Mobile-assisted language learning has expanded beyond relatively humble beginnings of replicating computer-based activities assigned in formal language learning contexts, and it now often consists of a complex mix of formal and informal learning activities that take place at different times and places throughout learners’ daily lives. Decisions about what tools to use are often driven by the costs, choice of hardware, and the knowledge of what tools actually exist, and how these tools are then used will depend on learners’ skills, motivation, as well as their short- and long-term goals. Language learning no longer needs to be an activity that is separated from learners’ daily lifestyles, but can be an integral part of their lives in the long term. The complexities involved in understanding each individual learner’s own ecological context and how these ecologies shift over time will be discussed with an eye on optimising learning opportunities for learners that will keep them engaged in learning throughout their lives.

We have imaged the AKARI Deep Field with the GMRT radio telescope at 610 MHz, detecting 1224 radio components, which are optically identified with 455 optical galaxies having a mean r0 magnitude brighter of 22.5 (to a completeness limit of 25.4 mag), and an average redshift ~ 0.8.

This report presents a summary of the Legacy of AKARI: A Panoramic View of the Dusty Universe meeting held between 27-29th February 2012 at Jeju Island, South Korea.

Following the first Public Release of the AKARI Point Source catalogues, we have worked on the production of a new far-infrared All-Sky Diffuse mapping product. In this paper we report first results from the All Sky diffuse maps that will shortly be released to the community, based on analysis of data from the Far Infrared Surveyor ( 65 μm − 160 μm ) instrument. These data are likely to have a strong impact on studies of extended structures, and the diffuse ISM.

Test design can be compared with the design of buildings and other structures in architecture. Both activities require the development of detailed plans and blueprints that generate the actual buildings or test forms. When the blueprints are created, architects know what to what use the building is going to be put. Without knowledge of purpose they simply would not be able to design a building. Similarly, test designers need to know what inferences we intend to make from scores, and what decisions are to be made on the basis of those scores. Tests without purpose generate validity chaos. Similarly, when buildings change their use, architects must retrofit the building and follow standard procedures to ensure that health and safety regulations are being met, and that the proposed changes make the building fit for its new users. We argue that test designers must follow similar principles if the purpose of a test is to be changed or extended, or used on a group of test takers for whom it was not originally intended. We term this process test retrofit, and use the example of immigration testing to illustrate the argument.