비가열식 상온 도로포장 재활용 공법인 상온 현장 재활용 공법(CIR), 상온 플랜트 재활용 공법(CCPR), 상온 전체 포장층 재활용 공법(FDR)들은 경제적으로 시공 비용이 저렴하고 공사기간을 단축시키며 환경오염 영향을 적게 미치는 장점이 있다. 상온 재활용 공법에 사용되는 아스팔트 바인더는 크게 유화아스팔트(emulsified asphalt)와 폼드 아스팔트(foamed asphalt)가 적용되며, 이들은 재생 아스팔트 혼합물의 재생첨가제 또는 안정제로서의 기능을 하기도 한다. 유화아스팔트는 물속에 아스팔트 바인더 입자(1-3μm)가 계면활성제(surfactant)에 의해 상분리 현상을 일으키지 않고 분산 상태를 유지하고 있는 액체 상태의 아스팔트이기 때문에 상온에서 별도의 가열 없이 편리하게 사용할 수 있다. 하지만 상온 재활용 아스팔트 콘크리트에 대한 공학적 구조 해석을 위한 정량적 데이터가 부족하여 공학적 공용성 분석이 이루어지지 못해 널리 활성화 되는데 한계점을 가지고 있다. 본 연구는 상온 재활용 아스팔트 콘크리트용 개질 유화아스팔트의 개발을 목적으로 개질재(천연고무, 합성고무 등)에 의한 유화아스팔트 바인더의 정량적 물성 성능 평가를 위하여 기초적 실험평가를 실시하였다. 아스팔트 바인더(AP-3)를 개질 첨가제인 천연고무, 합성고무 A와 B를 각각 3% 첨가하여 개질시키고 유화 과정을 시켜 개질 유화아스팔트를 제조하였다. 이렇게 제조된 개질 유화아스팔트의 증발잔류물(평균 61%)에 대해 침입도와 연화점 시험을 실시하였다. 시험결과 천연고무와 합성고무 B로 개질 유화아스팔트의 연화점이 66℃과 67℃로 합성고무 A(51℃)보다 높게 나타났고, 침입도는 천연고무로 개질된 유화아스팔트가 49로 합성고무(A) 66와 합성고무(B) 74로 측정되었다. 천연고무로 개질된 유화아스팔트의 물성 성능이 가장 우수하였고 혼합성 및 저장안전성도 양호하였다. 천연고무, 합성고무 A와 B를 적용한 개질 유화아스팔트의 물성 성능평가를 통해 기초적 자료를 확보하였고, 향후 상온 재활용 아스팔트 콘크리트 혼합물에 대한 공용성능 평가를 통해 공학적 공용성 분석을 진행할 예정이다.

The present study investigated the role of spinal glutamate recycling in the development of orofacial inflammatory pain or trigeminal neuropathic pain. Experiments were carried out on male Sprague–Dawley rats weighing between 230 and 280 g. Under anesthesia, a polyethylene tube was implanted in the atlanto-occipital membrane for intracisternal administration. IL-1β-induced inflammation was employed as an orofacial acute inflammatory pain model. IL-1β (10 ng) was injected subcutaneously into one vibrissal pad. We used the trigeminal neuropathic pain animal model produced by chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve. DL-threo-β -benzyloxyaspartate (TBOA) or methionine sulfoximine (MSO) was administered intracisternally to block the spinal glutamate transporter and the glutamine synthetase activity in astroglia. Intracisternal administration of TBOA produced mechanical allodynia in naïve rats, but it significantly attenuated mechanical allodynia in rats with interleukin (IL)-1 β-induced inflammatory pain or trigeminal neuropathic pain. In contrast, intracisternal injection of MSO produced antiallodynic effects in rats treated with IL-1β or with infraorbital nerve injury. Intracisternal administration of MSO did not produce mechanical allodynia in naive rats. These results suggest that blockade of glutamate recycling induced pro-nociception in naïve rats, but it paradoxically resulted in anti-nociception in rats experiencing inflammatory or neuropathic pain. Moreover, blockade of glutamate reuptake could represent a new therapeutic target for the treatment of chronic pain conditions.

본 실험은 순환식 수경재배에서 배지 재사용이 여름 파프리카의 생육 및 착과에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위해 수행되었다. 시험구는 30% 배액 재사용을 기준으로 새배지, 1년 재사용 배지, 2년 재사용 배지로 구분하여 4월 18일부터 2016년 11월 31일까지 30주간 시행하였다. 실험결과 생육초기 초장은 2년 재사용 배지가 신규배지 보다 길었지만 이후 역전되어 최종 생육초장은 56.58cm 짧았다. 1그룹 개화위치는 재사용 배지가 새배지에 비해 2.92cm 짧았고, 2그룹 개화위치는 0.31cm 길었다. 생육 초기의 상대적 절간장은 재사용 배지를 사용할 경우 새 배지를 사용하는 것에 비해 생육 후기의 불균형이 심화되었다. 1, 2년 재사용 배지의 생육마디수는 27.4마디로 가장 적었다. 하지만 수확마디수는 시험구간 차이를 보이지 않았기 때문에 2년 재사용 배지의 수확율이 26.8% 로 가장 높았다. 비상품과의 비율은 생육이 진전될수록 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 생체중은 새배지가 227.7g, 2 년 재사용 배지가 219.2g으로 재사용 배지가 21.2g 적었다. 건물중은 전 생육기간중 4그룹에서 가장 높았는데, 이 시기의 새배지의 건물중은 17.13g, 1년 재사용 배지 18.26g, 2년 재사용 배지 19.28g으로 배지를 재사용 할수록 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 전 생육기간의 평균 수분 함량은 배지를 재사용 할수록 적었는데, 1년 재사용 배지가 2년 재사용배지보다 약 20g 더 적었으며, 이러한 경향은 전 생육 기간 동안 꾸준히 나타났다. 특히 1년 재사용배지는 3그룹 이후부터 다른 시험구에 비해 약 60g 이상 적었다. 결론적으로 코이어 배지를 재사용한 파프리카 순환식 수경재배시 중기생육 이후의 세력약화로 인한 비상품과의 발생을 유의하여 관리한다면 배지의 물리·화학성의 변화 및 병원균 감염에 의한 수량감소와 품질저하 등은 우려하지 않아도 될 것으로 판단된다.

Abstract In this study, Fe-Ni slag, converter slag and dephosphorization slag generated from the steel industry, and fly ash or bottom ash from a power plant, were mixed at an appropriate mixing ratio and melted in a melting furnace in a massproduction process for glass ceramics. Then, glass-ceramic products, having a basalt composition with SiO₂, Al₂O₃, CaO, MgO, and Fe₂O₃ components, were fabricated through casting and heat treatment process. Comparison was made of the samples before and after the modification of the process conditions. Glass-ceramic samples before and after the process modification were similar in chemical composition, but Al₂O₃ and Na₂O contents were slightly higher in the samples before the modification. Before and after the process modification, it was confirmed that the sample had a melting temperature below 1250 ℃, and that pyroxene and diopside are the primary phases of the product. The crystallization temperature in the sample after modification was found to be higher than that in the sample before modification. The activation energy for crystallization was evaluated and found to be 467 kJ/mol for the sample before the process modification, and 337 kJ/mol for the sample after the process modification. The degree of crystallinity was evaluated and found to be 82% before the process change and 87% after the process change. Mechanical properties such as compressive strength and bending strength were evaluated and found to be excellent for the sample after process modification. In conclusion, the samples after the process modification were evaluated and found to have superior characteristics compared to those before the modification.

본 실험은 순환식 수경재배에서 배액 재사용율이 여름 파프리카의 생육 및 착과에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위해 수행되었다. 시험구는 비순환식 수경재배를 대조구로 하여 폐양액의 혼합비율을 0, 20, 30, 50%로 처리하여 2015년 3월부터 9월까지 25주간 실시되었다. 실험결과 경경은 생육 초기인 1, 2그룹시에는 시험구간 차이를 보였지만 3그룹이상 진전될수록 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 엽면적은 배액 혼합율이 많을수록 작아지는 경향을 보였다. 생육 마디수는 50% 재사용 시험구가 대조구에 비해 1.4마디 적었지만 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 수확 마디수는 대조구가 11.1마디, 50% 재사용 시험구가 8.7 마디로 유의적인 차이를 보이며 배액을 재사용 할수록 수확마디가 적어지는 경향을 나타내었다. 수확율 역시 수확마디와 동일한 경향을 보이며 대조구가 33.2%로 가장 높았고 50% 재사용 시험구가 27.6%로 가장 낮았다. 상대적 생산량은 1그룹에서 대조구를 기준으로 30%, 35%, 45%의 생산량이 감소하였고 이러한 경향은 2그룹과 4그룹에서도 나타났다. 하지만 3, 5그룹에서는 50% 시험구의 생산량이 13%, 5% 증가하였다. 비상품과의 비 율은 0%, 20%, 30%, 50% 재사용 시험구에서 각각 2%, 4%, 4%, 7%로 재사용율이 높을수록 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 결론적으로 초기 생육의 저하로 인한 생산량 감소를 유의하여 관리한다면 중기생육 이후부터는 무기이온의 불균형이 발생하여도 작물생육이 안정기에 접어들어 재사용으로 인한 생육 및 수량 감소를 우려하지 않아도 될 것으로 판단된다.

This study is carried out to obtain basic data regarding oxidation and reduction reactions, originated on the recycling of waste tungsten hard scraps by oxidation and reduction processes. First, it is estimated that the theoretical Gibbs free energy for the formation reaction of WO2 and WO3 are calculated as ΔG1,000K= -407.335 kJ/mol and ΔG1,000K = -585.679 kJ/mol, from the thermodynamics data reported by Ihsan Barin. In the experiments, the oxidation of pure tungsten rod by oxygen is carried out over a temperature range of 700-1,000oC for 1 h, and it is possible to conclude that the oxidation reaction can be represented by a relatively linear relationship. Second, the reduction of WO2 and WO3 powder by hydrogen is also calculated from the same thermodynamics data, and it can be found that it was difficult for the reduction reaction to occur at 1,027oC, in the case of WO2, but it can happen for temperatures higher than 1127oC. On the other hand, WO3 reduction reaction occurs at the relatively low temperature of 827oC. Based on these results, the reduction experiments are carried out at a temperature range of 500-1,000oC for 15 min to 4 h, in the case of WO3 powder, and it is possible to conclude that the reduction at 900oC for 2h is needed for a perfect reduction reaction.

Owing to increasing demand of rare metals present in ICT products, it is necessary to promote the rare metal recycling industry from an environmental viewpoint and to prevent climate change. Despite the fact that information for toxic substances is partly indicated, a legal basis and an international standard indicating usage of rare metals is insufficient. In order to address this issue, a newly created study group of environment and climate change at the ITU (International Telecommunication Union) is doing research to develop methodologies for recycling rare metals from ICT products in an eco-friendly way. Under this group, the Republic of Korea has established two international standards related to rare metals present in ICT products. The first is ‘Release of rare metal information for ICT products (ITU-T L.1100)’ and the other is ‘Quantitative and qualitative analysis methods for rare metals (ITU-T L.1101)’. A new proposal for recommending the provision of rare metal information through a label by manufacturers and consumer/recycling businesses has been approved recently and is supposed to be published later in 2016. Moreover, these recommendations are also being extended to IEC, ISO and other standardization organizations and a strategy to reinforce the ability for domestic standardization is being established in accordance with industrial requirements. This will promote efficient recycling of rare metals from ICT products and will help improve the domestic supply of rare metals.

This study was executed to deduce the factors affecting eco-friendly behaviors and attitudes, to analyse the difference of eco-friendly behaviors and attitudes between countries, and to draw the variables affecting clothing recycling behavior. The sample comprised people from the UK, China, South Korea. The results were as follows. The four factors related to eco-friendly behaviors and the five factors related to eco-friendly attitudes were derived from the results of factor analysis. In the case of eco-friendly behaviors, four eco-friendly behavior factors showed a significant difference all according to gender and country. In the case of eco-friendly attitudes, saving of natural resources for eco-friendly life, recycling for eco-friendly life, and individual preference for eco-friendly life showed a significant according to gender, also recycling for eco-friendly life, individual preference for eco-friendly life, social awareness for eco-friendly life, and company’s awareness for eco-friendly life showed a significant difference according to country. All of the variables related to clothing recycling behaviors showed the significant difference according to gender and countries. It was verified that the stronger the behaviors or attitudes for waste recycling and environmental protection, individual preference for eco-friendly life, saving of natural resources, buying eco-friendly products, and separate collection for recycling, the more positive the action to clothing recycling. The results of this study will be helpful to establish a marketing strategy for each country and to deduce a plan to attract clothing recycling form people.

본 연구에서는 액-액 반응에 의한 액상탄산화법을 이용하여 탄산칼슘을 제조하였다. MEA를 사용하여 습식화학수법의 셔틀메카니즘을 도입하였다. MEA 30% 수용액에 고농도 이산화탄소(A)와 배 기가스(B)를 사용하여 이산화탄소를 포집하였으며, 액상탄산화과정을 통해 슬러지 mg 당 0.35 mg의 이 산화탄소를 고정하였다. 최종생성물의 SEM 분석결과 탄산칼슘의 구조는 calcite가 혼합되어 있으나 대 부분 구형 vaterite가 생성되었다.

Glass-ceramics were developed many years ago and have been applied in many fields such as electronics, chemistry, optics, etc. Much is already known about glass-ceramic technology, but many challenges in glass-ceramic research are still unresolved. Recently, large amounts of slag have steadily increased in the steel industry as by-products. To promote recycling of industrial waste, including steel industry slags, many studies have been performed on the fabrication of basalt-based highstrength glass-ceramics. In this study, we have fabricated such ceramics using various slags to replace high performance castbasalt, which is currently imported. Glass-ceramic material was prepared in similar chemical compositions with commercial cast-basalt through a pyro process using slags and power plant by-product (Fe-Ni slag, converter slag, dephosphorization slag, Fly ash). The properties of the glass-ceramic material were characterized using DTA, XRD, and FE-SEM; measurements of compressive strength, Vicker’s hardness, and abrasion were carefully performed. It is found that the prepared glass-ceramic material showed better performance than that of commercial cast-basalt.

PURPOSES: The national highways and expressways in Korea constitute a total length of 17,951 km. Of this total length of pavement, the asphalt pavement has significantly deteriorated, having been in service for over 10 years. Currently, hot in-place recycling (HIR) is used as the rehabilitation method for the distressed asphalt pavement. The deteriorated pavement becomes over-heated, however, owing to uncontrolled heating capacity during the pre-heating process of HIR in the field. METHODS: In order to determine the appropriate heating method and capacity of the pre-heater at the HIR process, the heating temperature of asphalt pavement is numerically simulated with the finite element software ABAQUS. Furthermore, the heating transfer effects are simulated in order to determine the inner temperature as a function of the heating system (IR and wire). This temperature is ascertained at 300 ℃, 400℃, 500℃, 600℃, 700°℃, and 800℃ from a slab asphalt specimen prepared in the laboratory. The inner temperature of this specimen is measured at the surface and five different depths (1 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm, 4 cm, and 5 cm) by using a data logger. RESULTS: The numerical simulation results of the asphalt pavement heating temperature indicate that this temperature is extremely sensitive to increases in the heating temperature. Moreover, after 10 min of heating, the pavement temperature is 36%~38% and 8%~10% of the target temperature at depths of 25 mm and 50 mm, respectively, from the surface. Therefore, in order to achieve the target temperature at a depth of 50 mm in the slab asphalt specimen, greater heating is required of the IR system compared to that of the gas. CONCLUSIONS : Numerical simulation, via the finite element method, can be readily used to analyze the appropriate heating method and theoretical basis of the HIR method. The IR system would provide the best heating method and capacity of HIR heating processes in the field.

PURPOSES: The objective of this study is to determine the milling temperature that minimizes the binder-induced damage to the aggregate; this is achieved by evaluating the temperature dependence of the viscosity of the asphalt binder, with the aim of developing an effective heating process for warm in-place recycling. METHODS : The validity of the indoor test was confirmed by conducting an internal heating test based on the on-site heating test. In addition, the adhesive power of the binder was measured at various temperatures (30℃, 40℃, 50℃, 60℃, 70℃) via three types of measuring methods. RESULTS: The surface temperature spectrum of field test was slight different with that of laboratory test. But, the spectra of inner temperature between the field and the laboratory was almost similar. Also, the adhesion of the asphalt binder was measured from 30℃ to 70℃. The adhesion of the binder was significantly decreased from 60℃. Contrary to other temperature, the adhesion was slightly changed from 60℃ to 70℃. Also the inner temperature between two different heating methods was shown similar temperature spectra. CONCLUSIONS: The pavement heating temperature spectrum of hot in place recycling method was simulated by a laboratory test. Based on this study, the optimum temperature was 60℃~70℃ for reducing aggregate damage during milling process. The susceptibility heating method developed in this study can be maintained the optimum inner temperature range.

In order to fabricate porous mullite ceramics with controlled pore structure and improved mechanical strength, a freeze casting route has been processed using camphene mixed with tertiary-butyl alcohol (TBA) and coal fly ash/alumina as the solvent and the ceramic material, respectively. After sintering, the solidification characteristics of camphene and TBA solvent were evident in the pore morphology, i.e., dendritic and straight pore channels formed along the solidification directions of camphene and TBA ice, respectively, after sublimation. Also, the presence of microcracks was observed in the bodies sintered at 1500 oC, mainly due to the difference in solidification volume change between camphene and TBA. The compressive strength of the sintered bodies was found generally to be dependent, in an inverse manner, on the porosity, which was mainly determined by the processing conditions. After sintering at 1300~1500 oC with 30~50 wt% solid loading, the resulting mullite ceramics showed porosity and compressive strength values in ranges of 83.8~43.1% and 3.7~206.8 MPa, respectively.

This study was carried out to recommend the recycling technology from the organic wastes generated in the neighborhood of a dam in Kroea. The order of production of the organic wastes without the suspended materials and energy corps are Chungju-dam(649.9 ton/day), Daechung-dam(525.1ton/day), Hapcheon-dam(485ton/day), Namgang-dam(478ton/day), and Soyang-dam(246.4ton/day). Because livestock excretions and nightsoil were composed of 72 to 93% of the total organic wastes, they should be proferly reflected in the plan of recycling. It was investigated that the biodegradability was 40~80%, biogas production, 0.22~1.70m3/kg VS, methan production, 0.15~1.07m3/kg VS, and methan contents, 63~79%, respectively, in case of the livestock excretions, which constituted over than 50% of organic wastes. Therefore, the appropriate technology for the recycling of organic wastes can be considered anaerobic co-digestion; this technology can create high added value because of using the fuel for new regeneration enery. SCFMR(Semi-Continuously Fed and Mixed Reactor) for an anaerobic digestion reactor was suited for the treatment of organic wastes because the retention time was relatively constant, compared to CSTR(Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor), power consumption was small, and operation and management of reactor was easy and economical.

본 연구에서는 현재 전량 폐기되는 정수기용 폐 카본블록 필터를 재활용하고자 폐 필터의 특성을 파악한 후 열 처리를 진행하였다. 성능 평가를 위해 실제 정수기에서 사용 후 폐기되는 카본블록 필터 (도레이 케미칼에서 제조)를 회수하여 활성탄의 흡착능을 측정하였다. 대조군으로써 새 필터도 같은 조건으로 진행하였다. 재활용을 위한 열처리의 온도는 400, 550, 및 700℃로 진행하였으며 최적 조건을 찾기 위해 새 필터에 먼저 열처리를 진행하였다. 또한 TGA, DSC, SEM 및 BET를 이용하여 폐 필터의 표면 특성을 분석하였다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로, 폐 필터 표면에 막 오염(fouling)과 정도를 확인하였으며, 폐 카본블록 필터의 재활용 및 복원기술 연구를 통한 순환 활용 기술을 확보하고자 한다.

온실가스로 인한 지구 온난화 현상이 기후 변화를 초래하고 있기 때문에 메탄과 이산화탄소 감축에 대한 저감 기술이 절실하다. 바이오가스는 음식물쓰레기 처리장, 축산분뇨처리장, 등에서 발생하는데, 본 연구는 음식물쓰레기처리장에서 바이오가스를 분리정제 하기 위해 제습, 탈황, 탈실록산 처리된 바이오가스를 막분리 공정으로 운전하였고, 유량, 압력, 막 면적에 변화에 따른 공정개선으로 98% 이상의 고순도 메탄가스와 90% 이상의 회수율을 만족하는 결과를 얻었다.

PURPOSES : To design a pre-heater for warm in-place recycling equipment, three different heating systems were evaluated to determine their thermal efficiency. METHODS: In this study, a 30cm×30cm×15cm wheel-tracking specimen was used to measure the inner temperature as a function of the heating system. The inner temperature of the specimen was measured with a data logger at the surface, and at depths of 1cm, 2cm, 3cm, 4cm, and 5cm. To evaluate the thermal efficiency, the researchers used three different types of equipment, namely, IR, a heating wire, and a gas burner. RESULTS: The IR heating system exhibits a higher level of performance than the others to achieve the target temperature at a depth of 5cm in the specimen. The gas burner system was capable of heating the surface to a temperature of up to 600℃. The other types, however, cannot heat the surface up to 600. The thermal efficiencies were measured based on the laboratory conditions. CONCLUSIONS: To find the most effective system for application to the development of a pre-heater for warm in-place recycling, various systems (IR, heating wire, gas burner) were examined in the laboratory. As a result, it was found that the hot plate of a gas burner system provides the highest temperature at the surface of the asphalt but, of all the systems, the IR system provides the best internal temperature increase rate. Furthermore, a gas burner can age the asphalt binder of the surface layer as a result of the high temperature. However, the gas burner cannot attain the target temperature at 5cm. The IR system, on the other hand, is effective at increasing the internal temperature of asphalt.

본 연구는 갈색거저리(Tenebrio molitor)의 사료로 주로 이용되는 밀기울을 대체할 사료원료 개발을 목표로 수행되었다. 대체원료로서 열풍 건조시킨 귤껍질, 배추, 새송이버섯 및 팽이버섯 폐배지를 사용하였으며, 투여 후 유충의 생존율, 유충 무게, 유충의 발육기간, 용화율, 용무게를 측정하였다. 귤껍질과 배추를 첨가한 배지는 대체 먹이로 적합하지 않았다. 새송이버섯 폐배지의 모든 실험군에서 유충의 생존율은 대조군과 비 슷하였으나 유충의 무게는 대조군에 비해 다소 낮게 나타났고, 유충 발육기간은 폐배지의 함량이 높아질수록 길어짐이 관찰되었다. 팽이버섯 폐 배지 20~50% 첨가 조건에서 대조군과 비슷한 유충 및 용무게가 측정되었으며, 계대사육시 밀기울 사료에 40~50% 팽이버섯 폐배지를 첨가하 는 것이 용화율을 고려했을 때 가장 효과적일 것으로 분석되었다. 결론적으로, 팽이버섯 폐배지를 40%~50% 첨가한 조건에서 기존의 밀기울 사 육법과 비슷한 높은 효율성을 나타내기 때문에 팽이버섯 폐배지는 갈색거저리 유충의 대체사료로서 적합하다고 사료된다.