Corn is essential for both humans and animals. The crop is the third most important food crop after rice and wheat. A rise in farming is resulting in a lack of self-sufficiency of high quality forages. Therefore, corn cultivars in Korea must be optimized to increase productivity and yield. A study was conducted in Pyeongchang, South Korea between 2021-2022 to evaluate the characteristics and productivity of three corn cultivars: Kwangpyeongok, AGR 41, and Nero IT. Different varieties of corn were sown in Pyeongchang on April 29 and April 27 of 2021 and 2022, respectively. The productivity and characteristics of the cultivars Kwangpyeongok, AGR 41, and Nero IT were evaluated during the yellowing ripening stage. The characteristics included the leaves, stems, grain, and stover content. Across different corn cultivars, there was no significant difference in stem height, diameter, forage or grain quantity based on an average of two years. Yet, significant differences were noted in the stem heights of all cultivars between 2021 and 2022 (p<0.05). There was a significant difference in the diameters of Kwangpyeongok and Nero IT between 2021 and 2022. A significant difference in forage yield was observed for Nero IT between 2021 and 2022. The yield of grains and forages was higher in 2021 than in 2022, which could be attributed to temperature and precipitation variations. We can conclude from these data that all cultivars in Pyeongchang showed significant productivity and yield, which could be useful to produce nutrient rich silage for livestock.

Pasture formation and management are crucial to avoid yield reduction. This experiment aimed to examine the effects of tall fescue-centered mixed-seeding combinations on yield and vegetation changes in perennial pastures in the central region for two years, from September 2020 to October 2022. The treatments were arranged in three replications in a randomized block design: control (C), tall fescue-based mixture-1 (T-1), and tall fescue-based mixture-2 (T-2). The tall fescue (TF), orchard grass (OG), perennial ryegrass (PRG), Kentucky bluegrass (KBG), and white clover (WC) were used. The emergency rate of grasses (70.0 to 73.3%) did not differ among mixed seeding combinations. Overwintering rates (81.7 to 83.3%) were similar among treatments. The plant height of grasses was similar at each harvest date, with the highest height (86.2 cm) recorded in the second harvest of the first year, followed by that (58.4 cm) in the third harvest of the first year; it was least (38.9 cm) in the fourth harvest of the second year. There was no significant difference in the dry matter yield of grasses among the mixed seeding combination treatments in the first, third, or fourth harvests of the first year (p>0.05). For second-year grasses, dry matter yield was not significantly different in harvest date among the treatments (p>0.05). Based on mixed seeding ratio, orchard grass showed the highest yield at 70% in the C treatment, followed by tall fescue at 80% and 60% in the T-1 and T-2 treatments, respectively, in the first harvest after seeding. There was no significant difference in feed value between treatments (p>0.05), but a significant difference was observed between the third and fourth harvest (p<0.05). Therefore, it indicated that it is important to create perennial pastures in the central region through mixed seeding combinations centered on tall fescue.

In this study, the effect of crown heating on the cultivation environment, budding, flowering and yields of strawberry was analyzed. In December, January, and February, when the outside temperature was low, the average strawberry crown temperature at daytime in the test zone was 1.3°C higher than that in the control zone, and the average strawberry crown temperature at nighttime in the test zone was 2.7°C higher than that in the control zone. The average bed temperature at daytime in test zone was 1.7°C higher than that in the control zone, and the average bed temperature at nighttime in test zone was 2.4°C higher than that in the control zone. As a result of performing correlation analysis and regression analysis on strawberry crown temperature and budding period, the correlation coefficient was -0.86, which tended to be shorter as the crown temperature was higher, and the determination coefficient was 0.74. The total yields of strawberry during test period were 392.6 g/plant for test greenhouse and 346.0 g/plant for control greenhouse respectively. As for the quality of strawberries, the ratio of 2L (very large) grades and L (large) grades was 62.4% in the test greenhouse and 58.5% in the control greenhouse, indicating that the proportion of high quality strawberries was higher in the test greenhouse.

This study was conducted to determine the appropriate seeding dates by verifying the difference in winter survival and productivity of alfalfa according to fall sowing dates in the central area of South Korea. The experiment was conducted for 2 years (2020 and 2021) at the field in the Department of Animal Resources Development, NIAS located in Cheonan. Sowing dates started from September 18 to November 8 with 10 days of intervals during 2020 and 2021; SO1 (September 18), SO2 (September 28), SO3 (October 8), SO4 (October 18), SO5 (October 28), and SO6 (November 8). After sowing, the winter survival rate was measured in the spring of the following year, and the dry matter yield was measured by harvesting at 10% flowering and harvesting five times a year. SO6 failed to winter survival, and SO5 also had a lower winter survival rate than SO1~4 (p<0.05). The average annual dry matter yield of alfalfa linearly decreased with delaying sowing dates (p<0.05). The feed value did not differ in the same year by delaying the sowing date in the same year. These results suggest that sowing date should be started before October 18 to increase winter survival and productivity of alfalfa in the central area of South Korea.

This experiment was carried out to determine effects of seed rate of native grasses, called native summer forage crops (NSFC), on their growth characteristics and yields in no-tillage paddy fields in central provinces. NSFC cultivation was performed according to the agricultural guidelines of the Rural Development Administration (RDA) during 2020 to 2022. Echinochloa crusgalli ‘Jeju native’, Setaria viridis ‘Korean native type’, Digitaria sanguinalis ‘Korean native type’) were sown by various seed rate in the experimental field (3m × 4m plot) of Department of Animal Resources Development, Seonghwan–eup, Cheonan, Korea in late-May or early-June for 3 years and harvested in middle-September. Dry matter yields (DMY) in Echinochloa crusgalli and Setaria viridis increased as increasing seed rate. DMY in 40 kg ha-1 of Echinochloa crusgalli was the highest and DMY in 60 kg ha-1 of Setaria viridis was the highest. However, All treatments of Digitaria sanguinalis showed similar DMY. Yields of NSFC were the order of Echinochloa crusgalli (9,681~11,092 kg ha-1) > Digitaria sanguinalis (8,311~9,023 kg ha-1) >etaria viridis (3,145~4,749 kg ha-1). The contents of crude protein in NSFC were the order of Digitaria sanguinalis > Echinochloa crusgalli > Setaria viridis. The contents of ADF and NDF in NSFC were the order of Echinochloa crusgalli > Digitaria sanguinalis > Setaria viridis. As shown in above results, we suggest that introduction of NSFC is one of the most important skills in order to stably increase yields of forage crops for utilization of the double cropping system in no-tillage paddy fields.

생물환경조절학회지 31권 3호에 게재된 논문의 재료 및 방법의 양액 정보가 잘못 기재되어 있어 바로 잡습니다.

Roses are one of the most produced flower species in the world, and cut roses are produced in the greenhouses all year round. Recently, due to the increase in the temperature in the greenhouses in summer, the quality of cut roses is seriously deteriorated, such as shortening the stem length. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the growing seasons on the qualities of cut roses and also to test the effect of cooling at night in high temperature season on the cut flower qualities of roses. Comparing the qualities and yields of cut roses for each season, the major cut flower qualities such as flower stem length, stem diameter and fresh weight were statistically significantly decreased in roses (‘Pink Beauty’ and ‘Pink Shine’) produced in summer. The yields didn’t show a statistically significant difference in both cultivars. Investigating the cut flower qualities, the flower stem length increased by 15% for ‘Pink Beauty’, 11% for ‘Ararat’, and 12% for ‘Pink Shine’ when treated with cooling at night in warm season than the untreated control. In addition, when treated with cooling at night in warm season, the fresh weight of all three cultivars increased by 20-30% statistically significantly than conventionally cultivated control. It is expected that cooling at night in warm season will be helpful to improve the cut flower quality deterioration in summer.

‘조그린’은 숙기가 빠르면서 추위에 강해 수량이 많은 호밀 품 종을 육성하기 위해 육성한 품종이다. ‘조그린’의 출수기는 평균 4월 15일로 표준품종인 ‘곡우’보다 5일 빠른 조생종이다. 수확시 기의 초장은 117 cm로서 표준품종 ‘곡우’에 비해 6 ㎝가 컸고, ㎡당 경수는 983개로 ‘곡우’의 979개 보다 많은 편이었다. 내한성 및 흰가루병 등에 대한 내병성은 전국 4개 지역에서 3년간의 평 균이 0으로서 ‘곡우’와 같았으며, 내도복성도 3으로 같았다. ‘조 그린’의 건물수량은 ha당 8.1톤으로 ‘곡우’에 비해 4% 많았다. ‘조그린’의 조단백질 함량은 11.9%로 ‘곡우’ 보다 0.8% 낮았으 며, ADF와 NDF 함량은 각각 36.9%와 64.5%로 ‘곡우’보다 높았 다. 또한 TDN 함량은 낮았으나 TDN 수량은 ha당 5.09톤으로‘곡우’ 보다 많았다. ‘조그린’의 종실수량은 평균이 ha당 3.1톤으 로 ‘곡우’와 대등하였다. ‘조그린’은 내한성이 강하기 때문에 전 국의 답리작 및 전작지대에서 추파에 의한 월동재배가 가능하다. 그러나 비료를 많이 주고 밀식을 하면 도복이 발생하여 수확작업 을 어렵게 하고 조사료 품질을 떨어뜨리므로 적정 파종량과 표준 시비량을 준수하는 것이 좋다.

본 연구는 딸기재배시 전용 고설베드를 사용하지 않고, 일 반 수경재배 시설을 이용하여 코이어 배지를 베드에 올려 재 배하는 방법을 구명하기 위해서 실시하였다. 토마토나 파프 리카를 재배하는 시설재배 베드에 코이어의 칩과 더스트 비율 이 5:5인 코이어 배지 1겹 처리(높이 10cm; A), 2겹으로 쌓은 처리(높이 20cm; B), 코이어의 칩과 더스트 비율이 7:3인 코 이어 배지 1겹 처리(높이 15cm; C)와 대조구로는 딸기 전용 플라스틱 화분(Control) 처리구로 하였다. 생육특성은 코이 어 배지 높이별로는 유의성이 없었고, 플라스틱 화분에서 재 배한 것이 작은 경향을 보였다. 딸기 잎의 광합성율은 처리별 로 14.68－15.76μmol CO2·m-2·s-1로 통계적인 유의성은 없 었고, 뿌리의 근활력은 배지 용량이 컸던 C와 B 처리구가 A 처리구와 대조구보다는 높은 것으로 나타났다. 과장과 과폭 은 각각 4.04－4.13cm와 3.26－3.34cm로 통계적인 유의성 이 없었고, 과장과 과폭 비율은 대조구가 1.27로 A－C 처리 구의 1.23－1.24보다 뾰쪽한 형태이었다. 딸기 1주당 수확과 수는 C 처리구가 4.4개로 가장 적었고, 대조구, A, B 처리구의 6.2－6.5개로 처리간 유의성은 없었다. 상품수량 과수는 A 처 리구가 74개로 가장 많았고, C 처리구가 53개로 가장 적었으 며, 1주당 수량은 A 처리구가 72.38g으로 가장 컸고, C 처리 구가 48.69g으로 가장 작았다. 이와 같은 결과는 딸기재배 시 전용재배 시설을 설치하지 않고, 기존의 토마토나 파프리카 수경재배 시설에서 코이어 배지를 활용하여 딸기재배를 할 수 있다는 것을 나타낸다. 다만 C 처리구에서 수량이 감소한 것 은 칩과 더스트 비율이 7:3으로, A와 B 처리구의 칩과 더스트 비율이 5:5와 다른 것이 원인으로 추정되며 칩과 더스트 비율 에 따른 추가 연구가 필요하다.

This field evaluated the effect of different yields on the drying rate of Italian ryegrass (“Kowinearly”, Lolium multiflorum Lam.) hay during the spring season. The experiment was performed at Hwaseong, 2015. The different yields of the plot were selected by growth and development check. Three treatments were 35 t/ha(Y1), 45 t/ha(Y2), and 60 t/ha(Y3). After harvest with conditioner, it was conducted tedding 1/day. It was investigated patterns for changes in moisture content. The changes in moisture content were respectively Y1 from 78.9% to 14.4%, Y2 from 79.1% to 18.3%, and Y3 from 77.9% to 25.5% for 5days. It was no different significantly for changes in moisture content by yields from 1st day ~ 2nd day, But It was different significantly from 3rd day to 5th day. the content of neural detergent fiber(NDF) and acid detergent fiber(ADF) were respectively about 34%, 59%, regardless of yields (P>0.05). Crude protein of Yields Y1, Y2, and Y3 were respectively 6.9%, 8.7%, and 9.4% (P<0.05). The result of this study that the higher yields, the slower it dried. The Quantity is a factor to effect on drying rate.

본 연구는 한우의 성별에 따른 도체 특성 및 부분육 생산량을 조사하여 도체로부터 고기의 생산수율을 조사하고자 실시하였다. 한우 180두(암소 80두, 수소 29두 및 거세우 71두)를 도축한 다음 가공단계별 중량변화, 도체규격, 대분할 부위 생산량 및 수율, 소분할 부위 생산량 및 수율, 부산물 생산량 및 수율을 조사하였다. 한우의 절식체중은 안소 634 kg, 수소 721 kg, 거세우 754 kg이었으며, 가공단계 별 중량변화는 냉도체중 381.01~467.60 kg, 대분할육 240.79~310.36 kg, 소분할육 208.27~276.47 kg, 뼈 57.23~76.28 kg, 지방 89.19~138.97 kg을 나타내었다. 한우 도체규격은 거세우에서 전장, 후 사분체장, 경장, 요장, 선장, 퇴장, 흉폭, 요폭, 퇴폭, 흉위 및 흉후가 가장 길었다(p<0.05). 도체중량은 생체중의 성별에 영향을 받았으며, 정육율, 지방율 및 뼈수율은 성별에 따라 영향을 받았다. 대분할 정육율은 수소가 등심, 목심, 앞다리, 우둔, 설도, 양지, 사태에서 유의적으로 높은 수율을 나타내었다 (p<0.05). 도체부산물 수율에서 거세우는 가장 낮은 꼬리반골 및 갈비뼈 생산 수율을 나타내었고 (p<0.05), 암소의 사골 및 잡뼈 생산수율이 가장 낮았다(p<0.05). 도체규격과 부분육 생산수율 조사는 도체특성에 따라 부분육 생산량을 예측할 수 있는 자료로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

동계작물인 보리를 재배한 후 하계작물인 수수, 기장 및 피를 대상으로 하여 조사료 생산량과 그에 따른 사료가치를 분석하여 보리와 적합한 하계작물의 최적의 작물조합을 선정하기 위하여 실시한 결과 다음과 같다. 1. 초장은 하계작물 모두 1차 및 2차 수확할 때보다 호숙기가 가장 컸으며, 수확시기에 따른 수분 함량은 1차 수확할 때 가장 높았고 호숙기에 수확할 때 가장 낮은 함량을 보였다. 2. 보리의 건물수량은 10 a 당 1,343 kg였으며 보리와 하계 작물를 작부체계에 따른 건물수량은 수수의 경우 1차 및 2차 수확보다 호숙기에 수확할 때 10,018 kg으로 가장 많았으며, 기장과 피 역시 출수기와 재생 후 수확 시 보다 호숙기에 수확할 때 건물수량이 더 많았다. 3. ADF 함량은 수수는 1차 및 2차 수확 시 보다 호숙기 때가 낮았지만 기장과 피는 호숙기가 더 높은 ADF 함량을 보였다. NDF 함량은 3작물 모두 1차 및 2차 수확 시 보다 호숙기에 더 많은 함량을 보였으며, 조단백질 함량은 1차 및 2차 수확할 때가 호숙기에 수확할 때보다 함량이 더 높았다. 4. 건물 수량에 대한 조단백질 총생산량은 수수의 경우 1차 및 2차 수확할 때보다 호숙기에 수확할 때 약 761 kg으로 가장 많았으며, 기장과 피는 출수기와 재생 후 수확 할 때가 호숙기 보다 상대적으로 높은 함량을 보였다. 5. 가소화양분총량은 3작물 모두 수확시기에 따른 함량 차이는 보이지 않았다.

본 연구는 경북지역 거세 한우의 출하체중에 따른 도체 특성 및 부분육 생산량을 조사하여 고기의 생 산성을 도체로부터 평가하기 위하여 실시하였다. 경북지역 거세 한우 51두를 도착체중 700kg미만, 701~750kg, 751~800kg, 801~850kg, 850kg초과 5그룹으로 나누어 가공단계별 중량변화, 도체규격, 대분할 부위 생산량 및 수율, 소분할 부위 생산량 및 수율, 부산물 생산량 및 수율을 조사하였다. 가공 단계별 중량변화는 한우의 출하체중이 증가함에 따라 온도체중, 냉도체중, 대분할육, 소분할육, 뼈량, 지방량이 증가하였다. 도체규격은 한우의 출하체중이 증가함에 따라 전장, 전사분체장, 흉장, 경폭, 흉 폭, 퇴폭, 흉위, 퇴위, 흉후가 증가하였다. 부산물 생산량은 한우의 출하체중이 증가함에 따라 머리, 앞 족, 뒷족, 가죽, 간, 소장, 배지방, 생식기, 신장, 기타지방량이 증가하였다. 도체부산물은 한우의 출하 체중이 증가함에 따라 사골, 꼬리반골, 도가니, 마구리, 잡뼈, 갈비뼈량이 증가하였다.

The objective of this study was to investigate the suitable method for rapid establishment of grassland according to forage species, mixed pastures and installation of mesh at 35 degree angle of cutting area in the middle region of Korea. In agronomic characteristics after wintering, vegetation coverage of Tall fescue(TF) was 74% in monoculture, which was the highest among 3 forage crops. Meanwhile average vegetation coverages of monoculture and mixed pasture were 67 and 92% in treated of mesh, which were 4 and 18% higher than untreated of mesh, respectively. In botanical composition, TF of monoculture and Orchardgrass(OG) and TF oriented mixed were indicated over 94% forage coverage. Meanwhile forage coverages Kentucky bluegrass(KBG) and Red top(RT) of monoculture and Perennial ryegrass(PRG) oriented mixture were 89, 81 and 92% in treated of mesh, which were 7, 6 and 5% higher than untreated of mesh, respectively. In forage productivity, dry matter yield(DMY) of TF(12,537kg/ha) and KBG(11,897kg/ha) of monoculture were significant(p<0.05) higher than RT(9,604kg/ha). Meanwhile DMY of OG(12,227kg/ha), TF(12,823kg/ha) and PRG(11,871kg/ha) oriented mixed were not significant difference(p>0.05). In forage quality of monoculture, in the first year, crude protein of KBG was 13.6%, which was the highest among 3 forage species. Also neutral detergent fiber(NDF) of TF was 56.5%, which was the lowest among 3 forage species. In mixed pasture, in the second year, NDF and acid detergent fiber of PRG oriented mixed were 56.5 and 34.3%, respectively, which was the lowest among 3 mixed pasture. In conclusion, forage species TF was more suitable on initial rootage and continuous forage coverage, OG and TF oriented mixed were more suitable on continuous forage coverage. Also the installation of mesh showed positive effects on initial rootage and maintain forage ratio.

The present study was carried out to explore the potential effect of shading degrees on yields and nutritive values of forage in forest-grassland. This experiment was conducted this study under different natural shading at National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan province in Korea, for 2 years (from 2015 to 2016). This experiment was consisted of four different shading degrees, such as full sunlight (control, 10% below), 25% of shading, 35% of shading, 50% of shading. Pasture species used in this study were orchardgrass ‘Kodiwin’, perenial ryegrass ‘Linn’, tall fescue ‘Purumi’, kentuky bluegrass ‘Kenblue’, and white clover ‘Ladino’. Botanical composition of orchardgrass was higher than that of perenial ryegrass, tall fescue and kentuky bluegrass. Dry matter (DM) yields of forage decreased as increasing shading degrees. DM yields of forage significantly decreased as increasing shading degrees and lots of cutting times under increasing shading degrees decreased DM yields of forage. The content of crude protein increased as increasing shading degrees and the contents of acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), the activity of total digestible nutrient (TDN) and in-vitro digestibility (IVD), and relative feed value (RFV) were similar in control and different shading. This study suggests that orchardgrass is major component for forest-grassland and establishment of orchardgrass can be improved by increasing shading degrees.