Mushroom production by automatic bottle culture system was introduced into China in 1999 and developed rapidly in recent ten years. According to the statistics of Chinese Mushroom Society, about 652 facilities of automatic mechanized bottle system were in 2011. The annual rate of increase of facility is expected to exceed 47%. The gross production by automatic bottle culture system was 990,000 tons in 2011. Beijing Hengdaxing Edible Mushroom Co., Ltd established in 2007 in Tongzhou district, Beijing is a company producing Pleurotus eryngii var. ferulae with annual production of 1,000 tons. The company has finished the technical reformation and expansion. Its designed production capacity is 6.5 tons per day and 2,000 tons per year. Beijing Fuqin Edible Mushroom Science & Technology Co., Ltd is an industrial production company of Flammulina velutipes. It was established in 2007. Its production capacity is 20 tons per day and 7,000 tons per year.

It is not easy to establish the correct standard time and standard manhour in a process of small quantity batch production system, especially in a case of irregular quantity of production. Therefore, how to establish rational standard time about manufactu

In this study, which is the basis for industrial presses to target small and medium enterprises with production information system is designed. Production information in real time on-site digitizing and transmitting data to a standard PC is to base operations. Personnel management, safety management, production management is to increase the efficiency. Therefore, at low cost is to encourage computerization within the company. These embedded systems and wireless communication module has a database management program installed in order to raise productivity and competitiveness will improve.

This paper deals with the productivity increment through construction of lean production system for automobile factory in China. This lean production system has been progressed according to 5 steps. Step 1 is the work preparation. Step 2 is the process design. Step 3 is the establishment of method to count production quantity. Step 4 is the establishment of measuring method for input and output. Finally, step 5 is the construction of flexible production system able to adapt for environment change. This lean production system is expected to obtain the productivity increment by 50% for plastic plant and reduction by 50% in inventory quantity.

본 연구는 겨울철과 여름철에 답리작 사료작물의 랩사일리지 생산에서 연구보고된 조사료재배품종과 재배방법을 기준으로 하였을 때, 소요 기계에 따른 기계화 생산 작업의 특성과부담면적, 기계 이용비용을 분석하여 조사료생산비용을 산출하였다. 생산비용은 작물종류(호밀, 청보리, IRG, 수단그라스), 파종방법 (산파, 조파)과 트랙터 마력 (50, 75, 100, 130 ps)에따른 경작규모별 (부담면적 ha별), 부담면적대비경작지비율별 (25, 50, 75, 100%), 작부체계별(품종 숙기별, 동․하계 작물별)로 분류하여 산출하였다. 트랙터 100 ps, 조파를 기준으로 단일 품종 재배보다 호밀, IRG와 청보리 등을 품종 숙기별로 재배할 때 파종은 20일에서 30일로, 수확은 약 30일에서 40일로 시기가 늘어나기 때문에 부담면적이 57.1 ha에서 77.5 ha로 증가하였다. 동․하계 작물 연중 재배시 생산비용은 100 ps 트랙터, 조파, kg-TDN 기준으로호밀 + 수단은 250원, 청보리 + 수단은 215원,IRG + 수단은 234원, 호밀 + 청보리 + IRG+ 수단은 233원으로 나타났다. 이는 연중 재배하지않는 경우에 비해 고정비가 줄어들기 때문에생산비용은 약 30~50% 절감되었다. 따라서 답리작 사료작물의 랩사일리지 생산시 노동피크와 수확시기의 분산, 기계장비의 효율성을 제고할 수 있도록 품종 숙기별 연중 재배 작부체계의 이용이 바람직한 것으로 판단되었다.

To meet the needs of customer, manufacturing companies are diversifying product making methods. In order to adapt to changes, companies are trying to find a new manufacturing system. In this research, MTS(Make to Stock) and MTO(Make to Order) production m

To help the corporations ensure more efficient production management, the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system has been introduced in operation, together with a variety of approaches to make improvements in terms of quality and productivity issues. Yet, with the different types of ERP systems in operation, many companies are going through many difficulties not only in having greatly reduced work efficiency but also in making prompt decisions from the entire group-based integrated information. In this study, the analysis was made on their own ERP systems and working processes operated by a company running the multiple number of productions from the domestic and the overseas suppliers, in order to support their interacted work flow regarding their products and help improve the work efficiency by establishing standardized ERP system. Through this, it is expected to ensure more competitive system in operation by securing the flexibility in the production as well as efficient resource distribution under the corporate context of cost reduction and quality improvement.

This study was carried out to elucidate changes in milk production, milk components and milk product properties as influenced by organic and conventional farming system. Milk production in transient organic feeding was lower by 7.6% than that in conventional feeding and also milk fat, milk protein content, solids not fat and somatic cell count were lower than conventional farming system. But, milk lactose content in transient organic feeding was higher than that in conventional feeding. Ca and Fe content in milk in organic feeding tended to be higher compared to conventional feeding. Linoleic acid and unsaturated fatty acids in milk in organic feeding was higher than those in conventional feeding and properties of milk products were improved in organic milk compared to conventional milk.

The Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV) is a member of the Pestivirus genus of the Flaviviridae. The polyprotein composed of eight nonstructural and four structural proteins (nucleocapsid protein C and three envelope glycoprotein E0, E1 and E2). E2, the most immunogenic of the CSFV glycoproteins, induces a protective immune response in swine. The objective of this study was to enhance production of E2 protein by fusion with partial polyhedrin of nucleopolyhedrovirus in insect cells. We generated various E2 form by fusion with different combinations of the partial polyhedrin and deletion of the C-terminal transmembrane region (TMR). Expression of the E2 protein was identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis using anti-CSFV E2 monoclonal antibodies. The fusion expression of an E2 protein with the partial polyhedrin markedly increased expression levels. Also, expression of E2 proteinlacking TMR region was higher than that of intact E2 protein. As a result, the fusion expression of E2 protein lacking the C-terminal TMR with partial polyhedrin was significantly increased in insect cells. These suggest that the fusion of target foreign protein with partial polyhedrin could enhance significantly the production of target protein.

일본정부와 효고현의 지산지소 추진 사례를 바탕으로 일본의 지산지소의 추진은 중앙정부와 지자체 등 행정이 적극적으로 지원하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. ‘식육기본법’을 기반으로 한 중앙정부의 ‘지산지소 모델타운 사업’ 등의 시행과, 효고현의 ‘식생활의 안전안심과 식생활교육에 관한 조례’ 등 지산지소의 추진을 위한 지자체의 조례제정 등을 통해 정부의 적극적인 지원을 엿볼 수 있다. 하지만 이러한 정부의 지원은 농산물직판장의 운영과 학교급식, 농산물가공 등 다양한 활동에 있어서 지역주민들의 적극적인 참여와 지역 내 생산자와 소비자가 연계한 지역농업의 추진이 있음을 간과해서는 안 된다. 행정이 주도하는 경우는 자칫 형식적이고 정형화된 방향으로 추진될 가능성이 있기 때문이다. 효고현에서는 대도시 주변의 농촌지역에 농협 등이 중심이 되어 농산물직판장을 설치하고, 현 교육위원회에 ‘학교 식생활교육 추진위원회’를 설치하여 현 내의 모든 학교에서 식생활 교육을 실시하는 등 다양한 지산지소 활동을 지원하고 있다. 이러한 활동이 곧바로 효과를 낼 수는 없지만, 지역산 먹을거리에 대한 소비자 인식의 제고 및 소비 확대에 기여하고 있음은 부정할 수 없다. 하지만 직판장 등의 지산지소 활동 주체가 대부분 고령농업인이라는 점과 후계자 확보문제, 소비자 식생활의 서구화·다양화로 인한 전통적인 식문화의 단절, 학교급식 및 직판장에서 공급하는 농산물의 품목 구색 맞추기의 어려움 등 현실적인 문제점도 안고 있다. 이러한 문제점과 과제를 극복하기 위해서는 소비지에서의 농산물직판장 운영, 귀농 농업인의 지산지소 활동 참여 유도, 학교 영양교사에 대한 지속적 교육 실시, 지역사회가 중심이 된 식생활 교육의 실시, 지역간 연계를 통한 품목 수 확보, 대국민 홍보 등의 적극적인 노력이 필요할 것이다. 최근 우리나라의 많은 지자체에서도 일본의 지산지소와 유사한 형태의 로컬푸드 운동을 추진하고 있다. 로컬푸드 운동은 농업노동력의 고령화·여성화, 농촌 인구의 감소, 지역 전통문화의 단절, 농촌사회의 붕괴 등으로 고민하고 있는 지역의 농업과 농촌에 활력을 불어 넣을 수 있는 새로운 대안으로 자리매김하고 있다. 또한 로컬푸드 운동은 농산물 시장의 세계화가 진행되고 있는 상황 하에서 소농구조의 농업형태라도 안전성과 신선함 등으로 지역 소비자의 신뢰와 지지를 얻음으로써 농업의 건전성을 확보할 수 있는 방안이 될 수 있다. 일본의 사례를 바탕으로 우리나라의 로컬푸드 운동이 성공하기 위해서는 다음과 같은 조건이 필요하다. 첫째 조례 제정 등 실질적인 제도적 기반 마련이다. 현재 친환경농산물 또는 지역농산물의 학교급식을 위한 조례를 제정하는 지자체가 증가하고 있다. 하지만 이러한 조례는 선언적인 내용에 그치는 경우가 많아 실질적이고 구체적인 내용의 조례 제정을 통해 지역 내의 로컬푸드 운동을 지원하는 방안을 마련해야 할 것이다. 둘째 지역주민의 적극적인 참여를 유도하기 위한 지원이다. 농산물 직판장의 운영과 학교급식에 공급하는 지역산 농산물에 대해 조성금을 지원할 필요가 있다. 셋째 지역주민의 참여를 바탕으로 한 다양한 컨텐츠의 개발 및 추진이다. 일본의 지산지소 활동의 사례와 같이 로컬푸드 운동 역시 다양한 유형을 만들어 갈 수 있다. 특히 지역의 전통적인 식생활과 먹을거리를 중심으로 한 농촌관광의 추진은 소비자의 직접적인 참여를 통한 지역농업의 활성화 차원에서도 의미가 있다고 하겠다. 마지막으로 무엇보다 중요한 것이 식생활교육의 필요성이다. 로컬푸드 운동이 지속적으로 추진되기 위해서는 지역의 전통적인 식생활을 영위하는 젊은 세대를 육성하는 것이 필요하다. 지역농업과 농촌사회의 재생을 위해서는 지역의 특성을 살린 식생활교육이 그 열쇠를 쥐고 있다고 해도 과언이 아니다. 최근 우리나라에서도 식생활교육에 관한 논의가 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 2009년 5월에 「식생활교육지원법」이 제정되었고. 동년 12월 범국민적 식생활교육 운동체인「식생활교육국민네트워크」가 출범했으며, 이를 바탕으로 2010년 초부터는 전국 각 지역에 식생활교육 지역네트워크가 설립되어지고 있다. 또한 2010년 4월에는 농림수산식품부 등 9개 중앙부처가 참여해 “음식이 세상을 바꾼다”라는 목표를 내세운 <식생활교육 기본계획>을 발표하면서 범정부적, 범국민적인 녹색식생활교육운동을 추진하는 등 식생활 교육에 대한 국민적 관심과 농업계의 기대 역시 매우 뜨겁다. 향후 우리나라의 식생활 교육을 성공시키기 위해서는 우리보다 먼저 식생활 교육을 추진해 오고 있는 일본의 사례를 참고할 바가 크다고 하겠다.

In the environment of 450mm wafers production known as the next-generation semiconductor production process, one of the most significant features is the full automation over the whole manufacturing processes involved. The full automation system for 450mm

Recently, to improve operating efficiency with the higher in-line rate in automated production lines, a lot of cases of grouping machines and material handling system together to form a cluster has shown frequently. This article addresses the job allocati

Recently, to improve operating efficiency with the higher in-line rate in automated production lines, a lot of cases of grouping machines and material handling system together to form a cluster has shown frequently. This article addresses the job allocation and operation method of automated material handling for cluster-type production systems. First of all, the control problems of the automated material handling systems are classified into the control problem of inter-cluster material handling system and that of intra-cluster material handling system. Then, a distributed agent-based control scheme is proposed for the former, and an operational control procedure for the latter. Simulation experiment shows that the proposed method is efficient in reducing cycle times and improving utilization of material handling vehicles.

Alternative subirrigation way, capillary wick system (CWS) was tested to reduce labor cost, waste water, contamination of ground water, and use of fungicide compared to overhead irrigation system (OIS). CWS helped reduce remarkably the working hours for watering from 4 hours in OSI to just 5 minutes. Labor cost was saved 98% in CWS compared to OIS. By the physical characteristics of various growing media, 1 coconut coir＋2 perlite (v/v) mixture was selected because it had an ideal distribution of three phase, e.g. 1 solid: 1 liquid: 2 gas phase. Medium mixture containing scoria had so high bulk and particle density to hurt root. In bark-containing medium, the liquid phase and the percent saturation of liquid phase with time elapsed was lower than that of other mixture. It meant that the mixture contained very low level of water. Application of CWS for cyclamen pot production played an important role in reducing the incident of fusarium wilt symptom from 18% in conventional over watering system to 4%. Cyclamen pot irrigated by capillary wick had shorter petiole and more leaves than those by overhead watering. As a result, this system was highly beneficial to get uniform pot products with high quality. It improved water and nutrient solution efficiency relative to conventional overhead irrigation system (OIS).

In 450mm wafers production environment for next-generation semiconductor production, one of the most significant features is the adoption of full automation to the whole manufacturing processes involved. The full automation system applied to the whole manufacturing processes will prevent the workers from intervening the manufacturing processes as much as possible and increase the importance of each individual wafer noticeably, and thus require a more robust scheduling system for entire semiconductor manufacturing processes. The scheduling system for 450mm wafers production also should be capable of monitoring the status of each individual wafer and collecting useful fab data in real time. Based on data (or information) gathered in each process, the real-time scheduling system function efficiently to control the whole semiconductor manufacturing processes. In this study, we first carry out preliminary survey on the system requirements and the necessary functions for constructing the real time scheduling system with considering the changes from 300mm wafer production environment to 450mm wafer production environment, and then propose the scheduler system architectures for the cluster-type production processes which are the general in 450mm wafer production environment for the efficient production scheduling. The system architectures proposed in this study involve the modules for real-time scheduling, the modules for supporting the cluster-type production, the modules for finding optimal schedules, and so on. Also, we provide the specifications of the key required functions and capabilities of the modules and the relationship among the modules proposed.　

The bumblebee is an important pollinator of various greenhouse crops, especially for tomatoes and there has been increasing interest in commercial use of the insects for pollination. Recent advances in commercial rearing of the European bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) made it possible to package bumblebee for crop pollination. Bumblebees are distributed world widely including alpine, cool temperate and even arctic environments of the northern continents. We chose B. ignitus out of seven Korean native bumblebees, because the species showed the best results both in artificial multiplication and in pollinating ability. Now, we are studying an artificial year-round mass rearing of B. ignitus selected as the most reliable native species in crop pollination. Therefore, we investigated the optimum temperature and humidity, effect of photoperiod and CO2-treatment, facilitating effects of helper, and artificial hibernation of B. ignitus to establish year-round mass rearing of B. ignius. The experimental regimes of temperature and humidity were defined as 23℃, 27℃ and 30℃ under a constant humidity of 65% R.H., and 50%, 65% and 80% R.H. under a constant temperature of 27℃, respectively. Among the temperature regimes, 27℃-rearing showed the best results, i.e., the rates of colony initiation, colony foundation and progeny-queen production at 27℃ were 83%, 63% and 46%, respectively, which corresponded to 2.2-5.5 times the respective values at other temperature regimes. The numbers of progeny produced at 27℃-rearing, 164±33 workers, 553±174 males and 33±48 queens were also higher, corresponding to 21.8 and 1.5 times those at 23℃ and 30℃, respectively. In terms of humidity, 65% R.H. was favorable for big colony formation. Under the same humidity, the rates of colony initiation, colony foundation and progeny-queen production were 85%, 70% and 50%, respectively, and the number of progenies reached 180±30 workers, 578±179 males and 35±38 queens. Therefore, 27℃ and 65% R.H. were determined to be the favorable environmental conditions for colony development of B. ignitus in indoor rearing. It was investigated whether developmental characteristics of foundation queens of B. ignitus collected in the 4 localities in Korea would be affected by the first oviposition days of them. The first ovipostion day was classified as 1 - 4 days (immediate early), 5 - 6 days (early), 7 - 10 days (delayed early), 11 - 20 days (medium), 21 - 40 days (late), and above 41days (very late). The queen that had the early first oviposition day, i.e., laid eggs so early after starting to be raised indoors, showed much higher rate of colony foundation and progeny-queen production and much shorter period of colony foundation and worker emergence. Besides, the numbers of worker and progeny-queen emerged from the queen that had the early first oviposition day were higher than those of the queen that had the late first oviposition. In results, the queen that had the early first oviposition day could make colony stronger and could make colony formation period shorter, therefore, the first oviposition day of foundation queen was proved to be a criterion for the selection of super colonies when B. ignitus is raised indoors. It was investigated whether or not such helpers as worker bee, bee-cocoon and egg-cup etc, have any effects on oviposition and colony foundation of the bumblebee queen, B. ignitus. Among the helpers tested, the callow workers of B. ignitus and B. terrestris showed the most remarkable effects on the oviposition rates to 92% and 88%, respectively. The live cocoon as a helper improved oviposition rate over 60%. A narcotized old worker 10 days-aged after emergence, showed similar effects to a callow worker on the colony development such as oviposition rate, colony foundation and progeny-queen production. On the other hand, dried cocoon, callow honeybee worker or egg-cup did not show a positive effect as a helper. In the number of workers recruited to a foundation queen, two workers showed better effect than one worker on the colony development, with no difference between two and more. The effect of photoperiodic regimes on the oviposition and colony development of B. ignitus queens was examined with 0L, 8L, and 16L under 2 7℃ and 65% R. H. Among these photoperiod regimes, the oviposition rate at 8L and 16L was 80.2% and 83.1%, respectively, which was 12-15% higher than that at the dark condition (0L). Duration up to first oviposition at 8L and 16L was 17.5 days and 16.5 days, respectively, which was 2-3 days shorter than that at 0L. The colony foundation rate at 8L and 16L was 9.2% and 10.4%, respectively, which corresponded to 1.7-2.0 fold the value at 0L. In addition, the rate of progeny-queen production at 8L and 16L was also two fold higher than that at 0L. Taken there together, the light conditions (8L and 16L) rather than dark condition (0L) were more suitable for oviposition and colony development for B. ignitus in the indoor rearing condition. We investigated mating conditions of photoperiod, illumination and temperature during mating periods, care temperature of queen before mating, mating period and number of queen per mating cage to improve mating rate of B. ignitus. Among photoperiodic regimes of 12L, 14L and 16L during mating periods, queen mated at 14L showed better results than at 12L and 16L in egg-laying characteristics and colony development. In case of illumination during mating periods, intensity of 1000 lux was more effective than at intensity of 100 lux and 2000 lux in mating B. ignitus queen. Mating temperature and care temperature of queen before mating favorable for B. ignitus queen were 22-25? and 19?, respectively. The period need to mating B. ignitus queen was 3 days, and the number of queen suitable per mating cage of 55× 45× 65 ㎝ was 30. The effect of CO2-treatment on interrupting diapause of B. ignitus was examined to provide a means for year-round rearing of the bumblebee. When mated young queens were exposed to 65% or 99% CO2 for 30 min daily during two consecutive days, oviposition rate increased to 75% and 77%, respectively, comparing 50% in CO2-untreated queens. At the same time, the days needed to first oviposition shortened to 17-18 days in CO2-treated queens, comparing to 30 days in CO2-untreated queens. CO2-treatment at the second day after mating was appropriate to the oviposition and colony development. CO2-treatment showed a positive effect on the oviposition and colony development, but less than them of over-wintered queen in numbers of produced progeny. It can be concluded that CO2-treatment to B. ignitus is insufficient to produce commercial grade bumblebee colony in spite of its capability for promoting oviposition, because the treatment failed to form a big colony. Artificial hibernation is essential for year-round rearing of the bumblebee, B. ignitus that undergoes one generation per year. It is known that keeping the queens in low temperature for two or three months is effective to terminate their diapause and develop the colony. Temperature, time and surroundings to keep the queens during artificial hibernation were investigated. Among the tested temperatures, -2.5°C, 0°C, 2.5°C, and 5°C, the optimum temperature was 2.5°C. At the temperature (2.5°C), survival rate after chilling of the queens was high and colony development thereafter was enhanced. The proper time to initiate chilling queen was 10 to 14 days after adult eclosion, and the survivability of the queens after chilling was good during the upper period. For the surrounding to keep the queen during artificial hibernation, we proposed the method to preserve them in a bottle filled with perlite and keep it around 80% R. H.

본고는 북한강유역 청동기시대 취락의 전개와 석기제작시스템에 관한 연구이다. 주거지의 구조와 출토유물을 통해 볼 때, 돌대문토기문화, 가락동유형문화, 역삼동유형문화, 각형토기문화 등 다양한 문화요소를 받아들인 전기의 문화는 역삼동유형의 문화를 기반으로 하는 지역성이 강한 중기의 문화 로 전개되며 후기에 이르러 주거지의 규모가 축소되면서 점토대토기문화와도 접촉한다. 전기 중·후 엽 역삼동유형의 주거지의 내부구조가 노지중심의 구조에서 작업공간이 분리되면서 이색점토구역이 설치되고 취락내에서는 공방지가 성행하게 된다. 즉, 중기에는 이색점토구역이 설치된 주거지와 함께 공방지의 수적 증가가 관찰되고 후기에는 규모가 대폭 축소된 방형주거지가 출현하며 공방지 또한 지 속된다. 이러한 전개과정 속에서 주거지의 내부구조변화와 공방지의 출현이 석기의 제작과 밀접한 관 련이 있음을 확인하였다. 인접한 석재 산지로부터 조달된 석재의 보관·선별·분할·분배는 공방지에 서 공동작업을 통해, 분배된 석재를 선택적으로 이용하는 석기의 세부제작공정은 개별주거지에서 행 해지는 병행적인 석기제작시스템의 확립과정을 제시하였다. 이와 같은 석기제작시스템의 확립과정은 건축기술의 차원에서의 주거구조의 변화와 취락내 독립적인 공방지 출현과 관련이 깊으며, 전문생산 체계로의 발전과정에서 과도기로서 농경 위주보다는 다양한 생계활동을 기반으로 삼아 계급사회로 이 행되는 과정으로 파악된다.

배지의 적정 수분함량과 기상율은 분화식물 생산에 있어 중요한 환경 요인들이다. 매트관수시스템에서 Ardisia 소형분화 생산에 적합한 배지의 물리성을 구명 하고자 실험을 수행하였다. 실험에 사용된 공시 작물은 산호수와 자금우였다. 피트모스 배지에 왕겨와 펄라이트를 각각 부피비로 20, 40, 60%로 혼합하였다. 배지의 총공극은 왕겨의 혼합비율이 증가함에 따라 증가하였으나, 펄라이트는 혼합비율이 증가함에 따라 감소하였으며, 왕겨와 펄라이트의 혼합비율이 증가함에 따라 기상율은 증가하였으나, 배지의 수분함량은 감소하였다. 배지의 기상율은 왕겨 혼합배지에서 펄라이트 혼합배지보다 높았으며 증가율은 왕겨혼합배지에서 더 높았다. 배지의 CO2 농도는 기상율이 증가함에 따라 감소 하였는데, 왕겨 혼합배지에서 펄라이트 혼합배지보다 CO2 농도가 더 높았다. 산호수와 자금우의 생체중과 건물중은 왕겨를 60% 혼합한 배지에서 가장 높았으나, 지상부와 지하부의 건물 비율은 가장 낮았다. 매트관수 시스템에서 Ardisia속 식물인 산호수와 자금우의 소형 분화 생산에 적합한 배지의 물리성은 총공극과 기상율, 포트용수량이 각각 82.8, 25.6, 57.2%이었다.