The “shadow zone” is defined as a region below a flow obstacle, such as a vault, in unsaturated soils. Due to the capillary discontinuity of the cavity, water saturation on the top and side of the cavity is higher than the ambient saturation. On the bottom of the cavity, however, there is a region where water saturation is lower than ambient saturation. Undoubtedly, a shadow zone may also exist below a LILW disposal vault built in subsurface soils above the water table before the vault is fully degraded. During the degradation, flow in the shadow zone is controlled by the rate of water infiltrating the degrading vault. In this study, as one of the efforts to be made for enhancing safety margin by a realistic safety assessment of the engineered vault type LILW disposal facility, the shadow zone effect is investigated by a numerical parametric study using AMBER code. The conceptual model and data were excerpted from IAEA, ISAM Vault Test Case for the liquid release design scenario. It is assumed that the nearfield barriers degrade with time. In order to compare a visible shadow zone effect, the vault degradation period is assumed to be both 500 and 1,000 years, and the shadow zone depth to be varied according to unsaturated zone lithology. It can be seen that with a shorter shadow zone (2.7 m), radionuclides arrive at the water table earlier than with a full shadow zone (55 m) due to increased advection rate in the unsaturated zone. This effect tends to be more visible in the case of a longer degradation period. For radionuclides with short residence time relative to their half-lives in the unsaturated zone, such as Tc-99 and I-129, the radionuclides are shown to come out because they will arrive sooner, thereby allowing less peak release rate, when the shadow zone effect is considered. Once the vault is completely degraded and the infiltration rate of water flowing through the vault is equal to the ambient rate, the shadow zone effect disappears. In this example calculations using IAEA ISAM Vault Test Case input parameters, it might not be shown a significant shadow zone effect. Nevertheless, when the extent of the shadow zone is determined through more sophisticated hydraulic studies in the unsaturated soils surrounding the vault, the shadow zone effect would be checked up on the realistic near-field radionuclide transport modeling in order to contribute to gaining safety margins for post-closure safety assessment of the Wolsong 2nd phase LILW disposal facility.

In order to observe the microstructure and morphology of porous titanium -oxide thin film, deposition is performed under a higher Ar gas pressure than is used in the general titanium thin film production method. Black titanium thin film is deposited on stainless steel wire and Cu thin plate at a pressure of about 12 Pa, but lustrous thin film is deposited at lower pressure. The black titanium thin film has a larger apparent thickness than that of the glossy thin film. As a result of scanning electron microscope observation, it is seen that the black thin film has an extremely porous structure and consists of a separated column with periodic step differences on the sides. In this configuration, due to the shadowing effect, the nuclei formed on the substrate periodically grow to form a step. The surface area of the black thin film on the Cu thin plate changes with the bias potential. It has been found that the bias of the small negative is effective in increasing the surface area of the black titanium thin film. These results suggest that porous titanium-oxide thin film can be fabricated by applying the appropriate oxidation process to black titanium thin film composed of separated columns.

에드워드 사이드는 예이츠를 아일랜드에서의 제국적 지배의 몰락에 즈음하여 탈식민화의 작가로 보는데, 예이츠는 애국심과 민족주의로 아일랜드의 유산에 활력을 불어넣는다. 비슷한 탈식민적 접근을 하는 케냐의 작가 응과에와 도잉고는 식민이전의 현실에서 후기식민기에서 현대성으로의 전환에 대한 글을 쓰는 작가이다. 본 논문은 그들의 극작품화에 나타난 탈식민화 시학을 점검한다. 예이츠의 극『캐스린 니 홀리한』(1902년) 은 아일랜드 정신의 민족화와 탈식민화에 직접 반응하는 아일랜드의 농민의 억압된 상황을 묘사한다. 『정신의 탈식민화 하기』(1986년)와 다른 긱큐유언어로 된 극에서, 도잉고는 문화적 제국주의가 어떻게 아프리카와 범아프리카에서 심리적 정복의 일환으로서 식민주의를 활용하는 지 검토한다. 극을 저항의 장소로 개념화하여, 그는 식민이전의 케냐의 극의 근원과 토착적 빈 공간을 파괴하는 영국의 극적 제국을 대비한다. 두 작가는 정치를 극화하고 영제국주의에 대한 극을 정치화하여 자신들의 유산과 언어를 되살린다. 두 작사는 청중의 정신에게 귀한 유산을 강조하면서도 극공연에서 토착어를 조명하려 한다.

To be successful in today’s globalized, increasingly digitalized and homogenized luxury business, small independent niche players need to show a great deal of creativity, flexibility and a good sense for the actual tastes and preferences of their globally dispersed clientele. By looking at innovative entrepreneurs and beyond the famous players in the global luxury market, this study – building upon and expanding earlier research of the authors – explores the main strategies enabling independent luxury niche companies to successfully position and effectively differentiate themselves from their larger and financially more powerful competitors. The study examines and further refines the strategy types identified in earlier research and further explores the business model configurations and the specific success factors of independent niche luxury players in a global market dominated by the ever-growing “luxury goliaths”.

본 연구에서는 DJ 섀도의 샘플링 음악 특징을 잘 나타내는 『Endtroducing.....』앨범에서 ‘Midnight in a Perfect World’곡을 선정해 그의 샘플링 음악 특징을 분석했다. DJ 섀도 는 미국에서 활동하는 디제이 겸 프로듀서로 그는 샘플링 음악을 활용한 다양한 음악을 만들 어 오늘날 많은 아티스트들에게 영향을 미쳤다. 루프샘플링 기법(Loop sampling)과 마이크로 샘플링 기법(Micro sampling), 화성적 요소, 앰비언트 사운드(Ambient Sound)를 사용한 자 연스러운 음향기법, 비화성적 요소로 사용된 샘플링 기법 등 다양한 샘플링 기법을 분류하고 분석했다. 'Midnight in a Perfect World’에서 샘플링으로만 음악을 만들다 보니 전체적 인 조화가 자연스럽지 못했던 부분의 해결은 공간감이 풍부한 앰비언트 사운드를 활용했다. 또한 샘플링을 하고자 하는 부분과 다른 샘플 소스와의 분위기의 통일성, 템포가 너무 어긋나 지는 않는지, 개별 샘플소스가 너무 튀지는 않는지 등의 여러 가지 점들을 고려하였다.

This paper attempts to bring Plato back into dramatic criticism. The dominant view of Plato as a trenchant critic of literature results from an oddly powerful mixture of transhistoricity, literary self-abnegation and political ideology. Using Iris Murdoch, Giorgio Agamben and Leo Strauss to defend Plato against the charge of his anti-poetics, this paper argues that memory and narrative (in place of action), diegesis (against mimesis), alienation and impasse (instead of identification and catharsis) emerge as central features in Platonic dramatic theory. These concepts are put to the test by using texts from a select group of modern Irish and American dramatists (Williams, Friel, Wilder, Beckett and Yeats), all of whom were compelled to dramatize personal and/or collective memory while grappling with the difficulties involving the enactment of it.

Massive gravity provides a natural solution for the dark energy problem of cosmology and is also a candidate for resolving the dark matter problem. I demonstrate that, assuming reasonable scaling relations, massive gravity can provide for Milgrom’s law of gravity (or “modified Newtonian dynamics”) which is known to remove the need for particle dark matter from galactic dynamics. Milgrom’s law comes with a characteristic acceleration, Milgrom’s constant, which is observationally constrained to a0 ≈ 1.1×10−10ms−2. In the derivation presented here, this constant arises naturally from the cosmologically required mass of gravitons like a0 ∝ c√ ∝ cH0√3 , with , H0, and  being the cosmological constant, the Hubble constant, and the third cosmological parameter, respectively. My derivation suggests that massive gravity could be the mechanism behind both, dark matter and dark energy.

예이츠 이후의 시적 자세와 태도를 일견하면, 그의 시가 나중에 쓰여 지는 많은 시의 근거가 된다는 점에서 예이츠 이후의 시인들은 그의 그늘에 있다. 그가 황소고 그들이 개미라는 뜻이 아니라, 하나의 태양이 어떤 지형에 하나의 그림자를 던진다는 뜻이다. 그리고 같은 땅 내의 한 부분에서 일한다는 것은 하나의 개미의 그림자가 보다 큰 다른 개미의 그림자와 겹치거나 우연일치가 되며, 그의 그림자의 윤곽은 앞으로 보다 큰 그림자가 나타날 때까지 기준이 된다는 뜻이다.

This study is about determination of fire origin by using analysis of shadow that was recorded CCTV data at the fire scene. This analysis is based on straight and radiate nature of light. At fire experiment with about 1m flame, we conformed that 2-dimensional extension line is focused at the bottom of the fire. If the fire is burning at the same level with shadow, it indicate the point of origin exactly. In 3-dimensional analysis that connect extensional line between distinctive points the shadow and the objet, the line focused in the Ø 50cm-circle. We estimate the reason of that is because of the character of combustion of gases. The line indicate not the point of origin but the flame that is over the point of origin. thus, you have to consider the line indicate the flame when you do 3-dimensional analysis.

Computational algorithms and their implementations are studied for the treatments of kernel function’s shadow effects, which occurs in the application of the BEM(boundary element method) for radiation heat transfer analysis. In this problem, surfaces are assumed to be diffuse and gray placed in two-dimensional enclosures with transparent medium. Self-blocking or third party blocking is possible when the radiosity from the BEM nodes cannot reach the destination points. Also the third party blocking can be the partial or total blocking case. Algorithms, which can accurately recognize the each blocking cases and reflect the shadow effects to the BEM kernel function, are studied in this paper. Effective implementation methods are presented, and their results are verified by the test problem

This study made a comparative analysis of behavioral reaction of squid to red (624nm), green (524nm), blue (460nm) & white LED light, its arrival time for the shadow section by making the shadow section in the central section of a water tank just like the bottom part of a squid jigging vessel, and on-site catching efficiency of LED fishing lamp with control fishing vessel. The color LED light showing the highest squidgathering rate as against the shadow section was found to be blue LED light with 39.3% rate under the dark (0.05lx) condition. Under the brighter condition than 0.05lx, white LED light was found to have the highest gathering rate of 41.5%. In addition, it was found that squid gathering rate was high at the shadow section which showed 6.3-fold brightness difference between the shadow section and bright section. As for the arrival time for the shadow section, blue LED light was found to be the fastest in attracting squids in 192.7 seconds under the dark condition while the red LED light was the fastest in luring squids in 164.6 seconds under the bright condition. The ratio of the squid-jigging operation and sailing in fuel consumption of the fishing vessel loaded with LED fishing lamp is about 7 to 1, showing most of the fuel is consumed more in sailing than in squid-jigging operation. As for a catch of squid, the control vessel loaded with MH (Metal Halide) fishing lamp had more catch of 600-7,080 squids than the vessel loaded with LED fishing lamp having a catch of 260-1,700 squids. In addition, even in the comparison of a catch per automatic jigging machine, the catch of the vessel loaded with MH fishing lamp excelled that of the vessel loaded with LED fishing lamp in 6 operations of squid jigging out of 9 operations. The ratio of hand-jigging and automatic jigging machine (one line) in the LED fishing lamp vessel was 1:1.1 excepting the case of having a catch only using an automatic jigging machine, showing almost the same with each other in catches, while in case of a MH fishing lamp vessel, its ratio against hand-jigging was 1 to 5.8, showing hand-jigging excelled in catches.

도심지 빌딩에 의한 그림자가 대기경계층에 미치는 영향을 파악하기위하여 위성자료 분석과 수치실험을 실시하였다. 연구에 사용된 위성은 한국다목적위성(KOMSAT-2)의 가시자료이며, 수치모형은 다중반사도 계산을 위한 반사도 계산모형과 지표면 열수지를 계산하기 위한 오레건주립대학교 경계층 모형의 2가지이다. 위성자료 분석에서 고층빌딩이 밀집한 지역은 그렇지 못한 지역에 비하여 반사도가 최대 17% 낮게 산정되었다. 이는 건물의 그림자가 원인으로 작용한다. 그리고 반사도의 일변화는 태양고도에 따라 다르며, 정오에 가장 작은 값을 나타낸다. 건물 밀도가 높은 경우 지표면 온도가 43.5˚C까지 상승하는데 비하여 건물 밀도가 낮은 지역의 경우 지표면 온도는 37.4˚C까지 상승한다. 그러나 높은 빌딩에 따른 기계적 난류에 의하여 반사도에 의한 온도상승이 직접적으로 대기온도상승과 연결되지는 않는다.

폐펄라이트와 폐유리를 가공하여 입상화한 cellular glass foam(CGF)을 각각 입상암면과 피트모스를 혼합한 배지에서 매트저면관수한 Viola×wittrockiana 'Majestic GT Scarlet Shadow'를 재배하여 개화와 생육을 조사하였다. 엽수, 분지수, 지상부 생체중과 건물중, 엽면적과 총엽록소 함량은 폐펄라이트+입상암면+피트모스 (25:50:25, v/v/v) 혼합배지에서 가장 좋았으며, 초장과 최대근장은 CGF+피트모스(25:75, v/v) 혼합배지에서 가장 좋았다. 대조구인 폐펄라이트+피트모스(25:75, v/v) 혼합배지와 비교하여 CGF+피트모스(25:75, v/v)에서의 초장, 엽수, 근장, 총엽록소 함량, 지상부와 지하부의 생체중과 건물중이 더 켰다. 그러나 폐펄라이트+입상암면(25:75, v/v) 혼합배지와 비교하여 CGF+입상암면(25:75, v/v)에서의 생육은 매우 저조하였다.

콘크리트 포장의 장기 공용성은 시공조건과 환경조건에 크게 좌우된다. 즉 초기에 무작위 균열이나 균열틈이 많이 벌어진 경우 포장수명을 저감시키는 원인이 된다. 시공당시의 온도와 습도, 시멘트와 골재의 종류, 양생조건들은 콘크리트포장의 품질에 영향을 미치는 중요한 요소이다. 그 중에서도 대기온도와 수화열의 증가에 의한 높은 온도차이는 심각한 초기균열을 발생시키는 원인이 되는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 차광막을 사용하여 콘크리트 슬래브의 온도를 제어하여 초기균열이 발생할 가능성을 낯추고 슬래브질이의 온도차이에 의해 발생되는 curling stress를 줄일 수 있었고, 강도에 있어서는 차광막 설치 구간이 일반시공구간보다 장기강도를 크게 할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 또한 콘크리트포장의 포설 후 72시간의 강도 및 응력을 예측하는 프로그램인 HIPERPAV를 사용하여 초기에 균열이 발생할 가능성을 비교해본 결과 차광막을 설치한 구간이 본 시험시공의 예에서 균열이 발생하지 않을 가능성(reliability)이 차광막을 설치하지 않은 구간(일반시공구간) 72.5%. 차광막설치 구간 95%로 나타나 차광막설치 구간이 차광막을 설치하지 않은 구간보다 균열이 발생하지 않을 가능성을 크게 증가시킬 수 있을 것으로 분석되었다.