Ganoderma lucidum, a species of the class Basidiomycetes, attracts international attention due to the wide variety of its biological activities and great potential as cosmetic ingredient, such as skin care cosmetics including ‘skin-whitening’. However, there is little information available regarding the tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate the chemical composition and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the G. lucidum. To isolate active single compound from G. lucidum (GASC), we conducted ethanol extraction and chloroform fractionation. In addition, we assayed the inhibitoty effect of tyrosinase activity and melanin biosynthesis in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells. In the present study, we identified a GASC, which exhibited inhibitory effects of cellular tyrosinase activity, the protein expression of cellular tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein-1, 2. In additional, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), as known as crucial regulator of melanogenesis-related genes, was down-regulated by treatment with GASC in a concentration-dependent manner. GASC exhibited significant inhibition of tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis in B16F10. The finding that melanogenesis inhibitory effect of GASC will contribute to facilitate various approaches of this mushroom for use in skin whitening products.

In our previous study, active-single compound (ASC), inhibitor of melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cell, was identified from Ganoderma lucidum. Thus, the aim of this study is to analyze the change of the ASC contents in G. lucidum when oriental raisin tree (ORT) was added in cultivation of G. lucidum. In HPLC analysis, significantly increased ASC peak was observed in G. lucidum extract supplemented with 15% (v/v) of ORT. In addition, melanogenesis inhibitory effect of G. lucidum extract supplemented with 15% of ORT significantly increased when compared to G. lucidum extract without ORT supplementation. Furthermore, ORT supplementation increased mycelial growth of G. lucidum in both solid and liquid cultivation. These results suggest that oriental raisin tree is useful as natural ingredient for increasing bioactivity including skin-whitening effect and mycelial growth of G. lucidum.

밀싹 추출물의 생리활성 및 화장품 소재로서의 가능성 여부를 규명하고자 하였다. 본 연구는 세포실험을 통해 밀싹 추출물의 피부 세포에 대한 독성을 확인하고, 피부 세포 미백 활성 및 노화에 대 한 연구를 수행하여 기능성 화장품 소재로서의 가능성을 알아보고자 하였다. 본 연구 결과 밀싹 추출물 이 HDF, B16F10 세포에 대한 독성이 적은 것으로 확인되었다. 멜라닌 생합성 억제에 대한 효과는 약 한 것으로 확인되었으나, 자외선에 유도되는 MMP-1의 발현을 저해함으로써 피부의 광노화를 억제하는 효과를 통해 광노화에 의한 피부 주름과 자연 노화에 의한 피부 주름을 예방하는데 유의한 효과를 가질 수 있음을 확인하였다. 따라서 본 연구는 밀싹 추출물의 기능성 화장품 소재로 사용 시 피부 노화 예방 관점에서의 기능성 화장품 소재로 매우 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구에서는 초임계추출 및 생물전환공정을 통하여 우방자로부터 악티게닌을 얻었다. 악티 게닌은 항염증, 항인플루엔자 등의 효능이 있기 때문에 다양한 분야에서 연구되고 있다. 제조된 악티게 닌은 FT-IR, 1H-NMR 분석결과 4-[(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl) methyl)]dihydro-3-[(4-hydroxy-3- methoxyphenyl)methyl]-2(3H)-furanone(arctigenin)임을 확인하였고, HPLC 분석결과 95.1 % 순도임 을 확인하였다. 활성물질에 대한 티로시나아제 저해 효과를 확인한 결과, 농도 의존적으로 260 ㎍/㎖의 농도에서 85.06±0.9 % 를 저해하였으며, 멜라닌 생성 억제 효과를 확인한 결과 3.0 ㎍/㎖ 의 농도에서 51.1±3.7 % 를 억제하는 것을 확인하였고 악티게닌이 알부틴 보다 효과가 있음을 확인하였다. 결론적 으로 제조된 악티게닌은 미백화장품에 활용 가능성이 기대된다.

본 연구는 윈터체리 추출물의 미백 활성을 검증하여 기능성 미백 소재로서의 가능성을 확인하였다. 먼저, DPPH, ABTS, FRAP를 이용한 항산화 활성 검증에서 윈터체리추출물은 매우 높은 항산화 효과를 보였으며, 티로시나아제의 활성에도 농도 의존적인 억제 효과를 보여주었다. 마우스 유래 B16-F10 멜라노마 세포를 이용한 멜라닌 생성에서 윈터체리 추출물이 미치는 영향을 확인한 결과, 세포 내에서 생합성 되는 멜라닌의 양이 상당히 감소하고 있음을 확인하였다. 또한, 멜라닌 생성을 더욱 유도하는 α-MSH를 세포에 처리하였을 때, 윈터체리 추출물은 농도의존적인 억제 효능을 보여주었다. 이러한 윈터체리 추출물의 멜라닌 생성 억제는 MITF 전사인자의 발현을 억제함으로써 일어나고, 결과적으로 멜라닌 생합성과 관련된 티로시나아제와 Tyrp-1 등의 단백질 발현을 감소시킴으로써 일어나게 됨을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과들로 볼 때, 윈터체리 추출물은 기존의 미백 원료들을 대체할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 함께 사용할 경우 상승 효과를 낼 수 있는 새로운 미백 소재로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

Calocybe indica (Purkayastha, 1974), Milky mushroom, is a relatively new to the world of mushroom industry, which is belong to Lyophyllaceae of Basidiomycota, and commonly used as edible mushroom in India and Southern Asia country. This study was conducted to investigate the free radical scavenging, skin whitening and anti-collagenase activities of methanol extract from fruiting body of C.indica cultivated in Bangladesh. In addition, the polyphenol compounds of the extract were analyzed by HPLC. The mushroom extract showed good activity in lipid peroxidation which ranged from 29.35% to 55.39% at the concentration 0.125~2.0 mg/mL. The scavenging activity of the extract on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazy radicals were from 20.22~83.93% at the same tested concentration, which were comparable with the positive control BHT. The hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of the extract was 76.24~93.92%. The skin whitening effect of the mushroom extract was performed with UV light protecting, tyrosinase and DOPA inhibitory activities. The methanol extract absorbed UV-B wavelength with maximum level of 0.356 at 280 nm. The tyrosinase and DOPA inhibitory activities of the extract were ranged from 30.36 ~ 66.25% and 7.13 ~ 30.25% at the concentration 0.125~2.0 mg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, anti-collagenase activity were determined by measuring collagenase and elastase inhibitory activity. The collagenase and elastase inhibitory activity of the extract were 42.77% and 51.08% at the concentration 1.0 mg/mL, respectively. The experiment results suggested that fruiting body of Calocybe indica could be used as natural skin care and antioxidant agents.

In an attempt to find natural sources of antioxidants and whitening agents, comparisons of the antioxidative and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of various ethanol extracts of Cuscutae Semen, Rubi Fructus and Paeoniae Radix were carried out. Comparison of the three ethanol extracts revealed that, Paeoniae Radix had the highest electron-donating ability(79.3%),; however, Rubi Fructus had the highest SOD-like ability(31.1%). The xanthine oxidase experiment exhibited a hindrance effect of 74.3% in Cuscutae Semen, 80.4% in Rubi Fructus and 60.8% in Paeoniae Radix. A tyrosinase inhibitory activity assay was conducted to evaluate the whitening effects of the extracts, The tyrosinase inhibitory activity was 20.1% in the Cuscutae Semen, 54.2% in the Rubi Fructus, 56.3% in the Paeoniae Radix. Based on these results, we suggest that the ethanol extracts of Cuscutae Semen, Rubi Fructus and Paeoniae Radix can be used as food and cosmetic ingredients.

본 연구에서는 항암제와 면역 조절제로 널리 사용되는 차가버섯을 피부 미백제로 이용할 수 있는지 가능성을 알아보기 위해 멜라닌생성 저해 효과와 자외선 차단 작용과 관련된 여러 실험을 수행하였다. 메탄올을 이용해 차가버섯의 자실체에서 추출한 물질의 총 폴리페놀 함량과 플라보노이드 함량은 각각31.85mg/g과 28.33mg/g으로 측정되었다. B16/F10melanoma와 NIH3T3 세포주에 추출물의 농도를10~500g/mL으로 처리한 세포생존율 시험에서 시험 세포주의 52% 이상이 생존하여 세포독성은 없는것으로 확인되었다. DPPH 라디칼 소거 활성과 금속이온 제거능 등의 항산화 시험에서 추출물의 항산화활성은 양성대조군인 tocopherol이나 BHT에 비해낮았으나 추출물의 농도가 높아짐에 따라 항산화 활성은 비례적으로 증가하였다. 멜라닌 합성의 초기단계에 관여하는 티로시나아제와 L-DOPA에 차가버섯메탄올 추출물과 양성대조군인 kojic acid와 arbutin을 각각 직접 처리하고 저해 효과를 측정한 결과 추출물은 양성 대조군인 kojic acid 및 arbutin에 비해 저해 효과가 매우 낮았다. B16/F10 Melanoma 세포에추출물과 arbutin을 처리하고 세포내 티로시나아제의저해 활성을 조사한 결과, 100g/mL의 농도에서 추출물은 68.59%, arbutin은 58.36%의 활성이 저해되어메탄올 추출물이 arbutin에 비해 티로시나아제 저해활성이 약 10% 높았다. 또한, B16/F10 melanoma 세포에 차가버섯 추출물과 arbutin을 처리하여 생성된멜라닌의 양을 측정한 결과, 추출물과 arbutin을 처리한 모든 군에서 생성된 멜라닌의 양은 유사하였으며,처리 농도가 증가함에 따라 농도 의존적으로 생성된멜라닌의 양은 감소하였다. 따라서 차가버섯 메탄올추출물은 세포 밖에서 직접 티로시나아제를 저해하는작용은 양성 대조군에 비해 매우 낮았으나 melanoma세포내에서 티로시나아제와 멜라닌의 생성을 양성대조군과 대등하게 저해하여 피부에 미백효과를 나타낼 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 또한 차가버섯 메탄올 추출물을 200-400nm 파장에서 분광광도계를 이용하여 흡수스펙트럼을 측정한 결과, 280-350nm의자외선 영역에서 흡광도가 높아 자외선을 효율적으로 차단하는 것으로 나타났다.

Skin whitening products are commercially available for cosmetic purposes in order to obtain a lighter skin appearance. They are also utilized for clinical treatment of pigmentary disorders such as melasma or postinflammatory hyperpigmentation. Whitening agents act at various levels of melanin production in the skin. Oxidative modification of DNA, proteins and lipids by reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a role in aging and disease, including skin damages. In this study, we present an natural whitening and antioxidant product that may decrease skin pigmentation and skin damages.

To develope new natural substances for whitening agent, Baeckji(Angelica dahuria;BK), Seasin(Asarum sieboldii;SS). Baecjgangjam(Bombycis corpus;BGJ) and Mynkanbang(MKB) were selected and extracted by hot water and 70% EtOH, respectively. Hydrothermal and ethanolic extracts of BK, SS, BGJ and MKB were evaluated for anti-oxidative effect, tyrosinase activity, melanogenesis of B16 melanoma cells and changes in level of tyrosinase expression by using Western blotting. All hydrothermal and ethanolic extracts showed scavenging activities of free radicals against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) but no inhibitory effect on tyrosinase activity. Ethanolic extracts of BK, SS, and BGJ and especially highly, those of MKB inhibited production of melanin in B16 melanoma cells and were able to reduce the level of tyrosinase expression in B16 melanoma cells. These results suggest that ethanolic extracts of BK, SS, BGJ and MKB can be an effective whitening agent from natural plant.

In this study, the antioxidative effect, cellular protective effect and inhibitory effect on tyrosinase of Cosmos bipinnatus extracts were investigated. The ethyl acetate fraction of Cosmos bipinnatus flower extract (11.48 μg/mL) showed more excellent free radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, DPPH) scavenging activity (FSC50) than those of leaf and stem extracts (17.45 μg/mL). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity (OSC50) of Cosmos bipinnatus extracts on ROS generated in Fe3+-EDTA/H2O2 system were investigated using the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay. The ethyl acetate fraction of Cosmos bipinnatus flower extract (0.56 μg/mL) showed 3 times more excellent ROS scavenging activity than L-ascorbic acid (1.50 μg/mL). The protective effects of the ethyl acetate fractions of extracts from different parts of Cosmos bipinnatus on the rose-bengal sensitized photohemolysis of human erythrocytes were investigated. The ethyl acetate fractions of leaf and stem extract and flower extracts suppressed photohemolysis in a concentration dependent manner (10~50 μg/mL). The inhibitory effect of ethyl acetate fraction of Cosmos bipinnatus flower extract (62.75 μg/mL) on tyrosinase was investigated to assess the whitening efficacy. The ethyl acetate fraction of Cosmos bipinnatus flower extract showed 3.5 times higher tyrosinase inhibitory effect than arbutin (226.88 μg/mL) known as an effective whitening agent. These results indicate that fractions of Cosmos bipinnatus extracts can function as antioxidants in biological systems, particularly skin exposed to UV radiation by scavenging 1O2 and other ROS, and protect cellular membranes against ROS. Fractions of Cosmos bipinnatus extracts can be applicable to new functional cosmetics for antioxidant and whitening.

In an attempt to find natural sources of antioxidants and whitening agents, Comparisons of the antioxidative and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of various ethanol extracts of Astragali Radix, Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba and Acanthopanacis Cortex were carried out. Comparison of the four ethanol extracts revealed that, Astragali Radix had the highest electron-donating ability(72.5%) and the highest SOD-like ability(26.1%). The xanthine oxidase experiment exhibited a hindrance effect of 88.5% in Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba, 81.1% in Acanthopanacis Cortex, 75.8% in Astragali Radix. A tyrosinase inhibitory activity assay was conducted to evaluate the whitening effects of the extracts, The tyrosinase inhibitory activity was 42.1% in the Acanthopanacis Cortex, 37.2% in the Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba, 6.0% in the Astragali Radix. Based on these results, we suggest that the ethanol extracts of Astragali Radix, Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba and Acanthopanacis Cortex can be used as food and cosmetic ingredients.

In order to fine antioxidant and whitening agent source from nature, the comparisons of antioxidative activity and tyrosinase inhibitory activity were carried out for various ethanol extract on Polygoni Multiflori Radix, Polygonati Rhizoma and Ephedrae Herba. Comparing for three ethanol extracts, the highest electron donating ability was found at Polygonati Rhizoma (86.6%), but, the highest SOD-like ability, at the Ephedrae Herba (47.8%). Xanthine oxidase experiment exhibited 95.7% of hindrance effect in Ephedrae Herba, and 84.0% in Polygonati Rhizoma. A tyrosinase inhibitory activity assay was conducted to evaluate the whitening effects of the extracts, The tyrosinase inhibitory activity was 6.5% in the Polygoni Multiflori Radix, 32.6% in the Polygonati Rhizoma, 64.0% in the Ephedrae Herba. Based on these results, we suggest that the ethanol extracts of Polygoni Multiflori Radix, Polygonati Rhizoma and Ephedrae Herba can be used as food and cosmetic ingredients.

In order to fine antioxidant and whitening agent source from nature, the comparisons of antioxidative activity and tyrosinase inhibitory activity were carried out for various ethanol extract on Pueraria Radix, Poria Cocos, and Coptidis Rhizoma. Comparing for three ethanol extracts, the highest electron donating ability was found at Poria Cocos (81.2%), but, the highest SOD-like ability, at the Coptidis Rhizoma(58%). Xanthine oxidase experiment exhibited 23.3% of hindrance effect in Pueraria Radix, and 79.3% in Poria Cocos. To evaluate at the whitening effect, tyrosinase inhibitory activity was conducted. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity was detected at 17.9% in the Puerariae Radix, 5.2% in the Poria Cocos and 83.3% in the Coptidis Rhizoma. From these results, we suggest that the ethanol extracts from Pueraria Radix, Poria Cocos, and Coptidis Rhizoma can be used for cosmetic ingredients.

Skin whitening agents, possible methods of controlling melanogenesis, and future considerations for skin whitening are discussed with respect to active ingredients and related substances in Japan.

The present study investigated the feasibility of using the ethanolic extract of Hermetia illucens larvae (HIE) as a whitening improvement material. In cell viability assays using B16F1 melanoma cells, no cytotoxicity was recorded up to 200 μg·mL-1 of HIE. Moreover, while tyrosinase inhibitory activity increased, melanin content decreased in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that HIE likely inhibited tyrosine-induced intracellular melanin biosynthesis in B16F1 melanoma cells. Therefore, HIE is expected to serve as a potent whitening improvement material.

분갈(Pueraria thomsonii Benth)은 전통적으로 중국 의학에서 발열, 급성 이질, 설사, 당뇨병 및 심혈관 질환 치료를 위한 약재로 사용되어 왔다. 이러한 분갈의 꽃인 분갈화의 피부 효능은 아직까지 밝혀진 바 없어, 본 연구에서는 멜라닌세포인 B16F1 세포주와 섬유아세포인 HS68 세포주를 이용하여 분갈화의 피부 효능을 검증하고자 하였다. 분갈화의 에탄올 추출물이 멜라닌세포의 멜라닌 합성을 농도 의존적으로 감소시킴을 확인하고, 분갈화 추출물의 효능 성분을 추적하고자 high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)를 이용하여 분석하였다. 그 결과, 분갈화에 함유된 이소플라본류 화합물인 tectorigenin, tectoridin, tectorigenin 7-O-xylosylglucoside 3종 성분을 확인하였다. 3종 성분 모두 독성을 보이지 않는 농도에서 멜라닌세포의 멜라닌 생합성을 농도 의존적으로 감소시켰으며, 이러한 멜라닌 생합성 감소는 tyrosinase와 microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) 유전자 발현을 감소시키는 것에 기인함을 확인하였다. 멜라닌 합성저해의 또 다른 기전을 확인하기 위하여, 섬유아세포에서 유래되는 멜라닌 합성억제 인자인 DKK-1의 발현에 대한 영향을 측정한 결과, 분갈화 추출물, tectoridin, tectorigenin 7-O-xylosylglucoside 는 DKK-1의 발현을 농도 의존적으로 감소시킨 반면, tectorigenin은 DKK-1의 발현을 농도 의존적으로 증가 시키는 것을 확인하였다. 이상의 연구 결과를 바탕으로, 분갈화 성분 중 tectorigenin은 멜라닌세포에서의 멜라닌 합성 억제와 섬유아세포에서의 멜라닌 생성 억제 인자 분비를 촉진하는 효과적인 미백 개선제로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.