This study uses a sentence recall task to investigate syntactic priming effects in English prepositional object dative (PO) or double-object dative (DO) structures by Korean speakers of L2 English. The purposes were (1) to determine whether syntactic priming occurs during L2 production, and if it does, then to determine how it affects the subsequent utterance of target structures; and (2) to determine whether syntactic priming during production is lexically specific or independent. Thirty-two sets of target-prime sentences were developed using 12 dative alternating verbs, creating DO-DO, DO-PO, PO-DO, PO-PO target-prime pairs. Syntactic priming effects occurred with the PO priming irrespective of targets (whether DO or PO) but only when the verb used in the prime was the same as the verb used in the target. The results suggest that lexical dependency of syntactic knowledge during L2 production does not accord with the lemma stratum model. A pedagogical implication of successful learning of lexical entries is discussed.

This study investigates the effects of syntactic priming on the learning of the ditransitive construction by 49 Korean elementary school English learners. In this study the effects of syntactic priming were scrutinized more in detail by implementing it in three different input frequency conditions: Skewed-first distribution, balanced distribution, and the control. Results indicated that syntactic priming overall had facilitative effects on the oral production performance of the participants. When it comes to the participants’ comprehension of the target construction, however, it was only in the skewed-first distribution that priming had a substantial learning effect. It is concluded that priming combined with the skewed-first type of input distribution would have generalizable and durable learning effects.

While Ardisia crenata Sims. recently has been used increasingly as an ornamental plant, It is endangered in natural forest. The optimum treatments of the various concentrations priming agents to improve seed viability and germination of A. crenata (ornamental plant) were also estimated. Germinability was significantly when the seeds of A. crenata was soaked in PEG solution at 15oC for 4 days, the optimum treatment for improving germination of A. crenata was observed when the tested seeds was soaked in −0.5 MPa of PEG solution in 92%. Overall results would be useful means for propagation and production of A. crenata.

본 연구는 도깨비바늘을 새로운 채소작물로 재배하기 위한 목적으로 종자 발아에 미치는 광, 온도 조건 및 priming 처리가 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 실시하였다. 실험 결과, 발아율의 경우 명조건과 암조건 모두 25℃에서 발아율이 가장 높았다. 발아세 역시 명조건, 암조건 모두 25℃에서 가장 높았다. 광조건은 도깨비바늘의 발아에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 종자에 priming 처리 시 Ca(NO3)2 0.1M(68.3%) 처리구에서 무처리구에 비해 약 16% 증가하여 가장 높은 발아율을 보였다. 그 다음으로는 K3PO4 0.1M(63.3%) 및 KNO3 0.1M(53.3%) 순으로 나타났다. 따라서, 도깨비바늘의 발아를 위하여 명조건 25℃의 온도에 K3PO4 0.1M 또는 Ca(NO3)2 0.1M로 priming 처리를 하는 것이 효과적인 발아조건으로 판단된다.

히어리 종자의 저장 방법 및 저장기간이 종자발아에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과, 건조저온 조건에서 저장한 히어리 종자의 발아율은 40일간 저장한 것이 12%, 70일은 12%, 85일은 8%, 100일은 10%, 115일은 6%로 발아율이 매우 낮았고 130일간 저장한 것은 전혀 발아하지 않 았다. 이에 반하여 습윤저온 조건에서 저장한 종자의 발아율은 40일 저장한 것이 20%, 70일은 54%, 85일은 78%, 100일은 96%로 저온 저장기간이 길어짐에 따라 발아율이 높았다. 그러나 115일 저장한 것은 76%, 130일 은 16%로 다시 발아율이 낮아졌다. 또한 건조저장한 종자 에 생장조절제와 무기염류를 처리하여 발아촉진효과를 본 결과 수확 직후 파종한 것은 약제처리를 하지 않은 것은 전혀 발아하지 않았던 반면에 GA3 500mg·L−1 처리에서 는 53.3%의 발아율을 보였다. 1개월 저장한 종자의 경우 상온과 저온저장 모두 GA3 100mg·L−1 처리에서 41.1%로 가장 높은 발아율을 보였고, 2개월 저장한 종자의 경우 상온저장은 GA3 50 mg·L−1에서 26.2%, 저온저장은 GA3 100mg·L−1 처리에서 31.1%로 가장 높은 발아율을 보였으며, 3개월 저장한 종자의 경우 상온 저장은 최고 발아율이 GA3 100mg·L−1에서 8.9%, 저온저장은 GA3 50mg·L−1과 GA3 100mg·L−1처리에서 7.8%의 발아율을 보였다. 한편, Ca(NO3)2 5, 10, 20mM, KNO3 5, 10, 20 mM을 각각 24시간 침지처리 했을 때는 발아촉진 효과가 나타나지 않았다.

종자의 priming은 종자의 발아율 향상과 유식물의 초기정착에 중요한 기술 중의 하나이다. 본 시험에서는 목초의 주요 초종인 tall fescue, orchardgrass, alfalfa 및 white clover의 발아율 향상과 발아 균일도를 증가시키기 위하여 priming 처리기간과 처리온도에 따라서 목초의 발아율을 조사하였다. 본 시험은 분할구 배치법으로 주구는 priming 처리시간으로 화본과 목초는 2일, 4일, 6일 및 8일을 두었으며, 두

Background: The present study assessed the response of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L., Jangdae) seed to NaCl and the effects of polyethylene glycol (PEG) on kenaf seed germination and vigor. Methods and Results: Seed germination ranged from 11.3% to 58.8% after 24 hours of immersion in NaCl concentrations from 0% to 0.5%. The priming treatments had lower electrical conductivity (EC) values for the seeds than for the control and a deteriorated palisade layer. Priming in 10% PEG for 48 hours increased the germination upto 96.3% in H2O solution and 98.8% in 0.3% NaCl solution compared to that of the control (78.8%). Germination synchronization, and shoot and root growth of the primed seeds were greater than those of the control. The T50 of the control in H2O and 0.3% NaCl solution was 22 and 28 times, respectively. After priming, nine times was sufficient to reach T50 in both solution. The mean number of days to germination (MDG) decreased from 1.43 days for the control to 0.55 days for 0% PEG in H2O solution and from 1.57 days for the control to 0.56 days for 0% PEG in 0.3% NaCl solution. The dry weight after the 10% PEG treatment was higher than that of the control. Conclusions: Taken together, 10% PEG treatment for 24 hours is recommended for kenaf seed invigoration before planting.

본 연구의 목적은 한국인 중학생을 대상으로 통사 점화를 통한 여격 구문 습득 과정에서 구문 유형(PO vs. DO)과 동사 유형(Same verb vs. Different verb)이 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 이해도 측면에서 살펴보는 것이다. 총 61명의 실험 참여자들은 구문 유형과 동사 유형에 따라 임의로 네 개의 실험 집단(POS, POD, DOS, DOD)으로 배정되었다. 실험 결과, DO 구조의 사후 이해도는 구문 유형(PO vs. DO)에 따라서만 통계적으로 유의미한 효과가 나타났으며, DOD 집단과 POD 집단의 평균 점수에서 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 동사 유형은 여 격 구문의 이해도에 유의미한 효과 차이를 가져오지 못하였고 구문 유형과 동사 유형의 상호작용 효과 역시 나타나지 않았다. 집단 내 사전-사후 검사 결과를 대조한 결과, DOD 집단의 DO 구조에 서만 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났으며 효과 크기 역시 큰 것으로 나타났다 (d=0.75). 이 결과는 통사 점화가 암시적 학습의 형태로 L2 학습에 인지적 기능을 수행하며 L2 학 습 상황에서 복잡한 통사 구조의 학습에 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 시사한다.

Poor germination and labor intensive thinning of seedling after sowing are major deterrents in Setaria viridis production. Seed priming has the potential to improve the seedling emergence and economic feasibility by combined with seed coating for optimizing mechanized growing technologies to small cereal crops. The objective of this study was to determine the effective seed priming conditions on the improved germination in the laboratory. Seeds were hydro primed with distilled water for 6, 12, 24 hours and osmoprimed with PEG8000 (-0.15 MPa and -0.3 MPa), KCl (1% and 2%), KH2PO4 (0.5% and 1.0%), KNO3(1.0% and 3.0%), CaCl2 (1.0% and 3.0%) solutions for 6, 12, 24 hours at 15℃. Our results demonstrate that treating S. viridis seeds with PEG -0.3 MPa solution for 12h increased to maximum germination percentage to 97%, whereas the lowest germination percentage observed in seeds which treated with by CaCl2 1.0% for 24h and KCl 1% for 6h. Priming reduced the mean germination times (MGT) of all priming treated seeds statistically comparing to control. There was significant interaction between treatment and time. Further studies for field performance of primed seeds are needed.

The current study investigates the syntactic priming effects on sentence processing in Korean(L1) and English(L2) production through a measure of production time. The purpose of this study lies in investigating whether the priming condition facilitates the production process both in processors’ L1 and L2 production. Participants are 32 Korean native speaking (L1) university students who speak English as a second language(L2). The target structures were dative alternate structures: prepositional vs. double object dative structures in English and canonical(DAT-ACC) vs. scrambled(ACC-DAT) dative structures in Korean. The experimental paradigm involved the repetition of an auditory stimulus, followed by picture descriptions. The production time was measured by E-prime. As a result, while syntactic priming effects were observed both in L1 and L2 production, the syntactic primed condition did not reduce the production time in L1 utterances. However, the time was reduced in L2 utterances with failing in reaching to the statistically significant effects.

Direct seeding is increasingly being practiced by rice farmers under both rainfed and irrigated conditions. The trend is the outcome of a scarcity of labour required for transplanting, simplicity and additional benefits associated with direct seeding. Flooding slows seed germination, imposes fatalities and delays seedling establishment in direct-seeded rice. This study describes responses of contrasting rice genotypes subjected to flooding or low oxygen stress during germination and discusses of tolernace shown by certain cultivars. In expt, two tolerant('Khao Hlan On', 'Khaiyan') and two intolerant('IR 42', 'IR 64') genotypes were used for growth and survival measurements. To compare effects of priming, pre-germination and germination on anaerobic tolerant and intolerant lines. Length of the longest shoot was measured in seedlings grown under either a control or in flooded soil, and plant survival was calculated based on the number of seedlings that emerged from floodwater. All measurements were 21 d after sowing. Tolerant and intolerant genotypes had the same seeding survival under normal soil conditions. But survival of intolerant genotypes were lower than tolerant genotypes. Growth of tolerant genotypes were faster than intolerant genotypes. Among the treatment, treatment 3 was greater. Because treatment 3 emerged first from water. Among the after days 1, 3, 5, survival was highest in after day 1. The other side, To late seeding over time, survival decreased.

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv KF109) seeds were artificially aged in a controlled environment of 45~circC and 80% relative humidity condition for different duration up to 14 days before priming in polyethylene glycol 6000 solution of equivalent osmotic potential of -0.8 MPa for 8 days at 25~circC . The seeds aged only and primed after aging were germinated at 15~circC and 25~circC to observe the priming effects on the germination of aged seeds at different temperature. The germination percentage of the aged seeds was rapidly dropped starting from 8 days of aging and mean germination time (T50 ) was greatly increased, particularly in germination at 15~circC . The germination capacity was greatly restored in the primed seeds after aging, particularly in the seeds of longer aging and germinating at 15~circC .>.

These experiments were conducted to evaluate the variability of seed germination and seedling growth with different levels of polyethylene glycol(PEG 6,000) solution in onion seed. Average germination percentage of seed primed in PEG solution with 1.00 and 0.75 MPa was higher than control, and that of seed primed in 1.50MPa was lower than unprimed control. Germination percentage(GP) of seed primed for 5 days was highest, and as the primed days become long, the GP was decreased. The GP of airation seed during the primed was higher than that of unairation seed, about 5% , respectively. The GP of washed seed after primed was higher than that of unwashed seed, but that of redried seed after primed was lower than that of the others. The highest GP cultivar was Chunjoogoohyung and the lowest GP cultivar was Seouldego in unredried seed after primed, but Chunjoojoonggo was highest and Jungpoonwhang was the lowest cultivar in redried seed after primed. As the PEG concentration increased, the seedling length(SL) was shortened, and seed primed for 15 days was longer than other treatments. The SL of primed seed was similar to GP. The SL of washed seed after primed was longer than that of others, but that of redried seed after primed was shortest among the others. The SL of Chunjoojoonggo and Nongwoodego was longest and Seouldego was shortest among the cultivars in unredried seed after primed, but that of Chunjoogoohyung and Chunjoojoonggo was longest and Seouldego was the shortest cultivars in redried seed after primed.

priming; rice seed; SEM; embryo; starch granule; α -amylase; sugar