Insecticidal susceptibilities of 16 registered insecticides on each developmental stages of Phthorimaea operculella were investigated and further examined the contact, oral and residual toxicities after chosen from insecticides showing good effect. Mortality, longevity and effect on reproduction of 16 insecticides to P. operculella adults were also investigated. To the eggs and pupae, only spinosad showed 71.1% inhibition rate of egg hatch and 66.7% inhibition rate of emergence. To the 3rd nymphs, fenitrothion (LC50 336.6 ppm), esfenvalerate (LC50 8.6 ppm), ethofenprox (LC50 35.7 ppm), and emamectin benzoate (LC50 0.05 ppm) showed oral toxicity over 90% and esfenvalerate (LC50 0.87 ppm), ethofenprox (LC50 16.5 ppm), emamectin benzoate (LC50 0.53 ppm), and spinosad (LC50 2.48 ppm) showed the contact toxicity over 90%. To the adults, mortalities of insecticides were showed as below: deltamethrin and spinosad showed perfect mortality 48 h after treatment; esfenvalerate, ethofenprox, and thiamethoxam showed 40 - 60% mortalities; but the others are not showed any effect. Fecundities of female adults were inhibited by esfenvalerate, emamectin benzoate, and dinotefuran, compare to that of the control, but there were no statistical differences to that of ethofenprox, benfuracarb, thiamethoxam, clothianidin, and diflubenzuron. Adult longevity was showed no difference compare to that of the control. Residual effect of emamectin benzoate showed perfect insecticidal activity at 14 days after treatment and the next ethofenprox showed over 90% at 7 days after treatment.

Male pheromone production and female reproduction of R.pedestris were evaluated on two different kinds of foods; sweet (non-astringent) persimmon and soybean. Male adults fed on soybean produced all the four pheromone components, (E)-2-hexenyl (Z)-3-hexenoate, (E)-2-hexenyl (E)-2-hexenoate, tetradecyl isobutyrate (C14iBu), octadecyl isobutyrate (C18iBu), whereas those fed on sweet persimmon did not produce C14iBu which is a key component in the function of the pheromone, and C18iBu. Female adults fed on soybean produced eggs, however, those fed on sweet persimmon did not at all. From these results, we concluded that host resource greatly affects the chemical communication and reproduction of both male and female of R.pedestris, and that sweet persimmon is not a proper food for its completion of life cycle.

Sound treatments have been considered as a non-chemical insect pest control technique. Different frequency and intensity sounds were applied to immune and adult stages to screen any stress sounds to alter physiological processes. At 95 dB, 5,000 Hz and 30,000 Hz were selected to be stress sounds in audible and inaudible sound ranges, respectively. Both stress sounds significantly inhibited larval and pupal development. In biochemical analyses, lipid and sugar levels in plasma signigicantly increased in response to the stress sound treatments. Moreover, a digestive phospholipase A2 enzyme activity in midgut was significantly reduced. In adult stage, ultrasound treatment significantly inhibited mating behavior, which resulted in a reduced fecundity. These stress sounds altered gene expressions of stress-related genes, such as heat-shock proteins and apolipophorin III. This study suggests that extreme sounds play a role in physiological stress factors in S. exigua by altering developmental and reproductive processes.

This study was carried out to investigate artificial insemination (AI) failure status and frozen semen characteristics in Korean proven bulls‘ number (KPN) semen used for AI of Hanwoo cows in Gangwon East region (Gangneung, Donghae, Taebaek, Samcheok, Sokcho, Yangyang, Goseong). Among semen used for AI, AI failure rate showed lowest at KPN506 (27.6%), whereas highest at KPN593 (77.2%). Correlations of AI failure in between Korean proven bulls semen and cows was 0.2941, which means that AI failure rate of Korean proven bulls semen may have respectable effect on reproduction of Hanwoo cow. In addition, present study was conducted to investigate spermatozoal viability rate, ruptured acrosome rate and active mitochondria in frozen Korean proven bulls semen with flow cytometry. The semen of KPN593 showed significantly (p<0.05) higher viability rate in KPN593 (30.49%) than that in KPN637 (37.34%). Furthermore, percentage of ruptured acrosome was lower in KPN637 as 21.37% than in KPN637 (21.37%), but it was not statistically significant. In conclusion, these results indicate that choice of Korean proven bulls semen may correlate positively with conception rate in Hanwoo cow. Therefore, KPN with high AI failure rate might be avoid to increase conception rate and characteristics of frozen semen might be evaluated before its use for AI.

CRT와 달리 PDP (Plasmadisplaypanel)에서의 휘도는 입력 계조에 따라 선형적으로 증가한다. 이와같은 휘도 특성으로 인해 PDP에서는 역감마 보정을 수행하여야 한다. 저계조에서 CRT의 휘도 증가율은PDP와 비교하여 매우 낮다. 따라서, 역감마 보정 후 저계조 영역에서 표시 가능한 휘도의 개수가 감소하게 되어 의사윤곽이 발생한다. 이와 같은 문제점의 해결을 위해 디더링 또는 오차확산이 사용되고 있다. 그러나, PDP의 저계조에서 이웃한 두계조의 휘도 차가 인간 시각이 인지 가능할 정도로 크기 때문에 디더링 또는 오차확산의 결과에서 소수화소들이 isolated 도트로 인지된다. 본 논문에서는 시공간적인 문턱값 변조를 통해 PDP에서의 저계조 재현 성능을 향상시키는 방법을 제안한다.

The effects of electron beam irradiation on development and reproduction of Spodoptera litura were examined. Eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults were irradiated at target doses of 30, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 Gy. When eggs were irradiated with 100 Gy, egg hatching was perfectly inhibited. When irradiated to the larvae, pupation was inhibited at 100 Gy and larval period was delayed. When irradiated to the pupae, emergence was inhibited at 100 Gy and above. When irradiated to the adults, longevity and fecundity did not show any differences. However, egg hatching was strongly decreased at 100 Gy and above. Also, electron beam irradiation was not induced the instantaneous death of S. litura. The levels of DNA damage in S. litura adults were evaluated using the alkaline comet assay. Our results indicate that electron beam irradiation increased levels of DNA damage. These results suggest that electron beam irradiation induced abnormal development and reproduction by DNA damage in S. litura.

Maturation and spawning of the Shotted halibut, Eopsetta grigorjewi was investigated based on the samples captured in South Korean waters from January 2008 to December 2009. Gonadosomatic index began to increase in December, and reached maximum between January to March. After spawning it began to decrease from May. Reproductive season was estimated to January-April, with peak in February. Fecundity was proportional to the size of the female, with the clutch size varying from 170,000 eggs in the smallest female (total length, 28.9cm) to 1,300,000 eggs in the largest (total length, 41.5cm). Size at 50% sexual maturity (TL50), determined from mature females, was 28.8cm. Annual reproductive cycles of this species could be divided into six successive stages; immature stage (May-October), nucleolus stage (November-January), yolk vesicle stage (January-February), vitellogenic and ripe stage (January-April) and spent stage (April-May).

The aim of this study was to analyze the reproduction and breeding status of 1655 Hanwoo (Korean cattle) cows raised in Gangwon East area (Gangneung, Taebaek, Donghae, Yangyang, Samcheok, Sokcho, and Goseong). The average age in months and the parity of Hanwoo was 43.6 and 1.7 respectively. Registration status of the cows were 42.0% (pedigree), 30.2% advanced), 20.0% (fundamental), and 4.0% (non-registry). Korean proven bull's number (KPN) 517 and KPN 588 were preferred 25.8%, 16.2% respectively for artificial insemination (AI) of the cows. Appearance rate of over 1st meat quality grade in the offsprings obtained from AI of top 6 KPNs was 90% which was above national average (slaughters only 77.81%, total 63.12). Results indicated genetic influence the KPN for meat quality grade of their offspring. Strong correleation between AI failure rate of mother cows and their offspring cows has been observed. KPN information, meat quality grade, and AI failure percentage would be quite useful factors to understand their relationship in further improvement of Hanwoo in Gangwon East area.

This study was performed to investigate the effect of flonicamid and thiamethoxam treated at sublethal concentration (LC10, LC30) on development period, adult longevity and fecundity and the feeding behaviour of Myzus persicae adult. Developmental period of M. Persicae nymph took 5.9 days in LC10, and 6.1 days in LC30 in both insecticides, comparing with control (5.7 days), it showed longer than those of the control, but there was no significance. Adult longevity treated at LC10 and LC30 of flonicamid was showed 13.2 and 13.7 days, respectively, and LC10 of thiamethoxam was examined as 14.7 days, it showed longer than control of 11.6 days. Mean daily fecundity exhibited higher in LC10 (3.1) and LC30 (3.1) of flonicamid than that of control (2.5), but thiamethoxam are not. Total fecundity exhibited higher in LC10 (41.8) and LC30 (43.0) of flonicamid, in LC10 (42.1) of thiamethoxam than that of control (29.5). Feeding behavior was examined using EPG (electrical penetration graph). EPG data indicated that flonicamid and thiamethoxam increased the duration of non-probing periods and decreased the duration of phloem ingestion.

Pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is associated with the pine wilt disease and transmitted by pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus. Because pine sawyer has one-year life cycle, one natural infection of PWN is occurred a year. Therefore, artificial propagation method of PWN is needed to improve experiment associated with PWN. In this study, effect of diameter, paraffin sealing of twig and dosage on pine wood nematode reproduction in Japanese black pine, Pinus thunbergii. PWN reproduction was compared in twigs of P. thunbergii and P. densiflora. Numbers of reproduced PWN were higher with decreasing diameter of twig. Distance (5 and 10 cm) from inoculation site of PWN did not influence reproduction of PWN. Reproduced numbers of PWN were higher in the paraffin-sealing twig than non-sealing twig. Dosage of PWN influenced reproduction of PWN. Reproduction rate was the highest at the rate of 10 IJs (13.7 and 61.1-fold increasing in P. densiflora and P. thunbergii, respectively 30 days later) whereas lowest at the rate of 1000 Ijs (1.1 and 0.7-fold increasing in P. densiflora and P. thunbergii, respectively 30 days later). Numbers of reproduced PWN were more in P. thunbergii than P. densiflora.

Four major agricultural insect pests, Bemisia tabaci, Myzus persicae, Plutella xylostella and Tetranychus urticae, were irradiated with 30, 50, 70, or 100 Gy electron-beam. Longevity, egg hatching, emergence, and fecundity of the test insects were measured. Hatchability of B. tabaci, P. xylostella and T. urticae declined with increasing irradiation doses, and all B. tabaci and T. urticae eggs were dead at 100 Gy. When eggs of B. tabaci, P. xylostella and T. urticae were irradiated, hatch was inhibited. B. tabaci adults grown from 70 Gy irradiated eggs did not lay eggs. Fecundity of P. xylostella from the 100 Gy irradiated eggs decreased. When B. tabaci, P. xylostella, M. persicae and T. urticae nymphs/larvae were irradiated, the results were similar as those of the hatched eggs. When P. xylostella pupae were irradiated with 100 Gy, fecundity of emerged adults decreased and no eggs hatched. When B. tabaci, P. xylostella, M. persicae and T. urticae adults were irradiated with 70 and 100 Gy, fecundity decreased and egg hatch of B. tabaci was inhibited. However, the longevity of adults did not change and electron-beam irradiation of all developmental stages had no effect on the longevity of adults.

On the development and reproduction of four major agricultural insect pests including B. tabaci, M. persicae, P. xylostella and T. urticae, electron-beam was irradiated with different doses of 30, 50, 70, and 100 Gy. The effect of electron beam was investigated with respect to the longevity, egg hatching, emergence, and fecundity. Eggs hatching of B. tabaci, P. xylostella and T. urticae were more inhibited as increased irradiation doses. Especially B. tabaci and T. urticae eggs were perfectly inhibited to hatch at a dose of 100 Gy. However, these pests showed no lethal effect on the nymph/larva, pupa, and adult stages. When irradiated on the eggs of B. tabaci, P. xylostella and T. urticae, the emergence was inhibited from nymphs/larvae to adults. Individually, B. tabaci emerged adult did not lay eggs at a dose of 70 Gy. Besides, fecundity of P. xylostella emerged adult decreased at a dose of 100 Gy. On the contrary, irradiation did not affect the longevity of P. xylostella adult. When irradiated on B. tabaci, P. xylostella, Myzus persicae and T. urticae nymphs/larvae, emergence was inhibited at doses of 70 and 100 Gy, and decreased the fecundity and inhibited the hatching of laid eggs. However, the longevity of adults did not affect

본 논문에서는 쪽을 이용한 천연염색에서 염색의 횟수에 따른 발색 재현 기술을 개발함으로써 반복 염색에 따른 발색 시뮬레이터의 개발에 기여하고자 한다. 천연염료로는 쪽을 사용하였고 염색의 매질로는 닥원료를 사용하였다. 닥원료를 1회에서 70회까지 반복하여 염색한 닥죽을 만들고 이를 제지하여 천연염색된 감지(紺紙)를 제작하였다. 원지로부터 반복 염색된 감지의 발색을 재현하기 위하여 주성분 분석법을 이용하였다. 주성분 분석을 위해 모집단으로는 멘셀색시료를 사용하였으며 RGB카메라를 고려하여 3개의 기저함수로 부터 직물의 분광반사율을 모델링하였다. 그리고 닥원료로 만든 원지(原紙)와 염색된 감지의 분광반사율을 기저함수의 선형조합으로 표현하고 이로부터 염색횟수에 따른 감지의 분광 반사율의 변화를 예측하기 위한 감쇄함수를 구하는 방법을 제안하였다. 제안된 방법의 성능평가를 위해 염색 횟수별로 실제 염색한 감지와 원지로 부터 예측한 영상을 비교하고 정량적인 색차평가를 수행하였다. 결과 반복 염색시 재현성이 일정하다는 가정에서 색차 1미만의 범위에서 천연염색에 따른 감지의 발색을 재현 할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

Maturation and spawning of the jack mackerel, Trachurus japonicus was investigated based on the samples captured in the coastal waters around Jeju Island from January 2007 to December 2008. Gonadosomatic index began to increase in March, and reached a maximum between April to June. After spawning it began to decrease from August. Reproductive season was estimated to March-July, with peak in April. Fecundity was proportional to the size of the female, with the clutch size varying from 33,493 eggs in the smallest female(FL=27.0cm) to 627,061 eggs in the largest(FL=40.6cm). Size at 50% sexual maturity(FL50), determined from mature females, was 26.6cm FL. Annual reproductive cycles of this species could be divided into six successive stages; immature stage(September-December), nucleolus stage(January-February), yolk vesicle stage(February-March), vitellogenic stage(March-April), ripe stage(April-July) and spent stage(July-September).

최근 문제가 된 국내영화“해운대”의 파일 불법 유출사건, 각종 위조상품의 밀수입 증가 등에서 볼 수 있듯이, 국내에서 지적재산권 침해 문제는 사회전반에 걸쳐 광범위하게 영향을 미치고, 피해 규모 역시 증가할 뿐 아니라 침해의 양태 역시 국제화되고 있다. 이러한 상황에서 인터넷 기술의 발전을 통한 불법복제의 증가, 민사적 구제의 어려움 등으로 인하여 형사 절차가 민사 절차 못지 않게 많이 이용되고 있다. 이와 같이 증가하는 형사 사건에 대처하기 위하여 수사기관에서는 형사적 관점에서 상표권의 효력 유무를 판단하고, 특허 전문계약직 공무원 제도의 도입, 위조상품 신고포상금제의운영, 수사기관간 공조수사, 특별사법경찰관의 지정, 범죄수익 환수제도 등 제도를 정비하고 있다. 또한 인터넷을 통한 저작권침해사범의 경우 일반인, 특히 청소년들이 별다른 죄의식 없이 저작권을 침해하고 있고, 이에 대하여 고소가 남용되고 있어 많은 사회적 문제를 야기할 뿐만 아니라 수사력 낭비의 원인이 되어 저작권 교육 조건부 기소유예제도가 도입되기도 하였다. 이와 더불어 형사처벌 범위의 제한 여부, 민사상 인적사항 획득 절차 도입 여부, ISP 업체들의 책임 제한 범위, 온라인을 통한 저작권 침해사범에 대한 관할 확정 문제 등이 추가로 해결되어야 할 과제로 남아 있다. 최근 우리나라의 문화 콘텐츠 및 각종 기술 발달로 인하여 우리나라의 지적재산권 역시 해외에서 보호되어야 할 필요성이 증가하고 있으므로, 우리나라의 형사제도 중 미비한 부분의 정비 뿐 아니라 우리나라의 지적재산권이 침해되지 않도록 국제적인 형사제도를 정비하는 데 있어서도 적극적으로 협력할 필요가 있다.