 60.2%, which was the dominant species and O. pedicornis was 20.4% and O. taurus was 10.8%, respectively. In case of sex ratio, O. cornifrons was 1 : 2.7 and 1 : 5.6 for O. pedicornis and 1 : 2.3 for O. taurus. Osmia spp. was more collected at habitat conditions within apple orchard with plentiful pollens place and abundant water.

The damage of citrus fruit by yellow tea thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, was first confirmed in 2008, and has since been one of the serious pests of citrus in Jeju. This was reported on damage symptom on tangor cultivar, Setoka (Tangor Norin No. 8) fruits cultivated in a greenhouse and the characteristic of spatial disttribution of S. dorsalis caught on yellow sticky traps was conducted in three commercial citrus orchards. The feeding habits by S. dorsalis cause rind blemishes on the navel part of fruit. The damage is characterized by being scarped and figure like covered cloud on satsum mandarine fruit, but on by a brown ring of rough russeting that occurs on navel part of Setoka fruit. The season of damage occurrence was from middle of June to late of July. There was a highly significant relationship between the average number of thrips per trap and the maximum number caught on a trap. The overall differences between the linear regression models obtained from mean-variance relationship for each surveyed fields were tested by type Ⅲ error and contrast method. The characteristic of spatial distribution of S. dorsalis was better described by Taylor's power law than Iwao's patchiness regression, and the dispersion index which is the slope (=1.72) of linear regression model showed the aggregated distribution pattern. The sequential sampling stop lines at fixed precision level of 0.20, 0.25 and 0.30 were calculated.

This study demonstrates a variability in efficacy of mating disruption against the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta, populations infesting apples cultivated in differential environmental conditions. Throughout the growing seasons, trap catches of G. molesta male moths and damaged leaf and fruit were examined to evaluate the efficacy of a commercialized mating disruptor. Treatment of the mating disruptor significantly reduced the trap catches of male moth in treated plot, compared to those of the untreated plot. This reduced trap catches were significantly correlated with leaf and fruit damage. Moreover, the highest host damage occurred in June just after the highest overwintering adult peaks in both plots. The treatment of mating disruptors in Chungsong effectively disrupted the overwintering population in April and May, resulting in no noticeable host damage during the following growing seasons. However, there was a marked difference in host damage between two plots, especially in late seasons. Variation in the efficacy of mating disruption technology in terms of host damage appeared to be related with nearby pheromone-untreated orchards, which may result in the immigration of gravid females.