This study had two aims. First, the study intended to identify the influences of product benefits and product identification on consumers' purchase intention, Second, it wanted to assess the moderating effects of consumers' aesthetic seeking tendency on their decision-making process. Based on the stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) paradigm and the product personality-brand identification-purchase intention model, this study proposed a research model, the benefits-product identification-purchase intention model. To test the model, a survey was conducted of female college students; a total of 298 questionnaires were analyzed. The stimulus used was a popular model of Nike running footwear: the Luna Eclipse+2. Factor analysis and structural equation analysis were conducted to analyze the research model. The results indicate : (1) The aesthetic benefit influenced product identification positively. The aesthetic benefit, functional benefit and product identification were all positively related to purchase intention. (2) The aesthetic seeking tendency mediated the influences of product benefits on consumers' purchase intention in the decision-making process. For consumers in the ‘high’ level group of aesthetic seeking tendency, aesthetic benefit and social benefit affected purchase intention and for consumers in the ‘low’ level group of aesthetic seeking tendency, the functional benefit only affected purchase intention. Based on this study, we find evidence that product benefits and aesthetic seeking tendency play important roles in consumers' decision-making process in product purchase.

A product’s competitive position (CP) identifies the segment the product is targeting and the value proposition it offers that differentiates it from its competitors (Hooley & Greenley, 2005). Having a clear, strong competitive position for products in the mind of the consumer, known as the perceived position, is considered to be absolutely imperative for products to compete in today’s market. In order to get to this evaluation or judgment on the product’s position, consumers need to sift through the ever-growing availability of organization and market-derived information. Consumer behavior literature dictates that such a judgment would have a level of confidence attached to it, specifically known as belief-confidence. Extensive literature has empirically linked belief-confidence to purchase intention (Bennell & Harrell, 1975; Howard & Steth, 1969; Laroche, Kim, & Zhou, 1995; Russo, Medvec, & Melov, 1996), however the construct has not been examined relative to the strategic concept of competitive product positioning. This research proposes a framework that suggests when the consumer’s perceived position for a product matches their purchase goal, [for example a consumer is seeking a ‘top of the range’ personal laptop and after evaluating laptop alternatives in the market judges product X as the ‘top of the range’ offering] the consumer’s confidence in their positioning judgment acts as a moderator, magnifying its ultimate effect on purchase intention. Given that judgment confidence is context specific (Chandrashekaran, Rotte & Grewal, 2005), this research suggests three antecedents to consumers’ confidence in competitive positions of products (1) position clarity (2) position consistency (3) alignment between the initial and post (information search) perceived positions. Support for these antecedents stems from various fields of literature including positioning implementation; consumer perception; judgment revision; information distortion and brand equity signaling (Erdem & Swait, 1998; Muthukrishnam, 2002; Russo, Medvec, & Melov, 1996; Crawford, 1985). Two between-subjects factorial experiments entailing a mock information search designed to manipulate (1) and (2) of the proposed antecedents will be administered online, whereby total n=540. Measures taken pre and post the experiment will enable validation of the remaining variables in the conceptual model. This research aims to show that adding a confidence measure to positioning measurement such as perceptual mapping, is a better predictor of purchase intention (when coupled with purchase goal), than positioning measurement alone. It ultimately gives managers an insight into what drives consumers’ confidence in deciphering what a product stands for amongst its competitors.

There is a variety of mobile beauty application specialized services providing information, such as reports on the advantages and disadvantages of a product, as well as tips and recommendations, based on consumers' comments for products that demand much consultation on the part of the consumers to critique the products. From goods purchased through mobile shopping apps, beauty-related products come right after fashion/retail and food/health-related goods, while promotions, followed by review/comments, are known as influential factors when selecting mobile shopping apps. Consumer reviews about a product are seen as important instruments for obtaining a variety of information about a product for those consumers who have not yet used it. Moreover, there is an increasing interest in authentic information instead of purely advertised narrations, while studies are actively in progress to verify the effectiveness of consumer reviews according to their nature and direction. The results vary with each researcher and since online consumer reviews differ, there is a need to research dynamically blended reviews and the forms that they take. Accordingly, this study attempts to observe and identify the factors that affect the perceived authenticity of the information, brand attitude, purchase intention and electronic word-of-mouth (e-WOM). The sample consists of 110 respondents in their twenties and thirties who have purchased beauty products online. The respondents were given online and offline questionnaires, and the collected information was analyzed with SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 18.0 using factor analysis, reliability analysis, t-tests, structural equation modeling (SEM) and multi-group analysis. The results show that perceived information authenticity has a significant influence on brand attitude, purchase intention and e-WOM. Positive, negative and subjective evaluations have more significant impact on information authenticity than did only positive and negative reviews, while perceived authenticity has significant relevance to brand attitude, purchase intention and online word-of-mouth. The implications of these findings

The objective of this study is to examine the effect of food scandals on trust towards the corporate brand and purchase intention in Japan. Drawing on Mayer, Davis and Schoorman’s Model of Organizational Trust (1995) this study explores the effects of perceived trustworthiness, trust, and perceived risk on a consumer’s intention to purchase. In Japan, consumers were outraged when some top hotels and department stores were found to have mislabeled foods, selling cheaper alternatives instead of the expensive foods offered on the menu and using expired products (Grace, 2007; Japan Today, 2013; Kageyama, 2007; Onishi, 2007; Spitzer, 2013). The various food scandals have led to product shunning, fear, distrust and suspicion among consumers (Garretson & Burton, 2000; Niewczas, 2014; Smith & Riethmuller, 1999; Yeung & Morris, 2001). Thus this research was conducted to identify the influence of food scandals involving well-established Japanese supermarkets on consumer trust and risk perception. The influence of culture in shaping purchase intention was also explored. Trust itself is a concept that is elusive with myriad definitions ranging from Luhmann’s (1979) sociological theory of trust that looks as trust being a function of high perceived risk and experience to Deutsch (1973) who defines it as the willingness to be dependent on others in the belief that the other party will not disappoint intentionally. Luhmann (1979) argues that in order for trust to be apparent there has to be high-perceived risk. Various studies have also focused on trust being operational when there is risk‐taking behavior (Anderson & Narus, 1990; Canning & Hammer‐Llyod, 2007; Doney & Canon, 1997; Morgan & Hunt, 1994). In the food sector, as consumers lose control over knowing about the food we eat due to the increasing complexity of the food system trust becomes an essential component. Consumers have to trust food producers ranging from farmers to food companies as well as the public authorities to ensure food safety, quality and adequate supply. Consumers display different and inconsistent reactions regarding food safety that affects the perception of quality and their willingness‐to‐pay (Berg, 2004; Brewer & Rojas, 2008).

Background and Purpose of Study: Social commerce refers to a form of electronic commerce based on Social Networking Service (SNS) and has grown substantially since the advent of Groupon in 2008. The growth of social commerce was accelerated with the increased popularity of SNS, where consumers share product information and reviews and the information is spread to others through SNS in real time (KB financial group, 2015). Social commerce can be divided into three types: (1) online group buying, (2) online shopping linked with the SNS, and (3) online shopping in SNS. The first type of social commerce is the most common type in Korea and the current study conducted an experiment based on the online group buying format. In the group buying social commerce, consumers gather together to purchase a product with a cheaper price. Placing a large order facilitates price promotion, (Yuan, & Lin, 2004) and buyers benefit from the cheaper price through the group buying (Zeng, Huang, & Dou, 2009). Group buying websites provides consumers with two types of information: time left for the promotion (time pressure) and the number of product sold (product popularity), and the overall purpose of this study is to examine the effects of time pressure, product popularity and website reputation on purchase intention. Hypotheses Development: Consumers make a purchase on social commerce websites because they can get a product with a cheaper price through group buying. Thus, this study is based on the assumption that all products are under price promotion. According to prospect theory, consumers are more likely to be sensitive to losses than gains. Consumers initially perceive a price promotion as a potential gain, but as the expiration approaches, they are more likely to perceive the promotion as a potential loss, which consequently increase purchase intention (Inman & McAlister, 1994). Also, a statement indicating product popularity, such as ‘the best-selling item’ increases purchase intention (Jeong & Kwon, 2012). Signaling theory provides a useful insight into understanding the effects of website reputation. Since consumers use a website reputation as an indicator of quality (Kirmani & Rao, 2000), they generally respond more positively to well-known websites than unknown websites (Shamdasani, Stanaland, & Tan, 2001). Therefore, based on the literature review, the following hypotheses are developed.H1: High time pressure has a greater impact on purchase intention than low time pressure. H2: High product popularity has a greater impact on purchase intention than low product popularity. H3: Well-known website has a greater impact on purchase intention than unknown website. H4: The effect of time pressure on purchase intention differs as a function of product popularity. H5: The effect of time pressure on purchase intention differs as a function of website reputation. H6: The effect of product popularity on purchase intention differs as a function of website reputation. Method: This study’s design is a 2 (time pressure: high vs. low) x 2 (popularity: high vs. low) x 2 (website reputation: well-known vs. unknown) between-subjects factorial design. This study includes three pretests: (1) to select high versus low time pressure, (2) to select the number of product purchased (product popularity), and (3) to select well-known and unknown social commerce websites. Based on the results of the pretests, eight mock websites simulating social commerce websites were developed for the main experiment. The data were collected via a research company. Invitation emails with a URL were sent to potential participants, and they were guided to shop the website and answer the questionnaire. The measure of purchase intention was adopted from the existing literature with adequate reliabilities (Cronbach’s alpha >.70), and the scale items used a 7-point scale. Manipulation checks showed that manipulations of time pressure, product popularity, and website reputation were successful. Results: A total of 453 female online shoppers participated in the online experiment. An exploratory factor analysis revealed one factor of purchase intention, and the reliability.93, indicating adequate internal consistency of the scale. Hypotheses were tested using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed main effects for product popularity [F (1, 445) = 10.34, p < .05] and website reputation [F (1, 445) = 72.03, p < .05] on purchase intention, supporting H2 and H3. With regard to H4 to H6 predicting interaction effects, ANOVAs showed significant interaction effects of time pressure by product popularity [F (1, 445) = 5.53, p < .05], time pressure and website reputation [F (1, 445) = 4.59, p < .05], and product popularity and website reputation [F (1, 445) = 9.15, p < .05] on purchase intention. Thus, H4 to H6 were supported. Conclusions and Discussion: The study offers academic and managerial implications. The findings of the study provide empirical support for the signaling theory and prospect theory. The results suggest that high popularity and high reputation are significant factors influencing purchase intention. When consumers perceive a product as being popular on a social commerce website, they have greater purchase intention than when they do not perceive the product popularity. Also, when consumers shop on a well-known social commerce website, they have greater purchase intention than when they shop on an unknown website. When the product popularity is high, high time pressure is an important factor enhancing purchase intention. When a website is well-known, high time pressure increased purchase intention. However, when a website is unknown, high product popularity increased purchase intention. These findings of the study contribute to the literature in social commerce. Based on the website reputation, social commerce websites need to incorporate appropriate marketing tactics, such as time pressure and product popularity to increase consumers’ purchase intention.

China has been the biggest factory in the world, most of products are marked “made in China”. With the rapid grows of consumption in China, it is also the biggest market. However, Chinese consumers with deep-rooted Confucian value system may different from Western countries (Ramasamy & Yeung, 2009). Do they still have strong consumer ethnocentrism? Or they can accept all the things they made but with the foreign brands? The power of WOM to influence customer attitude toward one brand is well known to all the marketing researchers. But the fast development of internet and social media network changed consumers’ behavior, word-of-mouth has acquired electronic WOM (e-WOM) as a new name (Goyette et al, 2010). Customer use E-WOM to evaluate product and make purchase decision. Ethnocentric consumers are against foreign brands as they believe that purchasing these brands will hurt domestic economy and brands, cause loss of jobs and increase the power of capitalist companies and dependency of poorer economies to them (Kaynak & Eksi, 2013). But customers are will to searching the better products. Such as Chinese mainland consumers hire purchase agent to shopping aboard. The purchase agent post information in the social media network as eWOM. This research wants to explore the young Chinese still have high ethnocentric tendency or not influenced by eWOM. If E-WOM can be a marketing method to reduce the ethnocentrism when foreign brands entry a new country. And also the domestic brands can use E-WOM to enhance ethnocentrism to against foreign brands. In this research, study 1 tests positive E-WOM or negative E-WOM to test if it can enhance Chinese consumers’ ethnocentrism or reduce their ethnocentrism for their own country products. This research also tests if consumer ethnocentrism can influence on brand equity and purchase intention. Based on the literature review, researchers establish concept model was shown in Table 1. This study uses SPSS and AMOS to analysis the sample. Based on the results this research gives suggestions to both academic and practice.

3D printing is an additive software manufacturing technology for designing and creating real objects using a layering technique. Global brands including Coca Cola and Warner Bros have successfully offered the first 3D printing campaigns, but the market is still untapped for using 3D printing marketing in global advertising. Global brands potentially can undertake 3D printing technology campaigns that will offer innovative and strong experiences for enhancing brand values and competitiveness. Luxury brands are particularly recognized for their rarity, uniqueness, innovation, and classic traditions. Luxury brands can thus use 3D printing campaign experiences to expand the cultural imagination in coherence with luxury identifications. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of 3D printing campaign experience on attitude toward campaigns, perceived value of luxury brands, and purchase intentions. The authors offer implications for advertising practitioners by constructing a theoretical model regarding 3D printing campaigns and perceived values of luxury brands.

This study explores the role of corporate involvement and brand perception in moderating the Cause Related Marketing on consumer purchase intention in the luxury product category among Japanese consumers. This research examines three core cause attributes - cause scope, cause type and cause acuteness developed by Vanhamme, Lindgree, Reast and van Popering (2012) as well as an additional component of duration – with corporate involvement and brand perception moderating the effect on purchase intention. The general public places judgment on a corporation based on how much of positive or negative impacts its business has on environment or society (Sheikh & Beise-Zee, 2011). In fact, more corporations have been developing corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs, no matter how big their business sizes, big or small, are (Brinkvan, Odekerken-Schroder, & Pauwels, 2006). The general public loses its faith in corporations, especially after a financial crisis or malfeasances of big corporations and as a result, corporations are under stronger pressure to contribute to environmental or societal causes in order to reclaim lost faith from the general public (Sheikh & Beise-Zee, 2011; Berglind & Nakata, 2005). One way corporations contribute to society has been to employ marketing strategies that link product sales to the support of specific charities to create and maintain favorable brand images known as cause related marketing or CRM. CRM has been growing faster as a type of marketing that allow corporations to contribute to environment or society (Brinkvan et al., 2006). Various factors have been extensively researched on and identified as pertinent in the success of cause-related marketing campaigns such as brand-cause fit (Bigne-Alcanniz, Currase-Perez, Ruiz-Mafe and Sanz-Blas, 2011; Nan and Heo, 2007; Samu and Wymer, 2009), donation size (Dahl and Labvack, 1995; Pracejus, Olsen and Brown, 2003), types of causes (local causes are preferred to national ones) (Ellen, Mohr, and Webb, 1996; Smith and Alcorn, 1991) and product type with luxury products found to be more effective (Strahilevitz and Myers, 1995).

The purpose of this study was to examine what motivated consumers to purchase the products that they viewed from User Generated Content (UGC) on YouTube. The current research collected 198 YouTube users online survey on their attitude toward UGC, their perceived credibility of UGC, their user activity, parasocial interaction and their purchase intention of the products being reviewed. The results showed these examined variables were positive correlated. Additionally, active users and passive users not only held different attitudes toward UGC and different purchase intentions for the products being reviewed, but also the predictive power was varied.

본 연구는 고급레스토랑 이용 고객들의 체면민감성이 과 시적 소비성향과 구매의도에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보기 위해 문헌고찰과 실증적 분석 연구를 진행하였다. 본 연구 결과의 주요 내용은 다음과 같다. 선행연구를 토대로 체면민감성 요인을 타인의식성 체면, 창피의식성 체면, 사회격식성 체면 총 3개 하위요인, 9개 문 항으로 구성하였다. 과시적 소비성향은 유명브랜드 선호 및 유행추구, 타인지향 총 2개 하위요인, 8개 문항으로 구성하 였으며, 구매의도는 단일 차원 4개 문항으로 구성하였다. 전체표본 430(100%)부 중 유효 표본 400(93%)부를 중심 으로 실증분석을 실시하였다. 응답자의 성별 특성을 보면 여 성이 264명(66%)으로 남성 응답자보다 더 많은 것으로 나타났으며, 연령은 30대가 209명(52.3%)으로 가장 많은 것으로 나타났다. 최종학력은 4년제 대학 졸업이 215명(53.8%), 직업은 회 사원이 235명(58.8%), 월 소득은 200-300만원 미만이 115명 (28.8%)으로 가장 많은 것으로 나타났다. 고급레스토랑 이용고객의 체면민감성이 과시적 소비성향 에 미치는 영향을 살펴본 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 타인의식성 체면(t=3.095, p< .005), 창피의식성 체면 (t=6.615, p< .005), 사회격식성 체면(t=4.802, p< .005)이 유 명브랜드 선호 및 유행추구에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 타인의식성 체면, 창피의식성 체면, 사회격식 성 체면이 타인지향 과시적 소비에 미치는 영향을 살펴보면, 타인의식성 체면(t=7.587, p< .005), 사회격식성 체면(t=4.057, p< .005)이 타인지향 과시적 소비에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나 타났지만, 창피의식성 체면은 타인지향 과시적 소비에 유의 한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타나 부분채택 되었다. 이 연구 결과는 Kim et al.(2013)의 연구에서 골프클럽 소 비자의 체면민감성 특성이 과시소비 성향에 유의한 영향을 미친다는 결과와 유사하게 나타났으며, Lee et al.(2015)의 연구에서 타인 의식성 체면과 창피 의식성 체면이 과시적 체 면에 유의한 영향을 미친 것과 연구 결과가 유사하게 나타 났다. 또한 형식 의식성 체면 또한 과시적 소비에 유의한 영 향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 유명브랜드나 유행이 소 비자들의 체면에 의해 영향을 많이 받는 것을 의미하는 것 으로 사료된다. 최근 들어 TV프로그램이나 인터넷 방송 등에서 외식과 관련된 컨텐츠가 많이 제작되고 있는데, 이를 적극적으로 활용 하여 외식 브랜드를 많은 소비자들에게 인식시키고 외식산 업의 유행을 만들기 위한 노력이 필요할 것으로 사료된다. 창피의식성 체면이 타인지향 과시적 소비에 영향을 미치 지 않는 것으로 나타났는데 이는 소비자들이 레스토랑 선택 시 남의 눈치를 보거나 타인에게 어떻게 비춰지는지에 대하 여 크게 염두에 두지 않는다는 것을 의미하는 것으로 사료 된다. 둘째, 고급레스토랑 이용고객의 체면민감성이 구매의도에 미치는 영향을 살펴본 결과는 다음과 같다. 타인의식성 체면, 창피의식성 체면, 사회격식성 체면이 구매의도에 미치는 영 향을 살펴본 결과 창피의식성 체면(t=3.233, p< .005), 사회격 식성 체면(t=3.247, p< .005)이 구매의도에 유의한 영향을 미 치는 것으로 나타났지만, 타인의식성 체면은 구매의도에 유 의한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타나 부분 채택 되었다. 고급레스토랑을 이용하는 고객들은 구매의사를 결정할 때 다양한 요인들을 고려하는데, 그 중에서도 체면과 관련된 요 인들이 중요한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 외식 기업에서는 체면이나 과시적 소비성향과 같은 변수뿐만 아 니라 다양한 심리적 요인을 활용한 마케팅을 적극적으로 수 립할 필요가 있을 것으로 사료된다. 셋째, 과시적 소비성향이 구매의도에 미치는 영향을 살펴 본 결과 유명브랜드 선호 및 유행추구(t=12.384, p< .005)는 구매의도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났지만, 타인 지향 과시적 소비성향은 구매의도에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타나 부분 채택 되었다. 이 결과는 타인의식 성 체면이 구매의도에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않는다는 결과 와 유사하게 나타났으며 반면, 유명브랜드를 선호하거나 유 행에 민감한 사람일수록 고급레스토랑을 구매할 가능성이 더 높은 것으로 사료된다. 본 연구의 시사점은 첫째, 기존의 소비 심리 연구와 달리 체면민감성, 과시적 소비성향과 같은 변수들을 추가함으로써 연구의 범위를 다양하게 설정하였고, 소비 심리 분석에 있어 서 유용한 변수가 될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 둘째, 본 연구에서 체면민감성, 과시적 소비성향 등이 실 질적으로 구매의도에 유의한 영향을 미친다는 것을 연구를 통해 확인하였다. 이는 소비자들이 자신과 타인을 구분 짓기 위해 또는 우월감을 표현하기 위해 자신의 형편을 고려하지 않은 소비를 하거나 또는 소비에 많은 의미를 부여한다는 것 을 다시 한 번 확인할 수 있는 연구 결과라고 사료된다. 기업들의 생존 경쟁이 점점 치열해지고 있는 현재 시점에 서 외식기업들은 인터넷이나 TV 등의 매체나 인쇄물, 잡지 등을 활용한 적극적인 마케팅을 통해 소비자들이 유명브랜 드 또는 유행하는 브랜드로 인식하도록 해야 한다. 또한 소 비자들의 니즈나 욕구 또는 체면이나 과시적 소비성향과 같 은 심리적 요인들을 지속적으로 연구하여 경쟁 기업과 차별 화를 이루어 내는 것이 중요한 과제일 것이다. 본 연구의 한계점 및 향후 연구방향은 첫째, 본 연구의 조 사대상을 객단가 8만원 이상의 고급레스토랑 이용고객으로 한정지었는데, 조사대상자의 범위를 다양하게 설정한 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료되며 또한 고 가격의 제품과 저 가격의 제품을 소비할 때 어떠한 차이가 있는지에 대한 비교 분석 등과 같은 다양한 측면에서의 연구들이 지속적으로 이루어 지면 더욱 의미가 있을 것으로 사료된다. 둘째, 본 연구에서 분석한 심리적 요인은 체면과 과시적 소비성향에 한정되어 있지만, 그 외에도 다양한 심리적 변수 들을 활용한 추가적인 연구가 이루어지면 소비자들의 소비 심리와 소비 행동을 분석하는데 유용한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대 된다.

1. 국가이미지의 측정항목에 대한 요인분석 결과 국가이미 지를 가격이미지, 품질이미지, 환경이미지, 경제이미지, 사회이 미지 등의 다섯가지 요인으로 명명하였다. 측정 각 항목의 신 뢰도는 모두 0.6 이상으로 만족할 만한 수준으로 나타났다. 2. 국가이미지와 제품선호도 간의 영향관계를 알아보고자 다 중회귀분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과, 국가이미지의 하위요인 중 품질이미지만이 제품선호도에 통계적으로 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 3. 국가이미지와 구매의도 간의 영향관계를 알아보고자 다 중회귀분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과, 국가이미지의 하위요인 중 품질이미지와 경제이미지가 구매의도에 통계적으로 유의미 한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 4. 제품선호도와 구매의도간의 영향관계를 알아보고자 단순 회귀분석을 실시한 결과 제품선호도는 구매의도에 통계적으로 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

The implication of the study is that it demonstrates the relationship of image attribute specifying each pattern from the previous studies and investigates the difference in the relationship of brand attitude, artist attitude and purchase intention among image attribute. In addition, by demonstrating the difference in the relationship among the cultural arts lifestyle groups, as well as the high and low fit between lifestyle brand and artist, the study provides an insight and a specified path for marketers as they plan out ways to utilize cultural marketing communications. Finally, by verifying the relationship among patterns, our study offers useful points of reference also for artists or art foundations who plan it with lifestyle brands using strategic approach to consumers by specified means.

Fashion design itself has an independent artistic value of its own. However, legal protection for fashion design is still lacking. In the fashion market, design piracy and trademark piracy are universal phenomena and the imitation behavior is made by a wide range of subjects in real time. The protection of the authentic holder in the relatively-short-cycled fashion design should be done immediately. Accordingly, this study aims to conduct a comparative research on the laws designed to protect fashion design significantly, to promote the creation of fashion design, and to provide implications for the future fashion design protection. The specific objectives of this study are as follows. First, we aim to examine the market trends relating to the theft of the fashion design between Republic of Korea and the United States. The second objective is to consider current legislation to protect fashion design in Republic of Korea and the United States and to analyze the differences between the two countries. Thirdly, the present study seeks to measure consumers’ perception on counterfeit in order to analyze the current status of design piracy. Our results suggest that both countries cohere in that the market size of counterfeit goods is expanding and fashion products are prominent in the counterfeits market. However, while Republic of Korea is not capable of effectively controlling domestic counterfeit products, the United States is trying to protect the intellectual property rights with regulations of counterfeits through the Customs and Border Protection Agency. In the domain of legal protection for fashion design, the United States enacted individual laws such as DPPA and IDPPA through cooperation with the fashion industry and the legal profession since 2006. On the other hand, the effectiveness of laws for fashion design protection appears to be weaker in Republic of Korea. According to the analysis of consumer perception, Korean consumers continuously buy counterfeit goods, whereas U.S. consumers rarely report having had a counterfeit product purchase experience. Korean consumers have a relatively high level of legal knowledge concerning fashion design protection and, compared to their U.S. counterparts, they are negatively recognized about counterfeit goods. Despite this, they do not hesitate to buy counterfeit products in real life. The results of our analysis of the consumer perception suggest that Korean consumers’ attitudes and purchase behaviors with regard to counterfeit goods are inconsistent; the reason underlying this tendency is that the force of the legal system is insufficient. Therefore, this study suggests to strengthen the rigor of the law-enforcement and to establish the laws that would help enhance consumer awareness in the Korean society.

The luxury market keeps growing in the global world. Marketing scholars focus on Chinese luxury consumers, because Chinese consumers show different characteristics comparing to foreign consumers. Personal hedonic value cannot be ignored among factors which influence consumers’ purchase intention. After the survey on 128 consumers who have luxury purchasing experience, the study finds out that as the two of three sub-dimensions of hedonic value, self-gifting and self-pleasure can significantly influence luxury perceived value, but self-enrichment has nothing to do with it. Luxury perceived value can directly affect consumers’ purchase intention on luxury products. But this relationship can be negatively moderated by interpersonal effects. At the end, managerial implications and theoretical contributions are discussed.

This paper identifies the key antecedents and moderators with regard to brand attitude and purchase intention of luxury brands. The findings suggest that is a strong importance of status seeking, as well as informational influences towards consumer brand attitude of luxury brands for both subtle and prominent brands. In addition, the moderating results indicate that consumer need for subtle branding only moderated the relationship between informational influences and consumers band attitude for subtly branded luxury products.

With limited intellectual property protection of fashion products, copying is a pervasive trade practice in the US fashion industry. Fashion majored undergraduates’ evaluative judgment on similar fashion products, their future intentions to purchase copied products and to copy others’ design were examined. Evaluative judgment significantly related to retail work experiences.

The purpose of this study is to identify mobile commerce characteristics and their influence on consumer’s purchase intention in mobile fashion shopping mall. To figure out the path of influence, TAM (Technology Acceptance Model) was applied. This model explained attitudes and behaviors of users toward acceptance of innovation technology like information technology. Davis (1989) proposed perceived ease of use (PEOU) and perceived usefulness (PU) as belief variables affected attitudes of users and the attitudes in turn affected the intention of acceptance in acceptance of information technology. However it is necessary to incorporate additional constructs to the original model in the quest for increased predictive power to explain consumer’s purchase intention (PI) in mobile shopping mall. Clarke (2001) suggested constructs of mobile commerce characteristics as ubiquity, convenience, localization, personalization and so on differentiated from internet commerce. Therefore, ubiquity, personalization and enjoyment were included as external variables to explain mobile commerce characteristics besides PEOU and PU in this study. 436 adults in their twenties and thirties which were included in panels of specialized Internet research institutions nationwide were answered on questionnaires about mobile commerce characteristics, PEOU, PU, PI (Purchase Intention) and demographics. Structural equation model was made to examine the entire pattern of inter-correlations among the constructs and the hypothesis of each path was verified using AMOS 16.0 package. As a result, the fitness of the extended TAM to explain the influence of mobile commerce characteristics on consumer’s purchase intention in mobile fashion shopping mall was proven.

In the fashion industry, designers and researchers have proposed various sustainable fashion products (i.e., sustainability in product development), and retailers have also created many sustainable business practices (i.e., sustainability in distribution). However, according to the previous researches, even though the industry have offered a variety of sustainable designs and retail offers, consumers did not show a positive purchase behavior on the sustainable products. Currently, the gap exists between industry offers for sustainability and consumers’ expectation/acceptance of those offers. This result supports that there are other aspects than environmental protection aspect of the sustainable fashion products that need to be improved and/or be emphasized on to make consumers feel confident in purchasing. To examine consumers’ purchase behavior changes on sustainable fashion products, this study will measure consumers’ equity of sustainability on existing sustainable fashion products with three criteria of sustainable designs proposed by Day and Townsend (1993), which are socially equitable, economically viable, and environmentally benign. Then, consumers’ purchase intention for sustainable fashion products will be measured. The result will show the sustainable fashion product types that currently satisfy consumers so that the industry can concentrate on and develop the types further. In addition, this study will explore the impact of well-known brand names and cause-related marketing whether they would improve consumers’ purchase intention towards sustainable fashion products. No research has studied these two variables for sustainable fashion products as well as the equity of sustainability. Finally, different benefit sought groups will be tested whether they show different acceptance/preference and impact of brand names and cause-related marketing on the sustainable fashion products so that companies can set the appropriate strategies based on their target market’s benefit sought. PROPOSED MODEL AND HYPOTHESES Based on previous researches, the authors propose a new model shown in the figure 1, and the hypotheses are developed based on the model. H1. Significant differences in equity of sustainability, purchase intention before and after cause-related marketing and the relationships in the model. H1-1. Consumers will differently evaluate equity of sustainability of each sustainable fashion product type. H1-2. Consumers will have different purchase intention on each sustainable fashion product type. H1-3. Consumers will have different purchase intention on each sustainable fashion product type after cause-related marketing. H1-4. Equity of sustainability will significantly influence on purchase intention in all sustainable fashion product types. H1-5. Cause-related marketing will significantly improve purchase intention in all sustainable fashion product types. H2. Significantly different results in H1 between benefit sought groups. H2-1. Benefit sought groups will have significantly different equity of sustainability on all sustainable fashion product types. H2-2. Benefit sought groups will have significantly different purchase intention on all sustainable fashion product types. H2-3. Benefit sought groups will have significantly different purchase intention on all sustainable fashion product types after cause-related marketing. H2-4. Benefit sought groups will show a different relationship between equity of sustainability and purchase intention in all sustainable fashion product types. H2-5. Benefit sought groups will show a different influence of cause-related marketing on purchase intention in all sustainable fashion product types. H3. Significantly different results in H1 after adding well-known brand names on sustainable fashion product types. H3-1. Equity of sustainability will be significantly different for all sustainable fashion product types after adding well-known brand names. H3-2. Purchase intention will be significantly different for all sustainable fashion product types after adding well-known brand names. H3-3. Purchase intention after cause-related marketing will be significantly different for all sustainable fashion product types after adding well-known brand names. H3-4. The relationship between equity of sustainability and purchase intention will be different after adding well-known brand names in all sustainable fashion product types. H3-5. The influence of cause-related marketing on purchase intention will be different after adding well-known brand names in all sustainable fashion product types. H4. Different results from H2 after adding well-known brand names. H4-1. The significant difference of equity of sustainability between benefit sought groups will be different after adding well-known brand names in all sustainable fashion product types. H4-2. The significant difference of purchase intention between benefit sought groups will be different after adding well-known brand names in all sustainable fashion product types. H4-3. The significant difference of purchase intention after cause-related marketing between benefit sought groups will be different after adding well-known brand names in all sustainable fashion product types. H4-4. After adding well-known brand names, the result of the relationship between equity of sustainability and purchase intention in each benefit group will be different in all sustainable fashion product types. H4-5. After adding well-known brand names, the result of the relationship between cause-related marketing and purchase intention in each benefit sought group will be different in all sustainable fashion product types. RESEARCH METHOD A simple black dress which is the product silhouette consistently shown through all sustainable fashion product types and relatively low involved when purchasing was selected to minimize the cognitive effort to process/judge the product attributes (Tucker, Rifon, Lee & Reece, 2012). The equity of sustainability is determined as an average score of economic viability, social equity, and environmental responsibility of each sustainable fashion product type. Benefit segments most commonly studied in the previous researches are selected for this study which are price-conscious, fashion-conscious, brand-conscious, convenience-conscious, quality-conscious, self-express, and self-confidence groups. Brand name is a moderator variable to test the brand name effect on participants’ response. Two different versions of questionnaires were distributed. One version shows brand names on the product types, which are selected as reliable brand names from a pretest in terms of quality and credibility, and the other version does not show any brand names on the product types. The reliable brand names are luxury brands such as Ralph Lauren rather than middle to low-priced brands. Both versions include the question for purchase intention before and after cause-related marketing (e.g., “If 10% of this sales is donated to a non-profit organization to preserve our environment, I would buy this item.”). Only female consumers are allowed to participate in the survey because the stimuli are dresses. Surveys were distributed by a commercial survey data collection company. Total 399 surveys were usable (non-brand version, n=190; brand name version, n= 209). The majority of participants are between 25 to 44 years old (22-34 years 49.1%, 35-44 years 16.8%) and has a college degree (college degree 52.6%, graduate school degree 25.8%). RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS From the data analysis (see table 1), non-brand companies would have a benefit by offering transformable products in which consumers feel more value than other sustainable fashion product types. When showing luxury brand names, participants evaluated upcycling products as the highest equity of sustainability and purchase intention after cause-related marketing. The zero waste luxury brand product received the highest purchase intention before cause-related marketing and also received a significantly higher equity of sustainability than the non-brand zero waste product. Therefore, it is recommended for luxury brands to show their sustainability practice on the product through labels, especially showing a zero waste production label. The result in all sustainable fashion product types regardless of brand names showed that the higher sustainability, the higher purchase intention. Thus, again, it is important for companies to educate their sustainability practices (e.g., economic, social and environmental values) to consumers through either promotions or labels on the products. For both non-brand and luxury brand products, promoting a donation or support for community/society (i.e., cause-related marketing) on the product would influence consumers' purchase decision when selling the upcycling, recycling and promotion on fashion products. For example, companies could create/include a symbol of their cause-related marketing or include a symbol of a non-profit organization on the sustainable fashion products. Considering different benefit sought groups, the high fashion involved group scored the variables higher in most sustainable fashion product types in the model than the low fashion involved group did. When companies plan to offer sustainable fashion products, they need to target the high fashion involved group for a better sales outcome. Even though participants perceived that the upcycled product was highly sustainable, they purchased different product types. The high fashion involved group highly intended to purchase the transformable product in the non-brand product types and the animal-free product in luxury brand product types in both before and after cause-related marketing. Luxury brands are the ones typically consume most real animal furs and skins, and this might influenced the participants’ purchase intention. The low fashion involved group were willing to purchase the product with organic materials in both non-brand and luxury brands, but cause-related marketing increased the purchase intention on the most of product types. Companies targeting a low fashion conscious group are suggested developing/promoting organic fashion products and actively promote their community/society involvement. Regardless of benefit sought groups, higher equity of sustainability generated higher purchase intention. Again, companies need to inform/promote their sustainability practices to consumers through products or media to improve sales. The impact of cause-related marketing on the purchase intention was significant for the low fashion involved group in the upcycling, recycling, promotion on the product, zero waste and transformable products regardless of brand names. Therefore, when companies cannot appeal consumers with their brand names, the cause-related marketing plays an important role. The low fashion involved consumers seem to consider the after-purchase impact on the society than product itself when purchasing sustainable fashion products. The cause-related marketing had less impact for the high fashion involved group on their purchase intention than the low fashion involved group; however, the purchase intention of non-brand upcycling and the upcycling, recycling and promotion on the product for luxury brands have significantly improved after cause-related marketing. Companies, especially luxury brand names, need to include cause-related marketing when selling those product targeting the high fashion involved group.

Nowadays, Korean culture affects fashion cultural industry. Furthermore, art and fashion collaborate considerably more now than in the past. Korean fashion experts and fashion cultural industry have mainly focused on global tourists. Fashion cultural products that promote the image of Korea synthesize both traditional and contemporary traits of the Korean culture (Cho, 2007), which reflects cultural and economic values. Hallyu, which means ‘Korean Wave’, has been a popular trend of Korean cultural contents on the global market. The target market of the contemporary Korean fashion clothing has mostly targeted global tourists. However, traditional products dominate over a few contemporary products on the Korean cultural product market. This study focuses on the contemporary Korean fashion clothing that are designed and reinterpreted in our times. When these designs become available on the market, they can excite more interest both in the fashion industry and among the consumers. This will help highlight the importance and potential of the present-day Korean cultural products. The purpose of the study is to figure out effects of contemporary Korean fashion clothing attributes on consumer response and consumer behavior. Contemporary Korean fashion clothing attributes are divided to Korean culture, fashion/practicality, creativity/uniqueness and design/aesthetic traits. Consumer response is to see the affective and cognitive response. Also, consumer behavior is to see preference and purchase intention. In the study, the data was used to conduct exploratory factor analysis and reliability analysis with SPSS, 21.0 and Amos 18.0 was used to conduct confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling for testing the hypotheses. The results revealed fashion/practicality, creativity/unique attributes had positive effect on affective response and creativity/unique, design/aesthetic attributes had positive effect on the cognitive response. In addition, affective and cognitive response had positive effect on preference but only affective response had positive effect on purchase intention. Lastly, preference had positive effect on the purchase intention. The implications of this study would stimulate the expansion and further development of the Korean contemporary design market. However, as a limitation of research, limited category of product was used so more various kinds of fashion category can be used for the future research.

This study was designed to investigate luxury brand co-value creation. A mixed method approach was used to 1) identify encounter attributes of value co-creation, consumer value and brand value and 2) examine the relationships among encounter attributes, consumer value, brand value, and purchase intention to explain the process of value co-creation.