The performance of an organization largely depends upon the strategy-environment fit (Mintzberg, 1979). The success of business-level strategy is contingent on industry environment characteristics (Pelham, 1999). Under the strategic fit, new ventures need to match their strategies of market, product with external environment. In different contextual situations, a new venture should employ appropriate management practices that positively impact its performance. The strategic fit provides important theoretical foundations for understanding how strategies drive firm performance. Today, technology-based start-up ventures and corporate entrepreneurship both embrace emerging markets and emerging technologies as the core of their competitive advantage (Thukral, Ehr, Walsh, Groen, & Sijde, 2008). For these new ventures, it is important to set up market orientation strategy at the beginning of founding. New ventures need to explore market opportunities and respond to market requirements. Proactive and responsive market orientations are two dimensions of market orientation considering to latent and current market needs ((Narver, Slater, & Maclachlan, 2004)). Current studies acquiescently treat proactive and responsive as two types of market orientations. However, further study need to clarify whether and what extent and under what contextual situations new ventures pursue two dimensions of market orientation strategy. In specifically, does pursuit of a hybrid market orientation lead to superior performance relative to a pure one? What extent should a new venture emphasize relative pure strategy which can help it to fit its strategy with performance objectives? Furthermore, is the market orientation strategy purity equally important in both emerging and established market conditions and industrial technology standards? This paper proposes hypotheses of positive relationship between market orientation strategy purity and new venture performance. And, Market needs has a moderating role on the relationship of MO purity and new venture performance. That is, for emerging market, the MO purity will exert a weaker influence on the new venture performance. Technological uncertainty has a moderating role on the relationship of MO purity and new venture performance. That is, for emerging technology, the MO purity (especially proactive market orientation) will exert a stronger influence on the new venture performance.

How to manage these marketing and R&D functions is very important in the new product development (NPD) process. Which function should have more power to make more decisions? Previous study seldom touched this question. Further, according to strategic contingent theory, perceived uncertainty is very important determinant for power structure in the NPD process (Hickson, Hinings, Schneck, & Pennings, 1971). However, Pfeffer and Salancik (1978) argued that there is indeterminacy between environment and power structure. Thus, is external environmental uncertainty related to power structure in the NPD process? Resource dependence theory gives us a hint to solve this puzzle, that is, the concept of institutionalization (Pfeffer, 1981; Pfeffer and Salancik, 1978). The current study tends to adopt NPD duration reflected institutionalization (Pfeffer, 1981) to examine the moderating effect of NPD duration on the relationship between environmental uncertainty and marketing-R&D power structure in the NPD process. In general, power is defined as that the relation among social actors in which a specific social actor can potentially influence the decision to achieve his or her desire outcomes (Dahl, 1957; Emerson, 1962; Pfeffer, 1981; Salancik & Pfeffer, 1977). This definition also suggested that power is the structure in human aggregates like complex organization (Pfeffer, 1981). Thus, the power structure in the NPD process is defined as the proportion of decision making by marketing and R&D functions in the NPD process. When a NPD team faces the high market uncertainty, marketing function can gather more resources because of its special ability. A new product team has the limited resources, so another important function like R&D will have fewer resources than marketing function. Thus, our first hypothesis is that the higher market uncertainty, the more power marketing function has. R&D members have background knowledge to overcome the difficult of processing technological language and decide the main resolutions. The team will tend to allot more resources to deal with the problems of technological change as such the R&D members can buy the license of new technologies to apply it on their new products and to create the disruptive innovation like smartphones or tablets successfully. Therefore, the second hypothesis is that the higher technology uncertainty, the more power R&D function has. According to resource dependence theory, however, the relationship between environmental uncertainty and power structure does not always exist (Pfeffer, 1981; Pfeffer & Salancik, 1978). Pfeffer and Salancik (1978) indicated that the perceived environmental uncertainty of a subunit is weakly related to subunit’s power structure when an organization is highly institutionalized. When one subunit has more power than others, it tends to maintain the current power structure. So, the subunit makes rules or norm to formalize its power legally. This process is so called institutionalization (Pfeffer, 1981; Pfeffer & Salancik, 1978). In general, as time goes by, organizations will form their own social norms, and some of these norms will become the principles or rules in organizations (Pfeffer, 1981). As a result, when NPD time is long, marketing and R&D functions form norms or official rules. Then, the relationship between their perceived environmental uncertainty and power structure in the NPD process is weaker than the relation in the shorter duration of NPD. Therefore, our hypothesis is that the relationship between environmental uncertainty and power structure in the long-run project time is weaker than the relationship in the short-run project time. The current study used questionnaire survey and purposive sampling method to collect data. In order to eliminate the bias of common method variance (CMV), this study conducted multiple sources including project managers, the member charging marketing, and the member charging R&D to administrate questionnaires differently. In order to avoid selection bias, this study, moreover, asked the informants select the most recent new products developed and launched for minimum of twelve months. We sent three types of questionnaires to project managers, the member charging marketing, and the member charging R&D respectively. The current study sent questionnaires to 112 firms, and 69 firms are returned. The response rate is 61.61%. At new product level, there are 207 new product projects, and 100 firms are returned. The response rate is 48.31%. We also do tests of bias due to nonresponse which were conducted by using a comparison of early to late respondents’ all variable means (Armstrong & Overton, 1977). No evidence of a bias was found. Our variables are included market and technology uncertainty, and power structure which the left side is totally decided by marketing and the right side is totally decided by R&D. Moreover, NPD time is from star-up projects to launch it. In order to rule out other effects, we controlled industrial category, firm age, the number of marketing and R&D members involved in the NPD process, environmental hostility, and NPD process formalization. Every overall fit index in our measurement model is shown that χ(55)^2=71.5259,p-vaule=.066，χ^2/df=1.30<2, goodness of fit index=.90，adjusted goodness of fit index=.84，comparative fit index=.97，normed fit index=.87，non-normed fit index=.95, and root mean square error of approximation=.06. In general, all fit indexes in our measurement model are acceptable, and the average variance extracted (AVE), composite reliability (CR), and Cronbach’s α of all constructs are acceptable. Their ranges are .45-.70, .70-.93, and .75-.93 respectively. The overall model showed that the higher market uncertainty, the more power marketing has (β=-.279, t-value=-3.11, p-value<.050) but technology uncertainty is not significantly related to power structure. We used the mean of the NPD time as the cutting point to split short-run and long-run project time, and the mean is about one year and half in our sample. The result showed that in the short-run group the higher market and technology uncertainty, the more power marketing and R&D function have (β=-.355, t-value=-2.53, p-value<.050; β=.296, t-value=2.23, p-value<.050) . However, in the long-run group the relationship between environmental uncertainty and power structure is statistically insignificant. Additionally, in the long-run group the more NPD process formalization, the more power R&D function has (β=.277, t-value=2.33, p-value<.050). Back to the original puzzle, that is, does external environmental uncertainty determine power structure in the new product development process? The empirical evidence is shown that it is dependent on how long an organization develops new products to the market. Because the dominant subunit involved in the NPD process tends to maintain it power, it institutionalizes rules or norms to have legitimacy in the organization, and this argument is consistent with resource dependence theory (Pfeffer & Salancik, 1978). We also found that in short-run perceived environmental uncertainty are positively related to power structure in the NPD process. Consistent with strategic contingent theory’s proposition, the one subunit enable to reduce or respond external environment pressure, and it can have more power in the organization (Hickson, et al., 1971; Hinings, et al., 1974). We additionally found that in long-run group process formalization is positively related to R&D power. R&D function plays a main role in the NPD process as especially in the manufacturing industry; therefore, R&D function has much motive to maintain its power (Workamn, 1993). So R&D function can use formal rule to maintain its power when R&D function formalize the NPD process. As a consequence, formalizing the NPD process helps R&D function to gain more power in the long run. The contribution of our study is that we tested the proposition in strategic contingent theory, and the empirical evidences supported our hypotheses. Furthermore, our study also is the first study to test and find the support evidence with the institutionalization proposition in resource dependence theory. We not only explored the relationship between environmental uncertainty and power structure in the NPD process, but also extended strategic contingent theory and resource dependence theory to the NPD research. The further study can follow our definition of power structure to find what strategy marketing and R&D function will used to take back or maintain their power (Eisenhardt & Bourgeois, 1988; Li & Atuahene-Gima, 2001; Pfeffer, 1981).

본 연구는 사내 기업가적 활동, 사회적 네트워크, 환경의 불확실성 그리고 이들 상호간의 상호작용적 영향이 중국 중소기업의 성과에 미치는 영향에 대해 살펴보는 것이다. 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위해 연구자들은 사내 기업가적 활동 그리고 사회적 네트워크가 미치는 영향과 이들의 상호작용이 기업성과에 미치는 영향에 대해 분석하고자 한다. 또한 나아가 지각된 환경의 불확실성이 높을 때 이들의 상호작용이 기업성과에 미치는 영향이 어떻게 달라질 수 있는지를 파악하고자 한다. 실증적 연구는 중국 합비성 안휘시에 있는 첨단 산업의 중소기업을 대상으로 수행되었다. 무작위로 선정된 200개 업체에 설문지를 보내고 응답받은 기업들 중에서 불성실한 것을 제외한 164개의 중소기업체가 최종 표본으로 선정되었다. 가설의 검증은 이들 기업들을 대상으로 이루어졌으며 그 결과 본 연구는 다음과 같은 결론을 도출할 수 있었다. 첫째, 중국 중소기업의 사내 기업가적 활동들은 기업성과에 유의한 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 사회적 네트워크는 그 자체로는 기업성과에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않으나 사내 기업가적 활동들 중에서 특히 혁신 및 벤처링 중심의 활동과는 유의한 상호작용적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 혁신 및 벤처링 활동과 사회적 네트워크의 상호작용은 기업에서 지각하는 환경의 불확실성이 높을 때 기업성과에 더욱 유의한 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 볼 때 기업가적 활동이 기업성과 개선을 위해 중요할 수 있으며, 사회적 네트워크는 기업가적 활동의 내용에 따라서 적절하게 활용되어야 하며, 특히 환경의 불확실성이 높을 때는 외부자원을 최대한 활용하면서 혁신과 벤처링 활동을 강조하는 것이 중국 중소기업에 있어서는 무엇보다 중요할 수 있음을 연구자들은 제시하고자 한다.

In this paper, the single-period inventory problem, what is called newsboy problem, has been revisited with two different conditions, uncertain supply and risk-averseness. Eeckhoudt et al. [5] investigated the effect of risk-averseness of a newsboy on the optimal order quantity in a stochastic demand setting. In contrary to Eeckhoudt et al. [5] this paper investigates the effect of risk-averseness in a stochastic supply setting. The findings from this investigation say that if  represents the optimal order quantity without risk-averseness then the risk-averse optimal order quantity can be greater than  and can be less than  as well.

본 연구에서는 차량검지기의 속도측정 성능평가방법을 개발하였다. 개발된 성능평가방법에서는 오차요인들을 기준속도에 반영하며 측정불확도의 개념을 적용하였다. 기존연구, 통계적 처리기법, 기존교통단속장비 및 차량검지시스템의 속도측정 성능평가방법 등에 대한 고찰을 통해 기존평가방법의 문제점을 도출하고 개선된 성능평가방법을 개발하였다, 실제 현장에 설치된 차량검지기에 대해서 기존평가방법과 개발방법을 적용해본 결과 기존평가방법은 평가기준에 적합하나 개발방법은 평가기준을 만족시키지 못하고 있다. 이러한 결과는 기존성능평가방법이 측정 시의 오차요인들을 충분히 고려하지 못해서 평가대상장비의 성능을 고평가할 가능성이 있음을 의미하며, 반면에 개발모형은 측정 시의 변동요인인 오차를 고려하므로 기존평가방법 보다 정확함을 나타낸다.

해외직접투자를 실시하기로 결정한 기업은 어느 국가 시장에, 언제, 어떠한 형태로 진입할 것인가 하는 문제에 직면하게 된다. 이 세 가지 사안에 따라 자원투입 수준과 해외직접투자의 궁극적인 성과에까지 영향을 미치게 되는 만큼 매우 중요한 문제이다. 그러나 다른 두 가지 문제에 비해 진입 시기에 대한 연구는 충분한 관심을 받지 못했다. 이러한 배경 하에, 본 연구는 국가시장의 불확실성이 진입시기와 진입방식에 미치는 영향을 분석함으로써 해외직접투자의 중요한 세 가지 사안을 연결시키고자 한다. 즉 진입 국가의 불확실한 환경이 진입시기와 진입방식에 미치는 효과를 실증적으로 조사하고, 이러한 관계 내에서의 기업자원이 가지는 조절효과 가능성을 발견하며, 진입시기와 진입방식이 상호작용하여 성과에 미치는 영향을 조사하여 기업의 해외시장 진입전략에 관한 결정요인과 결과를 포함하는 통합적인 프레임워크를 제시하고자 한다. 본 연구의 표본은 한국증권거래소에 상장된 기업들의 해외시장진출케이스로 구성되었으며, 가설검증을 위해 중재회귀분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과, 기업들은 불확실성이 높은 시장으로는 진입시기를 늦추는 경향이 있지만, 기술적 자원이 풍부한 기업에서는 이러한 관계가 약해지는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 진입시기와 기업성과의 관계에서는 진입방식의 조절효과가 발견되었다.

이 논문에서는 환경변수의 시계열 분포도 작성과 불확실성 모델링을 위해 시공간영역으로 확장된 다중 가우시안 크리깅을 제안하였다. 다중 가우시안 틀 안에서, 우선 정규점수변환된 환경변수를 결정론적 경향 성분과 확률론적 잔차 성분으로 분해하였다. 그리고 시간 경향 모델 계수의 내삽을 통해 경향 성분의 시계열 공간 분포도를 작성하였다. 정상성 잔차 성분의 시공간 상관 구조는 곱-합 시공간 베리오그램 모델을 이용하여 정량화하였고, 이 베리오그램 모델과 시공간 크리깅을 이용하여 국소적 누적 확률분포함수를 모델링하였다. 이 국소적 누적 확률분포함수로부터 평균값과 조건부 분산을 계산하여 공간분포도 작성과 불확실성 분석에 각각 이용하였다. 제안 기법의 적용성 평가를 위해 인천광역시에서 3년간 13개 관측소에서 측정된 월 평균 미세먼지(PM10) 농도 자료를 이용한 시계열 분포도 작성 사례 연구를 수행하였다. 사례연구 결과, 제안 기법을 통해 기존 공간 정규 크리깅에 비해 작은 편향과 높은 예측 능력을 가진 시계열 미세먼지(PM10) 농도 분포도 작성이 가능함을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 조건부 분산과 특정 농도값을 초과할 확률값들은 해석을 위한 유용한 보조 정보를 제공하였다.

An isocratic high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for routine analysis of deoxynivalenol in noodles was validated and estimated the measurement uncertainty. Noodles (dried noodle and ramyeon) were analyzed by HPLC-ultraviolet detection using immunoaffinity column for clean-up. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 7.5 μg/kg and 18.8 μg/kg, respectively. The calibration curve showed a good linearity, with correlation coefficients r² of 0.9999 in the concentration range from 20 to 500 μg/kg. Recoveries and Repeatabilities expressed as coefficients of variation (CV) spiked with 200 and 500 μg/kg were 82 ± 2.7% and 87 ± 1.3% in dried noodle, and 97 ± 1.6% and 91 ± 12.0% in ramyeon, respectively. The uncertainty sources in measurement process were identified as sample weight, final volume, and sample concentration in extraction volume as well as components such as standard stock solution, working standard solution, 5 standard solutions, calibration curve,matrix, and instrument. Deoxynivalenol concentration and expanded uncertainty in two matrixes spiked with 200 μg/kg and 500 μg/kg were estimated to be 163.8 ± 52.1 and 435.2 ± 91.6 μg/kg for dried noodle, and 194.3 ± 33.0 and 453.2 ± 91.1 μg/kg for ramyeon using a coverage factor of two which gives a level of statistical confidence with approximately 95%. The most influential component among uncertainty sources was the recovery of matrix, followed by calibration curve.

지화학 자료는 환경 관리를 위한 중요한 환경 변수중 하나로 인식되어 왔다. 지화학 자료는 보통 공간적으로 산재되어 수집되기 때문에, 샘플링 되지 않은 지점에서의 속성값 예측과 더불어 부가적인 분석을 위해 예측에 수반되는 불확실성을 추정할 필요가 있다. 이 논문은 지시자 지구통계학이 지화학 자료의 공간적인 분포값의 제시뿐만 아니라 의사결정을 보조할 수 있는 정보를 제공하기 위해 유용하게 사용될 수 있는지를 예시하고자 한다. 카드뮴 자료의 추정사례 연구를 통해 확률론적 불확실성 모델링, 위험성 분석 등 지구통계학적 분석의 틀을 제시하였다. 지시자 크리깅을 통해 조건부 누적 분포 함수를 모델링한 후에, 기대값 추정치와 조건부 분산을 카드뮴의 추정값과 정량적 불확실성 추정을 위해 각각 계산하였다. 그리고 확률 임계치와 속성 임계치의 적용을 통해 오염/비오염 지역을 구분하였다. 또한 조건부 분산과 속성값과 임계치값의 차이를 모두 설명할 수 있는 변동 계수를 통해 추가적인 샘플링 지점을 추출하였다. 이 연구에서 적용한 지시자 지구통계학적 분석 틀은 불확실성을 고려한 의사 결정과 관련하여 지화학 자료를 포함한 환경 변수의 분석에 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

후행 핵연료주기 경제성 평가는 추정 비용의 불확실성, 평가 대상기간의 장기성, 적용 할인율에 따른 계산결과의 변동성 등 많은 불확실성을 내포하고 있기 때문에 평가기관 또는 평가자에 따라 그 결과가 서로 상이하다. 본고에서는 지금까지 수행된 주요 경제성 평가 연구들을 조사/분석하여 그 특징과 한계를 알아봄으로써 현재 국내에서 추진되고 있는 사용후핵연료 공론화 및 후행 핵연료주기 정책 연구 추진에 기초자료로 활용될 수 있도록 하고자 하였다. 분석 결과 사용후핵연료 재활용 옵션에 비해 직접처분 옵션이 유리하나, 입력 자료로 사용된 파라미터 값에 따라 결과의 불확실성이 많이 나타나 이 부분에 대한 추가적인 연구가 필요하다는 사실을 알 수 있었다.

Carbon contamination from the binder resin is an inherent problem with the metal powder injection molding process. Residual carbon in the W-Cu compacts has a strong impact on the thermal and electric properties. In this study, uncertainty was quantified to evaluate determination of carbon in a W-15%Cu MIM body by the combustition method. For a valid generalization about this evaluation, uncertainty scheme applied even to the repeatability as well as the uncertainty sources of each analyse step and quality appraisal sources. As a result, the concentration of carbon in the W-Cu part were measured as 0.062% with expanded uncertainty of 0.003% at 95% level. This evaluation example may be useful to uncertainty evaluation for other MIM products.

무딘 모양 물체의 대표적 형상인 정사각주의 후류에서의 와류 형성 분석을 위한 스트롤수 측정 실험에서 실험 방법 및 결과의 신뢰성 확보를 위하여 실험계획법과 불확실성 해석을 수행하였다. 스트롤수는 정사각주와 지면과의 간극을 변화시키면서 열선유속계를 사용하여 측정하였다. 정사각주가 지면과 충분히 떨어져 있다면, 후류의 어느 곳에서 스트롤수를 측정하더라도 신뢰할 수 있다. 그러나 정사각주가 지면과 가까워지면 와류가 부분적으로 약하게 형성되기 때문에 스트롤수는 후류의 일정한 영역에서만 측정할 수 있으며, 신뢰할 수 있는 값을 얻기가 쉽지 않다. 이에 요인배치법과 분산분석을 이용하여 5% 유의수준에서 신뢰할 수 있는 스트롤수 측정 구역을 확보하였다. 마지막으로 불확실성 해석을 실시하여 실험 환경 및 계측 장비로부터의 오차 요인을 분석하였으며 스트롤수에 대한 95% 신뢰구간을 구하였다.

The paper presents a new approach for analyzing mold growth risk in buildings, based on a mixed simulation approach with consideration of uncertainties in relevant building parameters. The approach is capable to predict and explain unexpected mold growth occurrences that would typically not show up in standard deterministic simulation. This study simulates the local environmental conditions at material surfaces in buildings by using a mix of standard simulation tools. By introducing uncertainties in relevant input parameters, this approach generates a statistical distribution of time aggregated mold growth conditions at a number of "trouble spots"in a specific building case. This distribution is then translated into an overall mold risk indicator. In addition, our method identifies those parameters whose uncertainty range has a dominant effect on an increase in mold risk. By thus identifying the critical influence of building components, building operation and maintenance factors on the increase in risk, appropriate actions during the building design and procurement process can be set up to address these risks.

The smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method is applied to construct the dispersion of fluctuations in quasi-hydrostatic configuration of an isothermal self-gravitating slab. The uncertainty of the implementation is evaluated, and a novel technique (acceleration error) is proposed to weaken this uncertainty. The two-fluid quasi-hydrostatic diffusion of small fluctuations is used to support the importance of the acceleration error. The results show that the uncertainty converges to a few percent by increasing of the SPH particle numbers. Considering the acceleration error weakens the uncertainty, and prohibits the serious dynamical consequences in slow dispersion of fluctuation in the quasi-hydrostatic evolution of the slab.

This paper is to propose model classification and evaluation of measurement uncertainty. In order to obtain type A and B uncertainty, variety of measurement mathematical models are illustrated by example. The four steps to evaluate expanded uncertainty are indicated as following; First, to get type A standard uncertainty, measurement mathematical models of single, double, multiple, design of experiment and serial autocorrelation are shown. Second, to solve type B standard uncertainty measurement mathematical models of empirical probability distributions and multivariate are presented. Third, type A and B combined uncertainty, considering sensitivity coefficient, linearity and correlation are discussed. Lastly, expanded uncertainty, considering degree of freedom for type A, B uncertainty and coverage factor are presented with uncertainty budget. SPC control chart to control expanded uncertainty is shown.