The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, is highly polyphagous pest that damages over 400 plant species, including commercially grown crops and fruits. It was first described in Taiwan and has since invaded Japan and China. In 2021, B. dorsalis was reported on Jeju Island in the Republic of Korea (ROK). To investigate its origin and understand its colonization pathway in ROK, the genetic characteristics were analyzed by using mitochondrial genes. The study analyzed the haplotypes and genetic differences among populations oriental fruit flies collected from Southeast Aisa, including Thailand, Taiwan, and Vietnam. The mitochondrial genes cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and cytochrome B (CytB) were used for the analysis. The results showed that B. dorsalis had high levels of haplotype diversity among species. No major haplotype was found among populations. The present study enhances our understanding of the haplotype diversity of B. dorsalis in neighboring countries of ROK. This will expand our knowledge of the source of origin and invasive pathway for B. dorsalis.

오리엔탈과실파리(Bactrocera dorsalis)는 형태학적, 생태학적으로 습성이 유사한 70여종을 포함하여 Bactrocera dorsalis species complex (오리엔탈과실파리종군)에 포함되어 있다. 이 종은 동남아시아와 태평양 일대에 널리 분포하며 기주범위가 넓은 다식성 해충으로 가장 많이 연구된 분류군 중 하나이다. 이 종은 여러 나라에서 검역병해충으로 지정되어 있으며, 우리나라에서는 유입될 경우 감귤류 및 여러 농작물에 심각한 피해 를 줄 수 있어 금지병해충으로 지정하여 관리하고 있는 종이다. 우리는 이 종과 가장 유사한 4종(B. carambolae, B. correcta, B. latifrons, B. verbascifoliae)과 비교하여 형태학적 연구를 수행하였다. 본 연구에서는 각 종별 특징 및 진단형질을 제공하고, 도판을 이용하여 형태적 차이를 제시하였다.

본 연구는 국내 금지급 과실파리인 오리엔탈과실파리(Bactrocera dorsalis)에 대한 유전적 변이를 분석하였다. 이를 위해 오리엔탈과실파리 가 자생하는 대만 지역을 대상으로 2019년 동일한 시기(3일간: 7월 30일~8월 1일)에 서로 다른 세 지역(타이페이, 타이중, 카오슝)에서 과실파리류를 채집하여 나이 변이 및 미토콘드리아 서열 변이를 각각 비교하였다. 세 지역에서 채집된 오리엔탈과실파리는 1,085마리로서 메틸유제놀 유인제에 모두 유인되었으며, 큐루어 유인제에는 30마리의 오이과실파리(Zeugodacus cucurbitae) 및 1마리의 타우과실파리(Bactrocera tau)만 채집 되었다. 단백질먹이 유인제에는 총 6마리가 포획되었으며 이 가운데 오리엔탈과실파리는 1마리가 포함되었으며 나머지는 오이과실파리였다. 오리 엔탈과실파리 수컷의 머리에는 테린이 포함되었으며 나이가 증가함에 따라 각 머리에는 32 μg에서 59 μg까지 테린 함량이 증가하였다. 대만 세 지역의 수컷 집단들은 테린 양에 차이를 나타냈으며, 카오슝 집단이 타이페이와 타이중 집단에 비해 적은 테린 양을 보유하였다. 이들 세 지역 사이에 유전적 거리가 RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA)를 이용하여 분석되었으며 타이페이 집단이 타이중 및 카오슝 집단들과 차이를 나타내는 것으로 나타났다. 유전적 변이는 미토콘드리아의 cytochrome oxidase I (CO-I)과 NADH dehydrogenase I (ND-I)을 각각 비교 하였다. CO-I 영역 가운데 360개 염기서열을 비교한 결과 7.8%의 염기서열 변이를 나타냈다. ND-I 영역을 비교한 결과 213개 염기서열 가운데 6.6%의 염기서열 변이를 보였다. 이들 변이 서열을 대만 지역에 발생하는 오리엔탈과실파리의 특이적 SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) 마커로 개발하는 데 추천한다.

In the 21st century, the risk of the exotic pest being invaded is increasing due to the rise of trading activities. Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae), has been considered to very destructive invader as it is highly intrusive and has a wide host range. In this study, 2,299 samples were collected from 88 locations in 12 countries by quarantine and investigation. Among them, 608 individuals (including B. correcta) were used for COI DNA barcoding analysis based on Neighbor Joining method with P-distance model. Population genetics analysis was conducted for 510 individuals selected from 47 locations of 12 Southeast Asian countries using 15 microsatellite loci. The barcoding analysis resulted in that any clade was not clustered according to a geographical isolation but indicated geographically mixed populations. Population genetics analysis showed shared genetic structure between neighboring countries across borders. Genetic structure of most Korean quarantine groups was more similar to that of Taiwan, China and Thailand in the order of appearance than other countries.

In the 21st century, the risk of the exotic pest being invaded is increasing due to the rise of trading activities. Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae), has been considered to very destructive invader as it is highly intrusive and has a wide host range. In this study, 2,299 samples were collected from 88 locations in 12 countries by quarantine and investigation. Among them, 608 individuals were used for COI DNA barcoding analysis based on Neighbor Joining method with P-distance model. Population genetics analysis was conducted for 510 individuals selected from 47 locations of 12 Southeast Asian countries using 15 microsatellite markers. COI DNA barcoding results showed that B. dorsalis did not support any clade as a geographical isolation but almost indicated mixed populations of each country. Population genetics analysis showed similar pattern of genetic structure between neighboring countries across borders. Most domestic quarantine groups were more similar in genetic structure to Taiwan, China and Thailand in the order of appearance.

과실파리류는 국내 60종의 검역 해충 가운데 42종을 차지하고 있다. 이들 대부분은 자연계 산물인 methyl eugenol (ME) 또는 raspberry ketone에 특이적으로 유인된다. 이들 유인물질을 파라핀 왁스를 이용하여 제형화하였고, 이를 대만에서 야외 유인 효과를 검증하였다. 이들 왁스 제형은 모두 델타트랩에 설치하고 8월 말경에 모니터링 한 결과 ME 왁스 제형은 오리엔탈과실파리(Bactrocera dorsalis)를 매일 60-80 마리 포획하 였다. 반면에 Cuelure 왁스제형은 오이과실파리(Bactrocera cucurbitae)와 B. tau를 유인하였다. 이러한 결과는 본 왁스제형이 이들 검역 해충에 대 한 국내 모니터링에 응용될 수 있다는 것을 제시하고 있다.

The objectives of this study are to examine the genetic variation and the origin elucidation in oriental fruit flies (Diptera:Tephritidae) using DNA barcode, in prepartion for their future introductions into Korea. About 1,600 specimens of B.dorsalis sp. complex and B. correcta were collected from 10 countries, the Indochina peninsula, the Philippines, Taiwanand South China. A total of 182 cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) sequences were obtained and aligned from these regionalspecimens. Three chinese sequences from the GenBank reference were also included. Six hundreds base pair fragmentswere aligned and trimmed and used for a barcode. The phylogenetic tree was generated using the neighbor-joining methodwith 1,000 bootstrap replicates. There were two distinct groups in the phylogenetic tree, Bactrocera dorsalis sp. complexand B. correcta. Three specimen, intercepted in the hand-carried mango at the airport inspection and collected in the confiscatedmango, smuggled from Vietnam were included for a test. The DNA sequences from the airport were 100% identical toone of various Vietnam specimens, and that from the confiscated mango was mostly similar to those of Vietnam, suggestingthe usefulness of the barcode for elucidating the origin of oriental fruit fly.

오리엔탈과실파리(Bactrocera dorsalis)는 주요 검역 대상으로 지정된 해충이다. 이 해충에 대한 고감도 모니터링과 진단 기술이 초기 방역 처리에 요구된다. 본 연구는 오리엔탈과실파리를 유인하여 치사시킬 목적으로 메틸유제놀과 생물농약을 혼합한 왁스형 방출기를 제작하였다. 본 연구는 또한 5종의 주요 검역 과실파리(오리엔탈과실파리, 오이과실파리, 퀸즐랜드과실파리, 말레이시아과실파리, 지중해과실파리)에 대한 PCR 진단프라이머를 개발하였다. 이상의 모니터링용 왁스방출기과 분자진단기술을 말레이시아 코타키나발루 지역에서 실증 시험하였다.

Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, is one of the serious pests of fruit throughout the world. Two regional populations (Bangladeshi and Malaysia) were collected using methyl eugenol lure and one laboratory population was obtained from Thailand. Three populations were compared in cytochrome b (CYB) cytochrome oxidase I (COI) sequences. COI sequences were highly homologous. However, CYB sequences were polymorphic and used to discriminate these regional populations by a phylogenetic analysis. In CYB phylogeny analysis, Malaysia and Thailand populations were clustered and Bangladeshi population was separated

The objectives of this study are to examine the genetic variation in oriental fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) and to use it as a barcode for the origin elucidation, in preparation for the their incursions into Korea. About 1,600 specimens of B. dorsalis sp. complex and B. correcta were collected from 10 countries, the Indochina peninsula, the Philippines, Taiwan and South China. A total of 182 cytochrome c oxidase (COI) sequences were obtained and aligned from these regional specimens. Three sequences from the Genebank reference were also included. Six hundreds base pair fragments were aligned and trimmed and used for a barcode. The phylogenetic tree was generated using the neighbor-joining method with 1,000 bootstrap replicates. There were two distinct groups in the phylogenetic tree, Bactrocera dorsalis sp. complex and B. correcta. Three specimen, intercepted in the hand-carried mango at the airport inspection and collected in the confiscated mango, smuggled from Vietnam were included for a test. The DNA from the airport were 100% identical to that of one of various Vietnam specimens, and that from the confiscated mango was mostly similar to those of Vietnam, suggesting the usefulness of the barcode for the origin elucidation tool of oriental fruit fly.