This study was carried out to investigate the damage patterns, the occurrence and migration time of Pseudococcus comstocki and in order to improve the control effect of organic agricultural materials (OAMs). The experiment was carried out at Okcheon’s organic vineyard (2,500 ㎡, sandy loam, manure) where planted 8~9 year old ‘Muscat of Alexandria’ vines. The comstock mealybug’s migration to grape clusters occurred from the middle of July, and produced eggs in the grape clusters from the end of July, and the density of the comstock mealybug was highest at 0.6/㎠ in late August. The number and fruit damage of comstock mealybug in eco-friendly vineyards were higher than in conventional culture vineyard. And the marketability of green variety grape was more damaged from comstock mealybug than the black variety grape. Toxicities of 8 OAMs were evaluated to comstock mealybug at the recommended concentration. As a results, Lightyellow sophora and Derris extracts exhibited strong insecticidal activity with 100% mortality. When the Lightyellow sophora extract was uniformly distributed on the vine from early-July to mid-July, fruit damage reduction rate was 96.2% and 84.6%, respectively. So commercial grapes could be harvested. Therefore, it was considered to be effective to reduce fruit damage by controlling in early - late July (the green stage) when the comstock mealybug migrated to grape clusters in the vine greenhouse. In the future, it will be necessary to study the effect of external exposure time and momentum on the control of OAMs.

본 연구는 소과종 수박의 병해충 발생 양상을 조사하고 이중 가장 문제가 되는 병 들 중 의 하나인 흰가루병을 방제하기 위한 유기농업자재를 선발하기 위하여 수행되었다. 2015년 충북 음성에서 소과종 수박에 발생하는 병해충 조사 결과 덩굴마름병, 흰가루병, 목화진딧 물, 점박이응애, 총채벌레류, 파밤나방, 담배거세미나방 등 일반수박에 발생하여 피해를 주 는 대부분의 병해충이 발생하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이중 흰가루병은 6월 중순에 품종 별로 27~99.3%의 발생률을 나타냈으며 점박이응애는 6월 중순에 품종별로 엽당 마릿수가 79.9~111마리로 높은 발생을 보였다. 또한, 총채벌레류는 6월 중순과 상순에 황색과 청색 평판점착트랩 각각에 트랩당 407마리와 774마리로 높은 유살수를 나타냈다. 포장에서 마 요네즈와 올레산 그리고 현재 시판 중인 유기농업자재 3종에 대한 흰가루병 방제 효과를 조사하였다. 조사 결과 sodium bicarbonate 80%가 함유된 자재, 마요네즈 그리고 대황추출 물 1%가 함유된 자재가 60% 이상까지 효과적으로 병 발생을 감소시켰으며, 이중 sodium bicarbonate 80%가 함유된 자재가 83%로 가장 높은 방제가를 나타냈다. 본 연구를 통해 소 과종에 발생하는 병해충에 대한 정보와 sodium bicarbonate 80% 함유 자재가 흰가루병 방제 에 효과적이라는 것을 알 수 있었다.

Background : Insect pests damages are increasing on the field of Lycium chinense under eco-friendly organic management and especially, pest damage of Gelechiidae (Ilseopsis parki Povolny) is serious. Currently, various eco-friendly organic materials are registered, but insecticidal activity against Gelechiidae was not verified. Therefore, this experiment was carried out to select eco-friendly organic materials showing insecticidal activity in Gelechiidae. Methods and Results : To test insecticidal activity, the Gelechiidae lavas were collected from the field and Nine eco-friendly organic materials were collected from the market. method. The insecticidal activity assay method was, putting Gelechiidae lavas on the 90mm petridish then water-diluted eco-friendly organic materials were sprayed onto the laver. Result of insecticidal activity was observed with a microscope 10 minutes, 2 hours and 18 hours after the treatment. Microscopic observation results, insecticidal activity was shown only in 5 out of 9 materials. Conclusion : As a result, Insecticidal activity against Gelechiidae was not effective in all tested materials, but the 5 eco-friendly organic materials showed the same effect in repeated experiments. In this study, we selected 5 materials out of 9 eco-friendly organic materials against Gelechiidae, then future studies are planned to select the most suitable materials by field testing the 5 eco-friendly organic materials.

이 연구는 도라지의 유기재배를 위하여 피복물 처리에 따른 도라지 뿌리의 생육특성 및 사포닌, 항산화 활성에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 실시되었다. 3년근 도라지를 이식 후, 흑 색 비닐, 톱밥, 쌀겨 및 무피복구의 뿌리의 길이는 비닐, 톱밥, 무피복구에서 24.0~27.5 ㎝로 길었으며, 직경에서는 비닐 피복구에서 가장 굵은 30.0 ㎜로 나타났다. 지근의 수도 비닐 피복구에서 가장 많은 36.0개로 조사되었으며, 수량과 관련성이 있는 생체중은 지근의 수 와 직경이 가장 굵었던 비닐 피복구에서 130 g으로 가장 높게 나타났으며 무피복구에서 56 g으로 가장 낮게 나타났다. plantycodin D3와 deapioplatycodin D 함량은 톱밥 피복구에서 가 장 높게 나타났으며, 도라지의 총 polyphenol 및 flavonoid 함량은 비닐 피복구에서 각각 11.0, 8.6 mg/g으로 가장 높게 나타났다. Polygalacin D와 ABTS와의 상관관계는 -0.591*로 부 의 상관관계를 보였으나, 나머지 성분에서는 상관관계가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 도 라지 유기 재배 시 피복재료에 따른 뿌리의 특성, 사포닌함량과 항산화성분 등의 유의적인 차이가 나타나는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

This study investigated the effect of organic materials (Bordeaux, Loess-sulfur) and the removal of apical shoot against downy mildew disease on cucumber cultivated in greenhouse. Five kinds of Bordeaux were made by adjusting mixing ratio of lime and copper sulfate in order to elucidate the optimal combination. The 4-6type Bordeaux was selected as the most effective combination for controlling cucumber downy mildew. Loess-sulfur showed inhibitory activity against cucumber downey mildew, but it was less effective than Bordeaux. It was confirmed that apical shoot cutting could reduce the incidence of cucumber downy mildew disease by 56.3%. When apical shoots of susceptible cucumber variety were cut at different leaf stages, disease incidence by early apical shoot cutting treatment was lower than that of late apical shoot cutting treatment. However in a resistant variety, ‘Heukryungsamcheok’, disease incidences of all cucumber apical shoot cutting treatments were lower than that of non-cutting treatment, but there was no differences between apical shoot cutting treatments due to low disease incidences. In addition, when organic materials and apical shoot cutting treatment were carried out in parallel, the combined treatments of organic materials and apical shoot cutting showed low disease incidence of cucumber downy mildew compared to untreated control. The lowest disease incidence of cucumber downy mildew was recorded in the combined treatment of 4-6type Bordeaux and apical shoot cutting. This study confirmed that apical shoot cutting can reduce the disease incidence of cucumber downy mildew and the combined treatment of apical shoot cutting and organic materials showed higher suppressive effect against cucumber downy mildew

Background : To control ginseng gray mold, farmers have mainly used inorganic chemical based fungicides. The recent emergence of fungicide resistance has reduced the effectiveness of such control methods. Such pesticides also carry additional problems, such as diffuse pollution. Methods and Results : Six treatments of organic agricultural materials were tested for control of ginseng gray mold, CAPW (Chrysophanic acid + Phytoncide +Wood vinegar), EmEWV (Emodin + Ethanol +Wood vinegar), CEWV (Curcumin + Eugenol +Wood vinegar), Bacillus subtilis, soybean oil and sulfur. The control effect for gray mold by a single application of the agrochemical fungicide industrial Fenhexamid wettable powder (WP) was 84.4%. The control effect by CAPW, EmEWV and CEWV varied between 52.7 - 64.9%. The control effect by B. subtilis, soybean oil, and sulfur were 32.9 - 59.2%. Conclusions : In the field tests, CAPW showed the highest control effects when used before, and at first stage of disease incidence, against ginseng gray mold.

Botrytis cinerea infects stems, leaves and fruits of greenhouse tomato and can cause serious economic losses. This study was conducted to develop organic farming control method against tomato gray mold. Twenty two organic farming materials including mineral and plant extracts were screened for the suppressive activity against Botrytis cinerea, in vitro and in vivo. Among the organic farming materials, sulfur, copper, Chinese twinleaf extract and rhubarb extract decreased by 51.7-90% of the spore germination of Botrytis cinerea. Also, gray mold incidence was reduced more than 90% on tomato stems by treating sulfur, seaweed extracts, rhubarb root extracts and Chinese twinleaf extract. After the selected four organic farming materials were applied on tomato cultivated in greenhouse, their control effects against the tomato gray mold were tested. When the water soluble sulfur was foliar-sprayed on the tomato leaves infected by artificial inoculation with spore suspension of Botrytis cinerea, it showed 87.9% of control value. Also, control activity of the water soluble sulfur was paralleled with chemical fungicide, diethofencarb+carbendazim. The above mentioned results indicate the sulfur for-mulation can be used as chemical fungicide alternatives for controlling tomato gray mold in the greenhouse.

Pollutants generated by the biodegradation of livestock carcasses have the potential for contamination of the environment. Hence, livestock mortalities burial has been banned in the EU. In spite of the hazard, research on the biodegradation of livestock carcasses is lacking. In this study, five lysimeters were used to evaluate the enhanced biodegradation of organic materials in livestock mortalities burial. Lysimeter 1(control), lysimeter 2(grinding of livestock carcass), lysimeter 3(anaerobic microorganisms), lysimeter 4(Corynebacterium glutamicum in anaerobic condition) and lysimeter 5(Corynebacterium glutamicum in aerobic condition) were operated with temperature control. The degradation efficiencies of livestock carcass in the lysimeters were evaluated based on total organic carbon balance. The degradation efficiencies of ground livestock carcass were 1.9 times more than those of livestock carcass without grinding. In anaerobic condition, anaerobic microorganisms were more effective compared with Corynebacterium glutamicum on the biodegradation of livestock carcasses. However, the degradation efficiencies with Corynebacterium glutamicum in aerobic condition were significantly influenced on the biodegradation of livestock carcasses. Even if it would be helpful to degrade the livestock carcass in aerobic condition in terms of stabilization, potential risks on the environment by odor and bioaerosol must be solved.

유기멀칭자재가 제초작업에 소요되는 노동력을 절감하고 대추 유목의 생장에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 2012년부터 2013년까지 4종류의 유기 멀칭자재를 이용하여 시험을 수행하였다. 시험에 이용된 멀칭재료(볏짚, 왕겨, 톱밥 및 우드칩)는 2012년에 대추 유목이 심겨진 토양위에 처리되었다. 2012년 모든 멀칭재료별 잡초 발생 억제율은 96~98% 범위에 있었다. 2013년에 잡초 발생 억제율은 볏짚멀칭 처리구에서 7%, 왕겨멀칭 처리구에서 60%, 톱밥멀칭 처리구에서 27% 그리고 우드칩멀칭 처리구에서 79%이었다. 2013년 잡초 발생 억제율은 2012년에 비하여 감소하였다. 대추 유목의 생육은 우드칩멀칭에서 가장 양호하게 나타났으며, 왕겨멀칭에서 가장 저조하게 나타났다.

This study was conducted to select and develop effect of eco-friendly organic materials for the eco-friendly prevention of Anthracnose occurred in the ginseng. Anthracnose on ginseng is occurred by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and the crop damage is severe especially from July to August after rainy season. The test results showed that control effect by test products materials on the three years ginseng and four years ginseng field was lower in eco-friendly organic materials than that of chemical pesticide. However, the control effect of bordeaux mixture was higher with 71.3% and 73.8% levels than those of mineral matter, microbial agent, and developed plants extract mixtures (Eugenol, Curcumin, Wood vinegar, etc). On the other hand, three types of developed plants extract mixtures (3 types) showed control effect in a range of from 58.1% to 63.6% against Anthracnose which was higher as compared with plant extract alone and sodium silicate regardless of ages of ginseng. The results of this study would attribute in verifying the control effect of eco-friendly materials against Anthracnose for ginseng through investigating antimicrobial compounds contained in the plants body. Also, it would be used as control method against Anthracnose occurred in ginseng by judging the right control time through monitoring occurrence of disease.

본 연구는 유자나무에 발생하는 주요 병을 방제하기 위한 친환경 유기농업자재를 선발하기 위하여 수행되었다. Phomopsi scitri에 의한 유자 검은점무늬병은(Meloanose)과 Elsinoe fawcettii에 의한 유자 더뎅이병(Scab)은 유자나무에서 가장 일반적인 병으로 알려져 있다. 병 발생은 6월 하순경에 피해가 큰 것은 6월 동안의 강우량과 상대습도와 밀접한 연관관계를 가지고 있다. 또한 이 병들은 수령이 낮은 유자보다는 수령이 높은 유자에서 심하게 발생하는 경향이 있다. 유자 검은점무늬병에 대한 방제효과는 농가의 관행재배구가 78.3%였으며, 친환경유기농업자재는 49.1~72.6% 방제효과를 보였다. 반면, 유자 더뎅이병 시험에서 농가의 관행재배구에 대한 방제효과는 82.6%였으며, 공시자재인 친환경유기농업자재는 41.1~71.8%의 방제효과를 보였다. 각각의 시험에서 통계적 유의성을 검정한 결과 통계적으로 유의성이 있었다. 본 시험결과에서 친환경유기농업자재는 유자의 검은점무늬병 및 더뎅이병에 대한 방제방법으로 제시할 수 있었다.

정화토양 RSA(remediated soil A)와 RSB(remediated soil B)의 토양 특성을 조사한 결과, 사질양토로서 작물 별 토양 특성 권장 기준에 적정 토성이지만, 높은 토양 pH와 치환성 칼슘, 다소 낮은 양이온치환용량(cation exchange capacity, CEC)과 치환성 칼륨, 매우 낮은 토양유기물 함량과 유효인산 함량을 보여 작물 생육에 적합하지 않은 것으로 판단되었다. 그러나, 친환경농자재인 부산물비료, charcoal, biochar를 토양개량제로 처리 후 토양 특성이 수준 이상의 개선을 보여준 것으로 보인다. 토양 pH 경감 효과는 볼 수 없었으나, 토양유기물 함량 증가, 유효인산 함량 증가 등의 효과가 있었으며, 총질소(total nitrogen, T-N)와 치환성 칼륨의 함량이 다소 증가하였다. 그리고, 치환성 칼슘의 함량이 작물 별 권장 기준 이상으로 높은 것을 감안하였을 때 biochar 처리구에서 치환성 칼슘 함량을 감소시킨바, 지속적인 연구 또한 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 이는 토양경작법에 의하여 정화된 토양에 대하여 부산물비료, charcoal, biochar 등의 친환경농자재를 토양개량제로 사용할 경우 토양 개선 효과가 나타난 것으로 생각되며, 특히 biochar의 경우 토양 특성 변화에 많은 영향을 주었다. 따라서, 정화토양을 지속적으로 유지하고 관리 할 경우 토양의 질을 꾸준히 증진시킬 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

This study was conducted to select environmental friendly organic materials for controlling the ginseng alternaria blight and to evaluate their effects from 2011 to 2012. Alternaria blight is caused by Alternaria panax and is the most common ginseng disease in Korea. Environmental friendly organic materials were used to reduce amount of chemical fungicides and the number of spray for control of Ginseng Alternaria leaf blight. In 4 years of ginseng, control value of Alternaria leaf blight by single application of Defenoconazole WP was 82.3% and those of single application was 62.0~75.9%. Consequently, mixed or alternated application of eco-material products could be recommended as a control method to reduce the amount of fungicides.

In this study, growth of pepper seedlings was testedby treating organic materials in a plastic green house in Ssangok-ri Dogok-myeon, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam Province from February 3, 2010 to April 19, 2010. The raised seedlings were planted to the organic planting area with an interval of 70cmx55cm on April 20 in Deogam-ri Gogeum-myeon Wando-gun and red peppers were harvested at 7 times from July 22 to September 29. Before planting, the plant length of the overgrowth of seedlings was reduced by 26.8% using plant powder treatment as compared to the control group. The red pepper yield was 27% higher than in the control group when 20g of bone ash powder and 20g of plant powder were mixed. The yield tended to increase in other treatments compared to the control group.