An environmentally friendly and low-cost chitosan-containing polysaccharide (CP) composite ZIF-8/CP was designed and prepared based on the difficulty of separating the traditional adsorbent from the water phase. ZIF-8/CP was synthesized through in-situ growth approach. The physical, chemical and structure properties of ZIF-8/CP were determined through a series of characterization methods, including SEM, FT-IR and PXRD. The effects of touch time, pH, temperature, and coexisting ions on adsorption were assessed. In addition, kinetics, isotherms of adsorption and thermodynamics were examined. The data of isotherms for adsorption indicated that the adsorption of ZIF-8/CP on MG was similar to the Langmuir model, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 1428.57 mg/g. Moreover, the kinetic parameters were consistent with the pseudo- 2nd-order equation. Thermodynamic studies (ΔG < 0, ΔH > 0) demonstrated a heat-absorbing and spontaneous adsorption process. Our study reveals that ZIF-8/CP has good adsorption properties and environmental properties.

Though many treatment technologies of contaminated water have been developed for a long time, it is still difficult to find a suitable method for large volumes of low radioactivity tritium-contaminated water. For this reason, most of the tritium-contaminated water been discharged to the biosphere or been stored in a special control area as radioactive waste. Activated carbon is a common material, but since there are few data on the treatment of tritium-contaminated water, its adsorption behavior to HTO is worth studied. In our study, for the tritium-contaminated water having a low radioactivity concentration (350-480 Bq/g), adsorption experiments were performed with activated carbon. The effects on the selective adsorption of HTO were investigated for temperature (5-55°C), hydrogen peroxide (1-10wt%) and activated carbon reuse (1-6 times) under non-equilibrium conditions. The treatment of activated carbon significantly reduced the radioactivity of tritium-contaminated water around 60 minutes of adsorption time. In order to clearly analyze the experimental results, positive factors and negative factors on the HTO selectivity were separately evaluated according to the adsorption time. Temperature and the reuse of activated carbon were evaluated as negative factors for HTO selectivity of activated carbon, whereas hydrogen peroxide (> 5wt%) was evaluated as a positive factor. By the evaluation method of separating the influencing factors into two types, the adsorption experimental results of HTO could be understood more clearly.

The presence of dyes in water is the most popular problem recently, so the current study was directed towards the synthesis of an effective material consisting of NiO and MWCNTs. The NiO/F-MWCNTs nanocomposite was synthesized using a simple hydrothermal method after functionalization of MWCNTs using sulfuric acid and nitric acid and utilized as an efficient surface to adsorption of malachite green dye from polluted water. The nanocomposite sample was characterized using several techniques are X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), High- resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) analysis and Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). The analytical results showed that the prepared nanocomposite is of good crystalline nature with a particle size of 25.43 nm. A significant specific surface area was 412.08 m2/ g which indicates the effective impact of the nanocomposite in the adsorption of malachite green (MG) dye. On the other hand, the effect of adsorbent dose, temperature, acidic function and contact time on the adsorption efficiency of dye was studied. The kinetics of dye adsorption were also investigated employing two kinetic models, pseudo-first-order model and pseudo-second-order model. Finally, the thermodynamic functions were determined to identify the type of the reaction and the spontaneity of the process.

세계적인 에너지 수요의 증가는 통제할 수 없는 환경 오염을 야기하고 있다. 화석 연료에 대한 수요와 그로 인한 탄소 배출이 지구 온난화와 기후 변화로 이어진 것이다. 핵에너지는 청정 에너지를 생산하는 대체 자원이지만 핵연료 채굴은 유해한 화학물질과 관련이 있다. 반면에 막 분리 과정을 통해 바닷물에서 중요 광물을 채굴하는 것은 효율적이며 친환경적이 다. 분리와 흡착을 통해 해수로부터 주요 광물을 채굴하는 것은 또 다른 효율적인 과정이다. 희토류 원소에서 악티늄족을 회 수하는 것은 매우 어렵고 고비용의 과정이다. 압력 기반 막 분리 과정은 친환경적일 뿐만 아니라 경제적으로 실현가능한 과 정이기도 하다. 본 리뷰에서 다루는 막 공정에는 폴리에테르 설폰, 폴리아미드, 폴리이미드, 폴리아미독신 및 하이브리드 막 이 있다. 또한 흡착 공정의 경우, 주로 아미독심 종류의 흡착제가 논의될 것이다.

Preparation of activated carbon from biomass residue with conventional steam activation was conducted to find the alternative raw materials for meeting the high demand for low-cost porous material in the desiccant application. In this study, activated carbons were produced from dead camphor leaves using two-step methods at different preparation temperatures. The characterization results revealed that the prepared activated carbons have a surface area of 700 m2/g, with 75% of microporosity. The water vapor sorption study reported that the water uptake of camphor leaf-based activated carbons was strongly affected by the pore properties of the materials. Moreover, from the water adsorption kinetics, it was observed that the rate constant of adsorption was varied at each relative pressure, which can be assumed that the water adsorption mechanism is different at each relative pressure. From these results, it was revealed that the prepared camphor leaf-based activated carbons have a promising ability to adsorb water vapor from humid air.

Cerium oxide (ceria, CeO2) is one of the most wide-spread oxide supporting materials for the precious metal nanoparticle class of heterogeneous catalysts. Because ceria can store and release oxygen ions, it is an essential catalytic component for various oxidation reactions such as CO oxidation (2CO + O2 2CO2). Moreover, reduced ceria is known to be reactive for water activation, which is a critical step for activation of water-gas shift reaction (CO + H2O → H2 + CO2). Here, we apply van der Waals-corrected density functional theory (DFT) calculations combined with U correction to study the mechanism of water chemisorption on CeO2(111) surfaces. A stoichiometric CeO2(111) and a defected CeO2(111) surface showed different water adsorption chemistry, suggesting that defected CeO2 surfaces with oxygen vacancies are responsible for water binding and activation. An appropriate level of water-ceria chemisorption energy is deduced by vdW-corrected non-local correlation coupled with the optB86b exchange functional, whereas the conventional PBE functional describes weaker water-ceria interactions, which are insufficient to stabilize (chemisorb) water on the ceria surfaces.

This study was carried out to investigate the characterization of iron oxide nanotubes (INTs) by anodization method and applied adsorption isotherms and kinetic models for phosphate adsorption. SEM analysis was conducted to examine the INTs surface formation. Further XRD and XPS analysis were performed to observe the crystal structure of INTs before and after phosphate adsorption. AFM analysis was conducted to determine of Fe foil surface before and after anodization. Phosphate stock solution for adsorption experiment was prepared by KH2PO4. The batch experiment was conducted using 20 ml phosphate stock solution and 40 cm3 of INTs in 50 ml conical tube. Adsorption isotherms were applied Langmuir and Freundlich models for adsorption equilibrium test of INTs. Pseudo first order and pseudo second order models were applied for interpretation of adsorption rate by reaction time. The determination coefficient (R2) values of Langmuir and Freundlich models were 0.9157 and 0.8876 respectively.

The characteristics of filter/adsorber granular activated carbon (F/A GAC) were investigated by measuring various parameters, which include surface area, pore volume, abrasion number, floater, and water-soluble ash. The correlation between parameters was also evaluated. Moreover, rapid small-scale column test (RSSCT) was conducted for adsorption characteristics. Thirteen F/A GAC were tested, and the average values of abrasion number and water-soluble ash were 88.9 and 0.15%, respectively. F/A GAC with the larger external surface area and greater mesopore volume had the lower abrasion number, which indicated that it was worn out relatively easily. Water-soluble ash of coconut-based GAC (about 2.6%) was greater than that of coal-based GAC (less than 1%), and the pH of solution was increased with GAC, which had the higher water-soluble ash. On the other hand, floater of thirteen F/A GAC was divided as two groups, which one group had relatively higher floater (2.7~3.5%) and the other group had lower floater (approximately 0.5%). The results of RSSCT indicated that coconut-based GAC (i.e. relatively higher water-soluble ash) had less adsorption capacity. Moreover, adsorption capacity of coal-based GAC with larger surface area and greater mesopore volume was superior to others.

정수슬러지를 탄화 및 활성처리하여 흡착제를 제조하였으며, 이를 이용한 황화수소 흡착특성을 고찰하였다. 제조 된 흡착제에 대한 BET측정 및 SEM 등 물성분석을 실시하였으며, 황화수소를 대상으로 회분식의 흡착평형실험 을 실시하였다. 실험변수로는 활성처리시 적용되는 약품종류 및 농도 등이 적용되었다. 실험결과, 정수슬러지는 탄화나 약품첨착과정을 통해 커다란 성능 향상이 이뤄짐을 알 수 있었다.

This study was carried out for characterization of MIO synthesized in our laboratory by co-precipitation method and applied isotherm and kinetic models for adsorption properties. XRD analysis were conducted to find crystal structure of synthesized MIO. Further SEM and XPS analysis was performed before and after phosphate adsorption, and BET analysis for surface characterization. Phosphate stock solution was prepared by KH2PO4 for characterization of phosphate adsorption, and batch experiment was conducted using 50 ml conical tube. Langmuir and Freundlich models were applied based on adsorption equilibrium test of MIO by initial phosphate solution. Pseudo first order and pseudo second order models were applied for interpretation of kinetic model by temperature. Surface area and pore size of MIO were found 89.6 m2/g and 16 nm respectively. And, the determination coefficient (R2) value of Langmuir model was 0.9779, which was comparatively higher than that of Freundlich isotherm model 0.9340.

고도정수처리를 위한 관형 세라믹 정밀여과와 이산화티타늄(TiO2) 광촉매 첨가 PES (polyethersulfone) 구의 혼 성공정에서 주기적 물 역세척 시 유기물질의 영향 및 정밀여과(MF), PES 구 흡착, 광산화의 역할을 막오염에 의한 저항(Rf) 및 투과선속(J), 총여과부피(VT) 측면에서 기존의 질소 역세척 결과와 비교하였다. 휴믹산 농도가 증가함에 따라 급격한 막 오염으로 Rf는 증가하고 J는 감소하여, VT는 휴믹산 농도 2 mg/L에서 가장 높았다. 탁도 처리효율은 물과 질소 역세척 모 두 휴믹산 농도와 상관없이 비슷하였다. 유기물질 처리효율은 물 역세척 경우 최대 휴믹산 10 mg/L에서 최소 71.4%이었으나, 질소 역세척에서는 거의 일정하였다. 물과 질소 역세척 모두 MF 및 PES 구, 자외선의 혼성공정(MF + TiO2 + UV)에서 Rf가 최소이고, J와 VT는 최대였다. 탁도 및 유기물질의 처리효율도 물과 질소 역세척에 상관없이 MF + TiO2 +UV에서 최대였 고, 공정이 MF로 단순화될수록 처리효율도 점차 감소하였다. 하지만 물 역세척에서는 광산화 보다 흡착이, 질소 역세척에 서는 흡착 보다 광산화가 더 주요한 역할을 하였다.

고도정수처리를 위한 관형 세라믹 정밀여과와 이산화티타늄(TiO2) 광촉매 첨가 PES (polyethersulfone) 구의 혼성공정에서 유기물질의 영향 및 정밀여과(MF), PES 구 흡착, 광산화의 역할을 막오염에 의한 저항(Rf) 및 투과선속(J), 총여과부피(VT)를 통해서 비교 및 고찰하였다. 휴믹산의 농도가 증가함에 따라 급격한 막오염으로 인해 Rf 는 증가하고 J는 감소하였으며, VT는 휴믹산의 농도가 2 mg/L인 조건에서 가장 높았다. 광산화와 흡착의 영향을 알아보기 위해 휴믹산의 농도 4 mg/L와 6 mg/L에서의 결과를 비교하였다. 두 가지 조건에서 공통적으로 정밀여과(MF)만의 단독공정에서 막오염이 급격하게 진행되어 Rf값이 가장 높게 나타났고, 총여과부피(VT)는 광촉매와 자외선의 혼성공정(MF + TiO2 + UV)에서 가장 높은 값을 나타내었다. 탁도와 유기물질의 평균처리효율은 MF + TiO2 + UV 공정에서 가장 높은 값을 나타내었다.

탄소 한외여과막 및 광촉매 혼성 수처리를 위해 관형 여과막 외부와 원통형 막 모듈 내부 사이 공간에 광촉매를 충전하였다. 광촉매는 PP (polypropylene) 구에 이산화티타늄 분말을 플라즈마 화학증착 공정으로 코팅한 것이다. 휴믹산과 카올린 모사용액을 대상으로 막오염을 최소화하기 위해 10분 주기로 10초 동안 물 역세척을 시행하였다. 기존 결과와 동일하게 휴믹산을 10 mg/L부터 2 mg/L로 변화시킴에 따라, 막오염에 의한 저항(Rf)이 감소하여 2 mg/L에서 최대 총여과부피 (VT)를 얻었다. 탁도와 휴믹산의 처리효율은 각각 98.9%와 88.7% 이상이었다. UF 및 UF + TiO2, UF + TiO2 + UV 공정의 처리 분율 결과, 광촉매 흡착과 광산화에 의해 탁도는 거의 처리되지 않았으나, 광촉매 흡착 및 광산화에 의한 휴믹산 처리 분율은 각각 2.5%, 12.3%이었다. 기존 결과와 비교하면, 분리막의 재질과 기공의 크기에 따라 광촉매 흡착과 광산화에 의한 휴믹산의 처리 분율이 다르게 나타났다. 공정이 단순화될수록 180분 운전 후 막오염 저항(Rf,180)은 증가하였고, 최종 투과선속(J180)은 소폭 감소하였다.

본 연구에서는 정수처리용 세라믹 한외여과 빛 광촉매의 혼성공정에서 휴믹산 농도 및 광산화, 흡착의 영향을 알아보았다. 휴믹산 농도 각각 2mg/L와 4 mg/L 일 때 UF 단독 공정 및 광촉매를 투입한 공정, UV를 조사한 공정을 막오염에 의한 저항(Rf) 및 투과선속(J), 총여과부피 (VΤ) 측면에서 고찰하였다. 휴믹산 농도가 낮아질수록 Rf는 급격히 감소하고 J는 증가하여, 휴믹산 농도 2 mg/L에서 VΤ는 가장 높았다. 탁도의 평균 처리효율은 휴믹산 농도가 증가할수록 감소하였으나, 4 mg/L에서 휴믹산의 처리효율이 가장 높았다. 이러한 결과는 낮은 휴믹산 농도에서 휴믹산 대부분이 분리막에 의해 제거되고 막을 통과한 일부 휴믹산은 광촉매에 흡착 산화되어, 처리수의 수질이 휴믹산 2 mg/L 와 4 mg/L 에서 거의 같고 원수의 수질은 4 mg/L에서 더 높기 때문이다. 광산화와 흡착의 영향 실험에서 UF + TiO2 + UV 공정의 J가 가장 높게 유지되어, 180분 운전 후 VΤ가 가장 높았다. 휴믹산 및 탁도의 처리효율을 비교한 결과, 휴믹산 농도가 2 mg/L 에서 4mg/L로 증가하였을 때 광산화 보다 광촉매 흡착이 더 주요한 역할을 하였다.

본 연구에서는 고도정수처리를 위하여 모듈 내부와 관형 세라믹 정밀여과막 외부 사이의 공간에 입상 활성탄(GAC)을 충전한 혼성 모듈을 사용하였다. 정수 원수 중의 자연산 유기물(NOM)과 미세 무기 입자를 대체하기 위해, 휴믹산(humic acid)과 카올린(kaolin) 모사용액을 대상으로 하였다. 혼성공정에서 막오염을 최소화하고 투과선속(J)을 향상시키기 위하여 10분 주기로 10초 동안 질소 역세척을 시행하였다. 그 결과, 휴믹산의 농도가 10 mg/L부터 2 mg/L로 단계적으로 변화시킴에 따라 막오염에 의한 저항(Rf)이 감소하고 J가 증가하여 2 mg/L에서 가장 높은 총여과부피(VT)를 얻을 수 있었다. 한편, 탁도 및 UV254 흡광도의 처리효율은 각각 99.36% 및 97.19% 이상으로 우수하였으나, 휴믹산의 농도 10 mg/L에서 활성탄 주입 없이 정밀여과 단독으로 UV254 흡광도의 처리효율은 90.84%로 다소 감소하였다.

Recently, functional building materials have been developed and introduced to the market. Many building materials emit volatile organic compounds(VOCs) which have the potential to affect health and comfort, and moisture problem has a major role also being established in indoor air quality (1AQ) problems. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of reduction of HCHO using the gupsum board and water vapour adsorption/desorption property for ceiling board for mock-up test room and test house. The mock-up test is conducted according environmental standard method for indoor air quality of the ministry of environment. The results of this study are as follows, the reduction of HCHO gypsum boards are showed an effect to reduce the formaldehyde(HCHO) concentration of mock-up test room and test house. The indoor humidity is also showed to be lower than the general ceiling materials, since there is increased in the absorbed indoor humidity by using a humidifier with moisture adsorption/desorption ceiling materials. In natural conditions, moisture adsorption/desorption ceiling materials is showed a higher humidity than general ceiling materials constructed in the mock-up test room. However It changes of moisture adsorption/desorption is not appeared in test house. Therefore, in case of decreasing and increasing in humidity, these materials can be offset by reduction of HCHO using the gypsum board.

흑목이 버섯의 자실체로부터 열수추출에 의해 흑갈색 색소를 함유한 조다당(crude polysaccharide)을 분획하였고, 이 조다당 분획의 흑갈색 색소 성분을 탈색 제거하기 위해 활성탄을 이용한 흡착공정을 검토하였다. 흡착 평형은 10분 이내의 빠른 시간에 도달하였으며, 최적의 흡착 조건은 pH 7.0 및 온도 40oC에서 조다당 용액 1 mL당 활성탄 16.7 mg을 첨가하였을 때 얻어졌다. 이 때의 최대 흡착효율은 약 80%이었고, 색소 성분의 제거로 다당은 정제되어 1.25배의 정제율을 나타내었다. 한편, 활성탄에 의한 색소의 등온흡착은 Langmuir 등온식에 따랐으며, 흡착속도는 2nd order model 식으로 나타낼 수 있었다. 또, 흡착은 확산을 통해 조절되는 물리적 흡착공정인 것으로 나타났다. 흑목이 버섯 조다당으로부터의 활성탄에 의한 색소흡착 공정은 그동안 보고된 바 없으며, 경제적이고 간편하여 향후 흑목이 버섯 조다당의 색소 제거와 정제 및 이에 의한 다당 정제공정으로서의 가능성이 있는 것으로 판단하였다.