본 연구는 일반농산어촌개발사업의 사업내용 중 하나인 농촌중심지활성화사업으로 준공에 이른 농촌 커뮤니티 시설의 주민조직 직접 운영에 따른 운영성과와 농촌 커뮤니티 시설에 미치는 영향요인을 분석 하여 문제점을 도출하고 개선방안을 제시하는데 목적을 두고 있다. 또한 전라북도 농촌중심지활성화사 업으로 준공에 이른 농촌 커뮤니티 시설 중 주민조직에 의해 운영되고 예산이 비슷하며, 비교가 가능한 부안군 보안면, 김제시 금구면, 임실군 강진면을 대상으로 연구를 진행하였다. 설문지는 배포 후 회수하는 방법으로 수집하였으며, 일반현황과 독립변수의 측정지표에 근거한 리커트 7점 척도를 통해 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 설문결과는 설문에 대한 응답자의 일반현황, 빈도, 백분율 분석, 측정 문항의 신뢰 도 분석을 위해 크론바흐의 알파 값 계수법 분석, 세부 측정지표별 설문조사 분석, 연구가설 검증을 위한 다중회귀분석, 세부 운영성과의 차이를 분석하기 위한 일원배치 분산분석과 사후검정을 실시하였다. 연구가설과 리커트 7점 척도를 통한 연구의 결론은 측정문항의 신뢰성이 인정되었으며, 농촌 커뮤니티 시설의 주민조직 직접 운영은 시설의 운영성과에 영향을 미치고 있다. 성공적인 운영과 운영성과를 제 고 및 개선하기 위해서는 다양한 계층들의 이용에 있어 편리하도록 환경관리 및 시설의 설비에 최선의 노력을 기울여야 한다. 또한 시설 운영의 주체인 주민조직의 기능을 강화하여 지역의 공동체 교류공간 이 되도록 주민조직과 지역주민이 직접 관심을 가지고 참여하여 주민조직만의 공간을 확보하는 것이 중요하다. 이 연구를 통해 시설의 편리성과 개발의 유연성을 유지하여 다양한 계층의 주민들이 이용함 으로써 운영성과를 높일 수 있는 요인이 된다. 다양한 운영 주체 중 주민조직 직접 운영을 통한 주민들의 역량 강화 및 지역사회 발전과 공동체 의식을 공고히 할 수 있는 발판이 마련될 것이다.

To construct and operate nuclear power plants (NPPs), it is mandatory to submit a radiation environmental impact assessment report in accordance with Article 10 and Article 20 of the Nuclear Safety Act. Additionally, in compliance with Article 136 of the Enforcement Regulations of the same law, KHNP (Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power) annually assesses radiation environmental effects and publishes the results for operating NPPs. Furthermore, since the legalization of emission plans submission in 2015, KHNP has been submitting emission plans for individual NPPs, starting with the Shin-Hanul 1 and 2 units in 2018. These emission plans specify the emission quantities that meet the dose criteria specified by the Nuclear Safety and Security Commission. Before 2002, KHNP used programs developed in the United States, such as GASPAR and LADTAP, for nearby radiation environmental impact assessments. Since then, KHNP has been using K-DOSE60, developed internally. K-DOSE60 incorporates environmental transport analysis models in line with U.S. regulatory guidance Regulatory Guide 1.109 and dose assessment models reflecting ICRP-60 recommendations. K-DOSE60 is a stand-alone program installed on individual user PCs, making it difficult to manage comprehensively when program revisions are needed. Additionally, during the preparation of emission plans and the licensing phase, improvements to KDOSE60’ s dose assessment methodology were identified. Furthermore, in 2022, regulatory guidelines regarding resident dose assessments were revised, leading to additional improvement requirements. Currently, E-DOSE60, being developed by KHNP, is a network-based program allowing for integrated configuration management within the KHNP network. E-DOSE60 is expected to be developed while incorporating the identified improvements from K-DOSE60, in response to emission plan licensing and regulatory guideline revisions. Key improvements include revisions to dose assessment methodologies for H-13 and C-14 following IAEA TRS-472, expansion of dose assessment points, and changes in socio-environmental factors. Furthermore, data such as site meteorological information and releases of radioactive substances in liquid and gaseous forms can be linked through a network, reducing the potential for human errors caused by manual data entry. Ultimately, E-DOSE60 is expected to optimize resident exposure dose assessment and enhance public trust in NPP operation.

The KINAC resident inspectors are responsible for conducting on-site regulatory and intergovernmental support tasks related to safeguards, physical protection, and cybersecurity in each NSSC regional office. In nuclear material accounting and control, resident inspectors primarily perform tasks such as national inspections and technical support for IAEA inspections. However, with the increasing cases of non-compliance with the advance notification procedure by operators, there is a growing need for improvement in the role of resident inspectors in on-site regulation. In response to this situation, the safeguards division in KINAC has analyzed and improved the on-site check procedures of resident inspectors at LWR facilities. The existing procedure outlines the process where resident inspectors receive the advance notification documents submitted by operators and utilize them as a reference for conducting weekly checks during the overhaul period when IAEA surveillance cameras are installed. Additionally, according to the attached forms specified in the procedure, resident inspectors are required to submit the check results report to the director of the safeguards division in KINAC every week and to the NSSC every month. The inspection items include checking the execution and changes of advance notification, verifying unnotified matters, discussing other issues, assessing the integrity of things such as the operational status of IAEA surveillance equipment, and so on. On April 13-14, 2023, the Safeguards division organized a two-day resident inspector’s work-sharing workshop to discuss improvements in the on-site check procedures of resident inspectors at LWR facilities. During the workshop, a comparison and analysis were conducted between the existing procedures and actual on-site activities. Unnecessary tasks such as advance notification document reception and monthly reporting were eliminated, and the focus was shifted towards emphasizing essential tasks. The opinions of resident inspectors were taken into account to derive directions for improvement. The existing procedure was applicable only during Overhaul periods for resident inspectors. It has been improved by removing this limitation, allowing its use during routine times. Furthermore, the procedure has been enhanced by clarifying its purpose, scope, users, and definitions of terms and specifying responsibilities and authorities. Unnecessary terminology has been eliminated. Remarkably, the definition of advance notification has been detailed, and the reporting of check results has been simplified through weekly task reporting. The Safeguards division in KINAC has strived to enhance the efficiency and simplification of on-site regulatory activities for resident inspectors at LWR facilities by improving their on-site check procedures. These improvement activities are expected to aid resident inspectors in effectively performing a wide range of tasks, including safeguards, physical protection, cybersecurity, and government support. In the future, it will be possible to continue refining the on-site check procedures by sharing the results of using the procedure in meetings and gathering various opinions from resident inspectors.

본 연구는 주민참여제도의 활성화 위해 직접민주주의 요소를 중심으로 연구 하 였다. 이를 위해 주민참여3법이라 불리는 주민소환제, 주민투표제, 주민조례발안제 등을 중심으로 현황과 문제점 파악, 활성화 방안을 제안한다. 연구 결과 주민소환제 와 주민투표제는 낮은 투표율로 인해 활용 빈도가 낮았고, 이를 활성화하기 위한 규 제 완화와 이용률을 높이기 위한 전문가 육성이 필요하다. 주민조례발안제도 역시 이익단체가 아닌 주민자치회 중심으로 접근성을 높여야 한다. 그리고 임기 내 조례 가 처리 되지 않을 경우 차기의회에서 처리하는 입법절차 규정은 책임정치 구현을 위해 임기 내 처리로 개선되어야 한다. 효율적인 제도운영을 위해서는 전문가로 구 성된 위원회와 지역공동체 회복이 필요하다. 이를 위해 공공기관은 주민 참여를 유 도한 후 주민이 주체가 되도록 지원하는 역할이 요청된다. 나아가 정책의 수용성을 높이기 위해 주민에 대한 정책 수요와 제도 시행 이후 결과에 대한 실증적 조사가 시행되어야 하며, 이 결과를 향후 지역 정책에 반영하여야 한다.

A large amount of radioactive wastes are generated during the decommissioning of the nuclear power plant. The need for radioactive waste management is emerging as the permanent suspension of domestic nuclear power plants Gori Unit 1 and Wolseong Unit 1 has been decided. According to the analysis of the number of land transportation of Gori Unit 1, when the dismantling period is expected to be five years, the number of land transportation is 459. Accordingly, measures are needed to improve the acceptability of residents on land transportation routes. Currently, there is little preparation for the acceptance of residents by transporting radioactive waste in Korea. This study analyzed the literature related to radioactive waste and nuclear power generation to derive factors that affect the acceptance of residents on the transport route of radioactive waste. Factors Affecting Resident Acceptability • Mistrust of the measured dose levels themselves • fear of radiation • Lack of training in radiation, nuclear power • Insufficient information for easy identification of dose and concentration • economic compensation In order to improve the acceptability of residents when transporting radioactive waste on land, it is necessary to scientifically prove the safety of the low and intermediate level radioactive waste transport path, and policy improvement considering the acceptability of residents is needed. In subsequent studies, it is necessary to specifically derive solutions to the above factors. This study is significant in that it derived factors that could affect low and intermediate level radioactive waste transportation, considering that no countermeasures have been prepared to improve the acceptance of residents by transporting low and intermediate level radioactive waste in Korea.

KINAC began dispatching the resident inspector in 2012 to strengthen on-site Wolsong nuclear power plants (NPPs) regulations. The dispatched resident inspector is a member of the regional office of the Nuclear Safety and Security Commission (NSSC) and is in charge of technical support, on-site regulation of safeguards, and physical protection for the Wolsong regional office of NSSC. As the number of nuclear facilities in the ROK increased, the resident inspectors began to be dispatched to other regional offices. The resident inspectors were assigned to Hanul in November 2015, Kori in March 2017, Hanbit in March 2015, Saeul in March 2022, and Wolsong in March 2023. Accordingly, this paper intends to reflect on the increasing role of resident inspectors and predict on-site regulatory work in the field of nuclear control. The role of the resident inspectors is described in detail in the internal regulations of KINAC. Among the tasks in the common field is technical support at regional offices for the most critical areas of nuclear control implementation, and on-site verification of the matters requested by the director of each implementation division shall be carried out. Tasks in the field of safeguards include an on-site check of facility regulation review, implementation of national inspections, technical support for IAEA inspections, and information management. Among them, technical support work for Unannounced inspections should be the top priority. These days, in particular, the importance of reviewing the results of checking advanced information and containment and surveillance equipment by facility operators is emerging. Among the tasks performed by the resident inspectors, more than 80% of the functions related to physical protection account for. The resident inspectors check the status of the physical protection system by weekly/monthly/quarter, implement physical protection regulation review and inspection, conduct exercise evaluation, and perform technical support for special assessments. Recently, regulatory activities related to radioactive terrorism and the emergence of illegal drones have been strengthened. In the field of cybersecurity, where its role has recently been increasing, the resident inspectors are performing basic field regulation tasks. Similar to the area of physical protection, the resident inspectors check the cybersecurity system for weekly, monthly, and quarterly readiness, and on-site inspections of cybersecurity review and inspection technical support, exercise evaluation, and other requests are mainly performed. The role of the resident inspectors is expected to expand further in the future due to the increase in terrorist risks at home and abroad and changes in the regulatory environment. However, there is a limit to performing an increasing number of tasks, with the human resources of the resident inspectors limited to one to two for each site. If the resident inspectors are dispatched for each field of safety measures, physical protection, and cybersecurity, they can perform their duties more efficiently, but problems may arise in the operation of our personnel. Therefore, the proper and precise allocation of work while maintaining the current system is an essential part. The roles and prospects of the resident inspectors analyzed in this paper can be used to deploy the headquarters and field regulation personnel and set the direction of work in the future.

This study aims to determine the correlation between the apartment resident community and housing satisfaction and suggest which factors can contribute to improving the local community’s housing environment and satisfaction by means of the local inhabitants and apartment residents participating in co-managing the community. The study results are as follows. Firstly, the apartment resident community had a positive effect on housing satisfaction but the effects were insignificant. This revealed that residents’ interest in communicating with the resident community was low due to various organizations such as the women’s association, election committee, and autonomous society being used as means to pursue personal gain rather than the development of the entire apartment. Secondly, the vitalization of the apartment resident community had a positive effect on housing satisfaction. The analysis results showed that the higher the level of unity and volunteering activities of residents, the more improved the resident vitalization programs are being managed, and the higher the level of resident participation, the higher the housing satisfaction. Lastly, this study suggests the supplementation and upgrading of apartment community facilities into complex community facilities as a means to unify the residents and vitalize the resident community. To vitalize the resident community and strengthen the community spirit, the residents will need to voluntarily create a community hub by forming community-tailored associations and programs through connections with local governments and businesses.

The use of air cleaners has become popular to quickly remove contaminants present in indoor air such as fine dust and fungi. However, fungal information is rarely available in the filters equipped in the air cleaners. This study was conducted in winter to examine fungal concentration and species in the air cleaner filters of ten residential houses located in Incheon, Seoul, Hwaseong, and Gimpo cities. Fungi were detected in nine out of eleven filters from the ten houses. The level of fungi in the filters ranged from 0 CFU/cm2 to 2,370 CFU/cm2. There were differences in the fungal concentration among the eleven filters. Filters from three houses revealed levels over 1,000 CFU/cm2. The operation time of air cleaners did not seem directly related to the level of fungal concentration. A total of 326 isolates were obtained and classified as six genera belonging to Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Trichoderma. Among these six genera, 20 species including one Alternaria, one Aspergillus, three Cladosporium spp., two Fusarium spp., eleven Penicillium spp., and two Trichoderma were identified. There were species that cause allergic reaction, pneumoniae, mycosis, and plant disease. Three species were known species of mycotoxin producers. Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium cladosporioides, and Penicillium brevicompactum were the most frequently detected fungi both in the air and in the air cleaner filters. This is the first report of fungal communities present in the air cleaner filters of residential houses in Korea.

수영만 해역의 오염원 관리를 위해 유입되는 육상기인 오염물질의 체류특성을 분석하였다. 오염물질의 체류특성은 해수유동 모델과 입자추적 모델을 활용하여 분석하였다. 오염물질은 입자로 표현되며, 입자의 양과 오염물질량은 비례하도록 나타내었다. 체류특성은 각 오염원별로 부하량, 해역에서 체류하는 오염물질량, 부하량 대비 해역에 체류하는 오염물질량을 비교하여 분석하였다. 수영만 해역에 체류하고 있는 오염물질량을 오염원별 순으로 나타내면 수영하수처리장, 남부하수처리장, 수영강 등의 순이었다. 오염부하량이 적고 만 내측에서 멀어질수록 해역에 체류하는 오염물질량이 적었다. 오염원 중에서는 남부하수처리장에서 유입되는 부하량이 가장 많았다. 하지만, 유입 부하량 대비 해역에 체류하는 오염물질량은 수영만으로 유입되는 오염원 중 가장 낮은 값을 보였다. 이는, 해역의 특성과 각 오염원의 지형적인 특성에 따라 오염물질이 해역에 미치는 정도가 다르다는 것을 의미한다.

This study was conducted to examine the effects of Chinese perceptions of quality attributes on customer’s satisfaction, revisit intention and recommendation intention for coffee shops in Beijing, China. Subjects of this study included 200 customers who had visited a coffee shop at least once during the last year. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS v23.0 and AMOS v21.0. In this study, the majority of customers visited a coffee shop once or twice a week with friends. Respondents preferred tall-sized warm coffee in the store. The coffee shop quality attributes of were derived from five exploratory factors identified upon analysis of 30 observational variables. It was important to maintain and strengthen the quality attributes of coffee shops in this area because IPA(Importance Performance Analysis) analysis showed that “Doing great, keep it well” part was a desirable area because it had high importance and performance. Finally, path analysis revealed that customer satisfaction was influenced by employee attitude and affected revisit intention and recommendation intention.

미국 민사소송절차에서 적법절차 논의는 법정지에 거주하지 않거나 법정지 와 실질적 관련이 없는 피고에 대해 “적법절차 요건(due process requireme nts)”을 충족하는 판단기준에 관한 것이다. 적법절차는 민사 소송을 당하는 비 거주자인 피고(non-resident defendant)가 다른 주의 법원, 정부권력으로부 터 부당하게 권리를 침해받지 않도록 피고를 보호하는데 우선을 둔다고 볼 수 있다. 이에 미국 연방법원은 타주(foreign state)의 법원이 비거주자 피고에 대해 재판관할을 행사하기 위해서는 해당 “피고,” 법정지(forum, 즉 타주의 법원), 분쟁사안과의 “minimum contact”이 있는 지를 검토한다. 법정지의 성문법상 법정지 법원의 재판관할권이 인정되는 경우에도 법정지 의 재판관할, 특히 인적재판관할(personal jurisdiction)에 대해서는 최종적으 로 미국연방헌법에서 보장하는 적법절차 요건에 부합한지에 대한 검토가 필요 하다. 미국 민사소송의 피고에 대한 적법절차요건은 재판관할관련 판례의 기 본원칙으로, 법정지의 재판관할 유무를 결정함에 있어 원고의 편의도 고려되 어야 한다는 반대의견에도 불구하고, 1945년의 International Shoe 판례 이 후 지금까지 변함없이 지속되고 있다. 2014년도의 미국 연방대법원의 재판관할에 대한 판례는 피고를 위한 적법 절차 요건을 재확인시켜주었다. 이에 논문은 미국 연방헌법에서 보장된 적법 절차가 법정지의 재판관할을 부인하는 비거주자 피고에게 어떻게 적용되는지 를 검토한다. 또한 우리 법원이 국제사법 상 “당사자(원고와 피고)”와 법정지 인 한국 법원과 실질적 관련성이 있을 경우 국제재판관할을 인정하는 점은 미 국이 피고를 기준으로, 피고와 법정지와의 실질적 관련성을 검토하여 재판관 할을 결정하는 점과 법적으로 약간의 차이가 있음을 지적해 본다.

In order to investigate the effect of land reclamation on the life of local fishermen, a survey was conducted with the 246 people living in 12 different adjacent villages located in Hwasung District. It was found that income of residents decreased, while the amount of debts increased after reclamation. 65% of the people surveyed answered that their economic situation became worse than before and they blamed the decrease of fishery resources as the main cause. It further led to the loss of the family’s means of livelihood. 40% of the people surveyed claimed that they wanted to leave the fishing village and believed that reclamation divested them of all their hope for the future. Regarding to the effect of reclamation project on the image of Hwasung District, most of the respondents have a negative view on the reclamation project. They have negative views even on the tourism, regional welfare, employment of community residents and local infrastructure. Therefore, it can be concluded that local community residents thought that reclamation project had negatively influenced their overall quality of life.

The growth of the Chinese outbound market has been phenomenal during recent years and still highly concentrates on neighboring Asian destinations. In particular, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region heavily depends and focuses on the Chinese tourism market. Recent calls for a possible diversification of the tourism market have nevertheless failed to shed light on how Hong Kong residents perceive the benefits of mainland Chinese tourism. In order to mend this gap, this study collected 850 online questionnaires with Hong Kong residents. Subsequent cluster analysis has shown that there are 3 segments in regard, namely “low”, “moderate” and “high” perceived benefits. A significant age gap among these 3 clusters was identified, with older respondents generally perceiving the highest benefit. Fifteen semi-structured follow-up interviews have shown the reason to be predominance of idealism in younger generations of Hong Kong, while older generations tend to be pragmatic. Possibilities for future studies are finally highlighted.

일반 상선과 달리 해양플랜트 시설은 발주자가 직접 고용한 인원과 조선소에서 파견된 시운전 종사자들은 2교대로 해양플랜트공사가 종료될 때까지 혼재되어 승선한다. 그러므로 많은 인원들이 안전하게 거주할 수 있는 별도의 해양플랜트 전용생활부선을 사용하는 것이 일반적이다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 인명 안전의 관점에서 해양플랜트 전용생활부선 거주자의 생존율 향상을 위한 방법을 제시하고자 한다. 이를 위해 해양플랜트 전용생활부선에서 발생할 수 있는 다양한 종류의 사고 중 가장 많이 발생할 것으로 판단되는 화재 사고를 가정하였다. 이를 위해 국내·외 규정에 근거한 화재시뮬레이션 전산 모형을 제작하여 종사자들에 대한 피난 안전성을 분석하였다. 특히, 해양플랜트 전용생활부선에서 화재가 발생할 경우 지속적으로 훈련을 받은 선원들과는 달리 다양한 직종, 인종, 문화를 갖고 있는 인력들의 비정형화된 피난 행위로 인하여 위험성이 높아질 것으로 판단되므로 생존가능시간인 유효 피난시간을 증가시키고, 실제 피난에 소요되는 필요 피난시간을 감소시켜 생존율을 향상시킬 수 있는 구조개선 및 안전설비 설치에 대해 제안하였다.

본 연구는 농촌지역 발전 및 주민의 삶의 질 향상을 위해 추진된 정부의 다양한 정책 및 사업의 성과를 분석하기 위해 현재 추진 중에 있는 농촌지역개발사업 중 대표성이 있다고 판단되는 농촌마을종합개발사업을 분석대상 사업으로 선정하였다. 분석을 위해 경남 2개 권역과 전남 2개 권역을 사례연구대상권역으로 선정하였다. 사업에 대한 만족도 분석결과, 전체적으로 사업추진에 있어서 각 지역유형별로 명확한 구분을 통해 만족도를 분석하는 것은 상당한 어려움이 있으나, 전반적으로 지역특성별(농촌지역, 중산간지역)로 주민들의 사업에 대한 이해 및 추진과정에서의 만족도 등은 다소 차이가 있음을 확인하였다. 또한, 전반적으로 농촌지역 2개 권역 주민들이 중산간지역 2개 권역 주민들에 비해 상대적으로 사업 추진 전반에 대해 부정적인 의견을 많이 표출하였다. 향후 원활한 사업추진을 위해서는 주민들의 사업에 대한 이해, 서로 돕고 협력하는 마을 공동체 의식의 복원, 바람직한 리더 육성, 실효성 있는 마을 규약 마련, 개방적·포용적 자세로의 전환과 농촌마을종합개발사업 추진 및 운영방법의 현실화가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

This study investigates the influence of community involvement on the destination sustainability for community destinations and spiritual destinations in Vietnam. Community involvement is measured by two constructs, which are community attachment and residents’ support. A structural questionnaire consisting of 41 observation variables measured on a 5-point Likert scale was used to survey households who live in a spiritual destination in An Giang province and three community destinations in Lang Son province with the help of local tour guides and Youth Union. 168 out of 200 responses collected were valid for multivariate data analysis. The results of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) reveal three main findings. Firstly, community attachment has a direct effect on both perceived benefits and destination sustainability. Secondly, while residents’ support has a direct effect on perceived benefits, it indirectly affects destination sustainability. Finally, community destinations have a higher level of sustainability than the spiritual destination. Based on those findings, this study proposed three suggestions for local authorities, policymakers, and residents to improve the sustainable development of their local tourism destinations, including (1) diversifying local tourism products, (2) encouraging the community participation in tourism development programs, and (3) increasing in the expected benefits in local tourism development policies.