한국 미기록속인 넓은가슴네눈반날개속(Eudectus Redtenbacher) (신칭)의 분류학적 연구 결과, 넓은가슴네눈반날개(E. japonicus Zerche) (신칭)와 배무늬넓은가슴네눈반날개(E. rufulus Weise) (신칭) 두 종을 국내에 처음 보고한다. 두 종에 대한 재기재, 진단 형질의 그림, 그리고 검색표를 제시한다.

한국산 무당벌레붙이과(Endomychidae Leach)를 분류학적으로 검토하였다. 한국산 무당벌레붙이과에는 3아과, 7속, 10종이 포함되어 있는데, 그 중 Endomychus gorhami (Lewis) Eumorphus quadriguttatus pulchripes Gerstaecker, Lycoperdina castaneipennis Gorham, Mycetina ancoriger Gorham 등 4종을 국내에서 처음으로 보고한다. 또한 Lycoperdina castaneipennis의 숙주버섯을 처음으로 보고한다.

There are many reparations cases in East Asia, especially relating to Japanese invasion and colonization, such as those on forced slave labor, comfort women, Chinese massacres; and a number of related lawsuits have to date been filed. However, most of these legal cases have been turned down, even though a limited number of cases (e.g., the Hanaoka and Nishimatsu Chinese forced labor cases) have been resolved outside of the courts. In this paper, the Jeju April 3rd massacre has been taken close up as one of the Asian reparations cases. Thus I’ll try to discuss how to deal with this past injustice compared to other related reparations cases and point out the challenges we are facing relating to this horrifying historical injustice in the 1940s-50s in this peaceful Jeju island. First, international as well as domestic reparation cases will be surveyed in depth. Second we’ll deal with why the legal cases have been unsuccessful so far in Japan, and the ways to overcome legal obstacles. Then we will discuss the mechanism of reparations and its goal: reconciliation and a change of the international and racial relationship. The important role of an apology will also be considered.

The subfamily Sterictiphorinae which include 324 species from 26 genera is widespread group of sawfly. Most recorded species of Sterictiphorinae distributed in the Palaearctic, Nearactic, Oriental and Afrotropic regions. Among them, only 20 species have been reported from the Eastern Palaearctic region. Unfortunately, this group is very poorly studied in Korea. In the Korean fauna were reported only one species, Sterictiphora tanoi Togashi 1997(Togashi, 1997). The larvae of genus Sterictiphora feed on cherry and serviceberry (Smith, 1979). The adults of genus Sterictiphora are easily distinguished from the other genera of Sterictiphorinae by following characters: convex anterior margin of the head in dorsal view, hind wing with very long anal cell. As a result of this study, we report five new species, Sterictiphora rugosa sp. nov., S. gapjangensis sp. nov., S. flavicollis sp. nov., S. koreana sp. nov. and S. daeguensis sp. nov. and provide a key to Korean species and diagnosis with photos of five new species.

The genera Aproceros and Yasumatsua have not been recorded in Korea previousely. Genus Aproceros is small genus among genera of subfamily Sterictiphorinae with 10 described species. Almost species of this genus recorded in Eastern Palaearctic region except A. scutellis Wei & Nie, 1998 from Oriental region. Also, genus Yasumatsua has been reported only two species: Y. albitibia Togashi, 1990 and Y. nigra Togashi, 1970 in the world. Key characters of the genera Aproceros and Yasumatsua as following: (1) Aproceros: anal cell of hind wing absent; head narrowed behind eyes; basal anal cell of fore wing open, (2) Yasumatsua: anal cell of Hind wing closed; claw with a basal lobe; face between antennal sockets narrow with sharp median carina (Meicai, 1997). Biology and ecology of these two genera are poorly studied. In this study we record one unrecorded species of genus Aproceros and described one new species of genus Yasumatsua from Korea. Also, key to korean genera of subfamily Sterictiphorinae, diagnoses of Aproceros and Yasumatsua and photos of morphological characters are provided.

Tribe Banchini isa cosmopolitan tribe comprising 228 species within 11 genera whereas only three genera (Banchus, Exetastes and Rynchobanchus) have been recorded from Korea. The species of this tribe is koinobiont endoparacitoid that parasitize exposed large caterpillars, especially those pupating in the ground. For this reason, tribe Banchini has very short ovipositor when compared with that of other tribe. It is easily distinguished from two other tribes by the nervellus which is intercepted far from the middle and by having large areolet and very short ovipositor. Genus Exetastes belonging to Banchini is a largest group with 150 worldwide species. The Eastern Palaearctic region is represented by 48 species, but only five species, E. albiger Kriechbaumer, E. fornicator (Fabricius), E. ichneumoniformis (Gravenhorst), E. ishikawensis (Uchida) and E. komarovi Kokujev have been reported from Korea. Exetastes is distinguished from two other genera by the presence of prepectal carina and by having pointed upper tooth of mandible. The objectives of this work is to review the genus Exetastes and to report two unrecorded species (E. longipes Uchida and E. sapponensis Uchida) from Korea. Here we provide the diagnosises and photographs of Korean Exetastes species.

The Gyrinidae are water beetles with very unique lifestyle - adult rapidly gyrate and whirl on surface of water hunting for prey. They are found in stagnant or slowly running water and prefer clean oxygen-rich habitats. Members of the family are characterized by the following characters: compound eyes divided completely with one pair on the dorsal surface of the head (above the water line) and another on the ventral surface of the head (below the water line); antenna short with a broad, cup-shaped scape, subtriangular pedicel and elongate but compact flagellum; meso –and metathoracic legs broadly expanded and fringed with setae for swimming. In this paper, a taxonomic review of the Korean Gyrinidae Latreille is presented. Seven species in three genera are recognized, one of which (Gyrinus pullatus Zaitzev) is reported for the first time in South Korea. We also discovered that G. curtus Motschulsky previously recorded in Korea was misidentification of G. japonicus Sharp. Habitus photographs, keys, redescriptions, and diagnostic characters with illustrations of the species are provided. The specimens used in this study are deposited in Chungnam National University Insect Collection (CNUIC), Daejeon, Korea.

Since Linneaus (1758) named 4,162 species of living organism, 1.75 milion species have been described and named. It is less than 20% of the commonly accepted estimates of 10 million species on the planet earth. An average of 7,000 species per year was described during last 250 years, and, at this rate of species description, it will take another 1400 years to complete documentation of them. Who will do it? The real facing problem is the number of trained and practising taxonomists is declining worldwide at a time when demands for taxonomic science are increasing. A recent estimate suggests that the number of professional taxonomists worldwide is only 4,000-6,000 (Haas and Hauser, 2006). How about the situation is in Korea? In addition, the change of weather and the global warming accelerates more frequent invasion of harmful subtropical species, and taxonomist’s activity is needed more than ever. In shortly speaking, we are facing with a taxonomic “crisis” with erosion of taxonomy during last decades. The major reason is maybe that systematics has made little impact on the science with a narrow intellectual perspective, and most taxonomists have become accustomed to working on their speciality taxon without concern for relating their work to other broader environmental and societal issues in the facing with the global warming; e.g., invasive species, quarantine, use of bioresources, and ecosystem services. There is no question that taxonomy is the fundamental disciplines of biology, however, first of all, taxonomists should realize that how their research is related to other related sciences and how they make collaborative works. Especially, the basic taxonomic knowledge and skills generated by taxonomists is more needed to cope with the change of weather, due to the global warming which make critical change of the ecological structure in nature. In the presentation, the strategy for innovation of the living organism on our planet, with a crisis of taxonomy, will be discussed, and emphasized how taxonomists serve and contribute to other related topics. In addition, author will introduce his acitivity for innovation works on Lepidoptera, representing more than 500 new species and 23 new genera of moths described worldwide during last 40 years of his taxonomic research. The total number of new species described in Korea by him is 104 species, including 57 species of Gelechiidae, and more than 400 species and 22 new genera in the subtropical region, including Thailand, Vietnam, and New Guinea. Will it be possible to exceed 500 insect species described worldwide by a taxonomist in future?

한국산 미기록속인 짧은나래반날개속(Leptusa Kraatz) (신칭)에 속한 두 종-짧은나래반날개[L. (Drepanoleptusa) deplanata (Sawada)] (신칭)와 붉은짧은나래반날개[L. (Eospisalia) kitazawai kitazawai (Sawada)] (신칭)-를 국내에 처음으로 보고한다. 두 종에 대한 검색표, 진단 형질 기재와 성충의 사진 및 주요 형질에 대한 그림을 함께 제시한다.

In this study, a novel and flexible recommender system was developed, based on product taxonomy and usage patterns of users. The proposed system consists of the following four steps : (i) estimation of the product-preference matrix, (ii) construction of the product-preference matrix, (iii) estimation of the popularity and similarity levels for sought-after products, and (iv) recom- mendation of a products for the user. The product-preference matrix for each user is estimated through a linear combination of clicks, basket placements, and purchase statuses. Then the preference matrix of a particular genre is constructed by computing the ratios of the number of clicks, basket placements, and purchases of a product with respect to the total. The popularity and similarity levels of a user’s clicked product are estimated with an entropy index. Based on this information, collaborative and content-based filtering is used to recommend a product to the user. To assess the effectiveness of the proposed approach, an empirical study was conducted by constructing an experimental e-commerce site. Our results clearly showed that the proposed hybrid method is superior to conventional methods.

The genus Pristomerus Curtis, 1836 is one of among 36 genera belonging to the subfamily Cremastinae. This genus is a large genus with 100 worldwide species distributed (Yu et al., 2012). Also, from this genus have been reported 15 species in Eastern Palaearctic, eight species from China, seven species from Japan and three species from Korea. Subfamily Cremastinae is known as koinobiont endoparasitoids of solitary larval-pupa mostly Lepidoptera and Coleoptera (Fitton & Gauld 1980). Spectrum of host species of Pristomerus include various small Lepidoptera living in tunnels, leaf rolls, buds and other hidden areas (Rousse et al., 2011). Genus Pristomerus can be easily distinguished from other genera by the following characters: hind femur with ventral tooth; deep gastrocoelus on tergite II. Three species from this genus, Pristomerus chinensis Ashmead, 1906, P. erythrothoracis Uchida, 1933, and P. vulnerator (Panzer, 1799), have been reported from Korea previously. In this study we report three newly recorded species, Pristomerus rufiabdomenalis Uchida, 1928, P. parilis Kusigemati, 1984, P. kendarensis Kusigemati, 1984, and described three new species. Here we provide the descriptions and photographs of six species of genus Pristomerus, and species key.

유산균은 포자를 형성하지 않으며, 카탈라아제 음성이고, 산에 대해 내성을 가지며, 당 발효의 산물로 유산을 만드는 그람양성 간균이나 구균인 통성혐기성 세균으로 젖산균이라고 한다. 현재까지 Carnobacterium, Dolosigranulum, Enterococcus, Globicatella, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Lactosphaera, Leuconostoc, Oenococcus, Pediococcus, Streptococcus, Tetragenococcus, Vagococcus, Weissella 등 20여개의 속이 유산균에 속하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 유산균은 MRS라는 동일한 선택 배지에서 생육하고 생리생화학적 특성에 따른 명확한 구분이 어려워서 전통적인 형태적 생리학적 분류방법으로는 정확한 분류 동정이 어렵다. 그래서 유산균의 분류는 16S rRNA sequence 분석을 기반으로한 분자계통분류학적 결과를 기반으로 다양한 생리생화학적 분석, 형태학적 분석, 화학분류학적 분석 및 분자분류학적 분석 결과가 포함되는 다상분류를 통하여 이루어진다. 이와 같은 연구 결과를 통하여 유산균의 몇몇 속에서는 분류학적 혼재성이 관찰되었고, 그 결과 새로운 속의 탄생 또는 전이 양상이 계속적으로 보고되고 있다. 이와 같은 특징 때문에 유산균의 분류동정은 간단하지 않으며, 새로운 분류기준(key marker) 발굴 등 후속 연구의 확대가 필요하다. 유산균은 계대배양이나 장기보존 시 생존율이 높지 않아 장기보존 관리가 까다로운 균주그룹으로 알려져 있다. 유산균의 보존에는 동결건조법과 동결보존법이 널리 이용되는데 주로 탈지분유를 보존제로 사용한다.

In North Korea, the Tortricidae has been poorly studied until Byun et al. (1998) reviewed 350 species from Korea, including 63 species of Tortricinae and 40 species of Olethreutinae. Then Razowski (1999) presented a checklist of 358 species of Tortricidae from Korea, including 176 species of the North Korean Tortricidae with mostly based on the avaialble materials in Poland and previous literatures. Later, a serial studies on the family Tortricdae of North Korea with the material deposited in the Hungarian Natural History Museum provided several additional data for the North Korean tortricid fauna (Byun 2009; Byun 2011a; Byun 2011b; Byun 2011c; Byun et al. 2007) During the course of the study on the Tortricidae of North Korea deposited in Hungarian Natural History Museum, the author found three species of Olethreutes for the first time from North Korea. Of them, Olethreutes aviana Falkovitsh is also newly reported to the Korean peninsula. The aim of the present study is to report the three species of Olethreutes as new to North Korean fauna. In the present study, three species of the genus Olethreutes: O. aviana Falkovitsh, O. obovata (Walsingham), and O. orthocosma (Meyrick), based on the material deposited in the Hungarian Natural History Museum, are reported for the first time from North Korea. Among them, O. aviana Falkovitsh is recorded as new to the Korean peninsula. Photographs of the adults and genitalia of the species are presented.

In the present study, a phylogenetic analysis was undertaken based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA and partial β-tubulin gene sequence of the Ganoderma species. The size of the ITS rDNA regions from different Ganoderma species varied from 625 to 673 bp, and those of the partial β-tubulin gene sequence were 419 bp. Based on the results, a phylogenetic tree was prepared which revealed that Korean Ganoderma lucidum strains belong in a single group along with a G. lucidum strain from Bangladesh.

In a revision of four Eurydema speices recorded in Far East Asia, we confirm only two species, one of which consists of two subspecies: E. dominulus (Scopoli 1763) [=E. pulchra (Westwood 1837), syn. nov.], E. gebleri gebleri Kolenati 1846, and E. gebleri rugosa Motschulsky 1861 [stat. nov.]. In order to prove the above taxonomic changes, we compared three major characters; (1) the color patterns, (2) the mitochondrial COI (DNA barcoding) and (3) cross– breeding fertility (inter–specific copulation). Two subspecies, E. g. rugosa and E. g. gebleri, preserve their own unique coloration patterns, confirmed by the intra–subspecific copulation and breeding. Interestingly, the 1st progeny from the inter–subspecific copulation of E. g. rugosa♂ X E. g. gebleri♀ (or E. g. gebleri♂ X E. g. rugosa♀) take the coloration patterns inherited from E. g. gebleri.

In traditional taxonomy on the family Cantharidae, color pattern of the body and the structure of the male genitalia have been often used as diagnostic characters in identification of the specific level. However, these characters caused the difficulty in identifying the female in case a species was described only by male specimens or has the several color types among individuals. In this study, we attempted to evaluate the species reality of Asiopodabrus fragiliformis which was often difficult to be identified due to individual variation in color pattern and lack of information of female, through searching for new morphological diagnostic characters as well as DNA barcoding analysis, including their closely relative species from Russia and Japan. The results showed that A. fragiliformis was represented as three clusters strongly supported by high value of boots trap (>99%) and over 3% branch length. The pairwise distances between species of Asiopodabrus were detected larger, ranged from 3.4–9.5%, than the intragroup distance ranged from 0–2.9% indicating presence of a barcoding gap. And then, the three clusters were respectively determined as A. fragiliformis, A. kurvatovi and a new species through the analysis of morphology and COI gene. Therefore, we suggest that the species delineation on polymorphic species and the female specimens of closely resembling species would be more exactly and effectively determined if DNA barcoding and the traditional taxonomy are used as complementary methods for identification.

The genus Xorides is a large group xoridine genus was firstly described by Latreille in 1809 based on Ichneumon indicatorius. The world fauna of Xorides have comprised of 147 described species(Yu et al., 2005). Among them, 48 species have distributed in Eastern Palaearctic region(Yu et al., 2005) and only one species, Xorides jezoensis, was recorded from Korea (Uchida,1955). Most species are specialized parasitoids of eight coleopteran families (Anobiidae, Bostrichidae, Buprestidae, Cerambycidae, Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae, Elateridae, Melandryidae), three hymenopteran families, two lepidopteran families, one dipteran family(Yu et al., 2005). Also, emerge from larva as ectoparasitoids(Sharifi & Javadi, 1971) and idiobiont(Chrystal & Skinner, 1931). This genus is similar to genus Odotocolon but mandible without two teeth; female flagellomere curved with peg like setae. In this study, we found two newly recorded species, Xorides konumensis(Uchida, 1928) and Xorides sapporensis(Uchida, 1928) from Korea.

The family Ciidae is presented for the first time from Korea. Two unrecorded species, Octotemnus laminifrons (Motschulsky) and Octotemnus japonicus Miyatake are reported. Morphological photographs of adults, description, illustrations of diagnostic characteristics, and host fungi are provided.

A total of six species in the subgenus Uroleucon (Uromelan) is revised from the Korean Peninsula. Uroleucon adenophora (Matsumura, 1918) is recognized for the first time in Korea, collected on the young upper stem of Adenophora sp. (Campanulaceae). It is described, illustrated, and measured for apterous viviparous females.

The subfamily Acaenitinae Föster, 1869 is a small-sized subfamily belonging to the family Ichneumonidae. Members of Acaenitinae distributes in Ethiopian, Oriental, and Palearctic Regions. Twenty six genera have been recorded in the World, and six genera are known from Korea. The biology of the Acaenitinae is not well known, however, some hosts are recorded from Cerambycidae in Coleoptera (Gardiner, 1960), Sesiidae and Tortricidae in Lepidoptera (Ulbricht, 1909; Starke, 1956). Generally female is easily distinguished from that of other subfamily of Ichneumonidae. They can be recognized by their very elongate subgenital plate, and by the auxiliary tooth on the tarsal claws. Male can be also easily recognized by the form of the claws and the facial shape. In this study, we found a newly recorded genus Yezoceryx, belonging to the Tribe Acaenitini, with two species in Korean fauna. Illustrated key of species and genera, diagnosis and photographs of each species are provieded.