For recipe prediction of colorant proportion showing nonlinear behavior, we modeled the effects of colorant proportion of basic colors on the target colors and predicted colorant proportion necessary for making target colors. First, colorant proportion of basic colors and color information indicated by the instrument was applied by a linear model and a multi-layer perceptrons model with back-propagation learning method. However, satisfactory results were not obtained because of nonlinear property of colors. Thus, in this study the neuro-fuzzy model with merit of artificial neural networks and fuzzy systems was presented. The proposed model was trained with test data and colorant proportion was predicted. The effectiveness of the proposed model was verified by evaluation of color difference(δE).

Larvae of Monochamus saltuarius showed normal growth and development on conifers of Pinus koraiensis, P. densiflora, Abies holophylla, Larix leptolepsis, P. bungeana, and P. rigida, respectively, but the conifers influenced significantly the body weight and the survival rate of larvae. Though the larval body weights were in a wide spectrum among treatments, growth curves of them were very similar from each other, showing continuous increase from the early larval stage to about 3 months old. The body weight was decreased slightly after the feeding period of the early 3 months. The size of larvae and adults became the largest from P. bungeana fed larvae. The mid-sized ones were from P. koraiensis, P. densiflora and A. holophylla. Small ones came from L. leptolepsis and P. rigida. The larval growth was retarded without water supply. Overall survival rates from the early stage of a larva to a fertile adult were 53.6% from P. koraiensis, 51.8%, P. densiflora, 34.7%, A. holophylla, 17.8%, P. bungeana, 16.7%, L. leptolepsis, and 12.3%, P. rigida. Adults from larvae fed the 6 species of conifers, respectively, were grown into the reproductively potent adults, which laid viable eggs. A few of overwintered larvae did not pupate and remained still as a larva until the late October of the year. Data from the field survey, the head width emerged from P. koraiensis was larger than that of L. leptolepsis. The adult emergence hole in P. koraiensis was larger also. While, the size of the emergence hole was larger in the artificially innoculated log of P. koraiensis, which was kept for a larva to be with a minimized food competition and sufficient water supply, than that of the field.

Temperature is an important inorganic factor which affects on every aspect in life of phytoseiid mites in general including N. californicus in this study. Cumulative and short-term effects of temperature through different life stages (immature, mating and oviposition periods) on mating duration and total fecundity of N. californicus were investigated at temperatures of 18, 25, 30 and 350C with a photoperiod of 16L:8D. Throughout experiments, females mated once and egg production was observed until they stop oviposition.

Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard occurs on solanaceous plants, and causes serious damage to various crops in Africa and Europe. Tetranychus takafujii Ehara & Ohashi was found on Solanum nigrum L. in Japan in 2001 and described as a new species in 2002. However, because T. takafujii is very similar to T. evansi in morphology, doubt has arisen about the difference between these two species, although there is no report discussing their taxonomic status. Tetranychus takafujii is specialized on solanaceous plants and it is possible that this species gets out of hand after invasion of solanaceous agricultural crops. To evaluate its potential severity as a pest, it is necessary to assess its performance on a variety of food plants in a carefully controlled laboratory set-up. The present study determined the development on 21 crops and weeds, and the reproduction on Solanum nigrum of a Japanese T. takafujii population and six T. evansi populations from abroad. Four plants (potato, horsenettle, pear and cucumber) served as host plant for all seven populations and most larvae successfully reached adulthood. Life-history parameters, such as the rate of development and the intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm), became higher with temperature increasing from 15 to 35°C. The rm-value at 25°C was similar among all populations tested and it was close to the value obtained in T. takafujii [Kotsubo et al. (2004) J. Acarol. Soc. Jpn. 13: 71-76]. This indicates that T. takafujii has the potential to become a serious pest on solanaceous crops, just the same as T. evansi in Africa and Europe.

Arsenic is a naturally occurring element in the earth's crust and is found throughout the environment, but compared with other toxic elements, little toxicological work has been conducted on arsenic. In this study, we tested the effect of two different arsenic compounds (arsenite (NaAsO2) and arsenate (Na2HAsO4)) on the reproduction of soil inhabiting collembolan species (Paronychiurus kimi). The toxicity tests for each arsenic compound were conducted in accordance with the ISO 11267. The estimated EC50s for reproduction of each arsenic compound were 20.43 (16.97-24.60) and 32.86 (25.64-42.13) mg/kg, respectively. There were statistically differences in the toxicity of two different arsenic compounds based on overlapping 95 % confidence intervals. The relative toxicity ratio of arsenite to arsenate (approx. 0.62) as well as the concentration-dependent decrease in reproduction of P. kimi was steeper at arsenite than that of arsenate. These results show that arsenite was more toxic to P. kimi than arsenate.

무당개구리(Bombina orientalis, Korean fire-bellied toad)는 양서강 개구리목 무당개구리과 무당개구리속(Class Amphinia, Order Anura, Family Bombinatoridae Genus Bombina)의 무미양서류이다. 소형으로 행동이 느리고 온순하여 취급이 용이하며 실험모델로써 많은 장점이 있으나 번식기를 제외한 개체를 대상으로 한 연구는 시료확보의 난점으로 무당개구리의 계절번식 특성에 대한 연구는

본 논문은 PDP TV에서 주위 환경을 고려한 색 재현 방법을 제안한다. 관찰자의 시공간적인 위치에 따 라 주변 환경이 변하기 때문에, 디스플레이의 색 재현 과정에서 주위 조명은 반드시 고려되어야 한다. 주변 환경을 고려하기 위한 기존의 방법은 각 채널에서 전압의 이득을 조절함으로써 계조와 포화도를 향상시키기 때문에 인간의 순응 현상을 구현하는데 한계가 있으며, 이에 따라 다양한 주위 조건하에서 인지된 색을 재현하는데 어려움이 있었다. 따라서 이를 해결하기 위해, 본 논문은 PDP의 물리적 특성인 플레어 현상을 고려하였으며, 밝기에 기반하여 특성화 과정을 수행하였다. 또한, 센서로 획득된 주위 조명의 색온도 및 밝기값의 정보를 이용하여 색 순응현상을 적용하였다. 특히 암실에서는 색순응 현상을 적용함으로써 저전력 구동이 가능하였으며, 실험을 통해 제안한 방법이 기존의 방법에 비해 시각적 평가에서 더 우수함을 확인하였다.

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of muscle fatigue in elbow flexors on the sense of force reproduction. Fifteen healthy subjects were recruited for this study. Maximum voluntary force (MVF) of elbow flexor muscles was measured by a digital tensiometer. Force errors were measured to test accuracy of the sense of force reproduction in elbow flexors. The subject was required to flex the elbow joint, to maintain and concentrate on about 20% of the MVF target force under visual feedback for 3 seconds. After a 5 second period rest, the subject was asked to duplicate the target force actively. Muscle fatigue was evoked with isometric contraction of the elbow flexors. Isometric contraction was continued until a 50% drop in MVF. The difference, in kilogram between the target force and the reproduced force was calculated for measuring force error. Force errors were compared between the non-fatigued condition and the fatigued condition by the paired t-test. Force errors were significantly increased in the fatigued condition compare to non-fatigued condition. This result suggests that the sense of force reproduction can be disturbed by localized muscle fatigue.

The two species of rice bugs causing pecky rice, Cletus punctiger and Cletus schmidti are often observed coexisting in the rice fields of nearby fallow land. Direct feeding damage to rice by C. punctiger and C. schmidti can lead to a reduction in grain quality and quantity. These studies were carried out to investigate the development of C. punctiger and C. schmidti at various constant temperatures ranging from 20 to 30℃, 65% RH, and a photoperiod of 16L:8D. Egg hatchability of C. punctiger/C. schmidti at the temperatures of 20, 25 and 30℃ were 80.6/88.0, 91.7/96.3, 96.4/96.2 %, respectively. The development periods of eggs of C. punctiger/C. schmidti at the temperatures of 20, 25, and 30℃ were 16.4/18.4, 9.4/10.2 and 6.4/7.3 days, respectively. Mean developmental periods of lst, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th nymphs of C. punctiger/C. schmidti at 30℃ were 2.1/2.0, 3.5/4.0, 3.3/5.6, 3.2/4.8 and 5.8/6.9 days, respectively. Oviposition began 8.1 days after emergence at 25℃, and the longevity of female and male were 120.0 and 117.3 days, respectively. Total number of eggs through the life of female were 245.5 laying 2.2 eggs a day in average at 25℃. The development periods of egg and nymphs of C. punctiger were relatively shorter than those of C. schmidti. Availability of male had affected the egg hatchability greatly that laid at 30th day after 60 days period of oviposition in the presence of adult male of C. punctiger. The fertile eggs laid by the female together with male was 92.1% but those without male was only 9.6%.

Possible nematicidal effects of plant extracts of 25 species uninfected by M. hapla were observed at the 5 times dilutions in all treatments and at the 10 times dilutions in Anemarrhena asphodeloides, Acorus calamus, Achyranthes japonica, Agrimonia pilosa, Dianthus chinensis, Geum aleppicum, Houttuynia cordata, Rudbeckia bicolor, Ricinus communis, Scrophularia buergeriana, Sesamum iindicum, Sedum kamtschaticum, and Sanguisorba officinalis. The 13 species plant extracts of 5 times dilutions were evaluated for the suppression effects on reducing densities of M. hapla by treating to C. lanceolata sown and transplanted later in pots. All the plant extracts showed suppressive effects on M. hapla except for A. pilosa. The suppressive effects of A. asphodeloides, A. japonica, A. calamus, D. chinensis, R. communis, and S. buergeriana were over 80%. When the selected plants had been incorporated into the soil before C. lanceolata was sown, the numbers of root galls, egg sacs and J₂ appeared lower in the treatment of 12 plant species than ill control except for S. indicum. But the suppressive effects were lower than the effects of selected plants being cultivated simultaneously in the field. A. calamus and A. japonica exhibited over 70% suppressive effects, among the tested plants.

Abstract - Global decline in wildlife mammals has been accelerated during past decades. Especially the conservation the wild life mammals in polar areas, is urgent. In an effort to understand the reproduction of the seals dwelling in the polar area, sperm

다양한 발정유기 방법의 반복처리에 따른 분만율은 평균 로 나타났고 생시체중에 있어서 자연 발정구와 발정 유기구에서 차이를 거의 보이지 않았으며 송아지 육성율은 농가의 사육경험이 많을수록 우수한 경향이었고 발정 동기화의 반복처리가 차기번식에 미치는 영향은 확인할 수 없었다. 1. 발정 유기구와 자연 발정구에서 출생한 송아지의 생시체중은 암송아지에서 각각 23.9kg, 24.0kg이었고, 수송아지에서 26.2kg, 24.9kg로써 처리간 차이가 없었다. 2

The purpose of this article is to delve into the problems of originality of the artwork by examining issues of reproduction within the contemporary art market. In contemporary arts, especially in terms of art production and consumption, we can’t overlook society and its economic structure and its connection with of capitalism. As the purity of art creation has turned into an exchange value, art, especially an object as artwork, has fallen into the status of production in an economic marketing system. Walter Benjamin mainly referred to that point in his thesis Das Kunstwerk im Zeitalter seiner technischen Reproduzierbarkeit, which originated the sociology of plastic arts. This thesis, published in 1936, traced how the artistic functions of photograph and movie had been changed through the social development. His main concerns were movie and photograph but what I am concentrating from his point of view, is that even in the field of plastic arts, the manufacture of reproduction has been practiced as a primary method within the social and political contexts and development. Though I am referring to this in the main body of this article, reproduction in contemporary art strongly needs a new definition since it has been spread all over like a newest virus, not only by collector’s personal taste or but also by commercial circulations of these reproductions to the public. This relates to Benjamin’s argument about the value of an exhibition at a museum(Ausstellungswert). Since the function of an artwork has been one of cultural industry, the manufacturing of reproduction raises unexpected problems, such as, the originality of the artwork, the value of an exhibition at a museum, its achievement as documentary and as a territory of art criticism. In this point of view, I want to inquire into the value and criteria of an exhibition in contemporary art through the review of the definitions and the intrinsic attributes of reproduction. Somehow in a broad sense, the reproduction is a product coming out of representation or copy (replica) of an original art work or an model. Therefore, the problems it presents differ from the Simulacre, which is an image without an original one. In terms of the Meanings of reproduction, we can distinguish it as reproductions, copies, and productions. These types of reproductions are not the original artworks reflected by the creative intention of the artists. For example, a publishing company reproduced some of lithographs of Salvador Dali in the 1960s. They are commercial copies in the form of representation or reproduction with no artistic and creative intention of the artist. However, In despite of this theoretical basis, reproductions of the famous artists are still displayed without any verification for of the public’s quest for the artworks. Moreover, many commercial companies that are planning to exhibit art works of the world-famous artists only for their profits keep trying to speak ill of and judging by the law the honest art critics’ articles which discuss the true values of exhibition. If freedom of expression is one of the ideals of democracy, even the judgment of the originality of the artworks should be freely expressed.