The implementation system of the recommendations and rulings of the Dispute Settlement Body is an important component of the WTO dispute settlement procedure. Where there is any disagreement between disputing parties as to the existence or consistency with a covered agreement of measures taken to comply with the recommendations and rulings, a winning party may refer the matter to a compliance panel and the Appellate Body. If a losing party is found to have failed to comply with the recommendations and rulings, DSB may authorize the winning party to retaliate. This article analyzes the implementation system of the WTO dispute settlement procedure in comparison with other systems of ‘second-order’ compliance in international law. Also, attention will be directed to the relationship between the WTO retaliation and countermeasures in general international law. Countermeasures under the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, in particular, have a legal nature akin to that of countermeasures under the law of State responsibility.

Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma is a rare malignant salivary gland tumor. The carcinomatous component of the carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma is mostly one type such as adenocarcinoma NOS, salivary duct carcinoma and undifferentiated carcinoma. We present a case of carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma including two carcinomatous components. The tumor occurred in the palate of a 70-year-old man. Histopathologically, the tumor was composed of both benign pleomorphic adenoma and the carcinoma area that showed adenocarcinoma NOS and squamous cell carcinoma. Finally this case was diagnosed as carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma including two carcinomatous components

In the present studies, we have intended to compare the EDS (20% EG + 20% DMSO + 0.4 M sucrose + 10% FCS) and EDT (20% EG + 20% DMSO + 0.3 M trehalose 10% FCS) methods for vitrification of canine oocytes, in order to improve the vitrification methods. The survival rate of vitrified‐thawed oocytes using the EDS method was 15.1±1.8% (p<0.05), which was lower than that of the control group (66.7±2.5%). About 45～55% of the vitrified‐warmed oocytes showed normal morphology, as assessed by PI staining. However, the ratio of survival rate of oocytes showed lower than that of normal morphology in comparison between EDS method and control group. The survival and developmental rates of vitrified‐warmed oocytes by the EDS and EDT methods were 16.7±1.4% and 11.1±0.8% and 8.3±1.4% and 4.4±1.8%, respectively (p<0.05). The results were significantly lower than the control group (66.7±2.5% and 16.7±3.7%). However, the survival rate of vitrified‐warmed oocytes using EDS method showed higher than that in the ETS group.

The water mites are distributed widely through ponds, lakes and mountain streams. In part of their life cycle, larvae of water mites typically attach on adult aquatic insects including hemipterans, odonates, coleopterans, trichopterans, ephemeropterans, plecopterans and dipterans. Most of the information on hostparasite interactions comes from studies of lentic mites and insects, while relatively little is known about the relationships between lotic mites and insects. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the host-parasite interactions between lotic water mite larvae and host insects in mountain streams. We investigate mite attachment on aquatic insects collected at mountain streams in Kanagawa and Shizuoka Prefectures, Japan. Aquatic insects were collected by light-trap and hand-sweeping from May to August 2008. Aquatic insects were identified to species or genus. The parasitic nature of mite larvae on aquatic insects was examined. The distribution of water mite larvae on host insects was analyzed using the Chi Square Test. As a result, a total of 1716 specimens of aquatic insects representing Megaloptera, Trichoptera, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Diptera were collected. Mites were associated with 31.2% of the total number of aquatic insects. Mite larvae in the genus Stygothrombium were associated with Plecoptera. Protzia larvae were associated with Trichoptera and Diptera. Stygomomonia larvae were associated with Trichoptera. Protzia larvae showed a preference for abdomen of Wormaldia sp. [Trichoptera] (P<0.0001, χ²= 133.3631). Protzia larvae however, showed a preference for prothorax of Antocha sp. [Diptera] (P<0.01, χ²=18.3077). Stygomomonia larvae showed a preference for mesothorax and abdomen of Stenopsyche marmorata [Trichoptera] (P<0.0001, χ²=1147.857). From these results, it is considered that mite larvae show certain host preferences for aquatic insects as well as site preferences for the body parts of host insects.

The question I raise in this paper is why the Japanese counterpart of the sprouting type of sluicing does not appear to show island sensitivity. I argue that this apparent difference is attributed to another well-established one between these two languages: pro- drop vs. non-pro-drop languages. Thus, sluices are not real instances of the sprouting-type but rather of the merger type, which has an overt correlate in the antecedent clause, i.e., indefinite pro in relevant cases. As substantial evidence for this proposal, I demonstrate that indefinite pro actually functions as a correlate to a sluice in Japanese by examining how it behaves with respect to scopal parallelism. Given this, it is predicted that in Japanese sluicing examples, the implicit correlates that are identified as indefinite pro can take wide scope, unlike truly implicit correlates.

The world is facing a serious food and energy crisis. Plant mutation breeding has played an important role in overcoming this crisis and maintaining world stability. New techniques are required to achieve faster and more effective breeding. At RIKEN, we have developed a unique technology for mutation induction by using heavy-ion beams from particle accelerators at the RI Beam Factory. This development was achieved through an efficient synergistic link between agricultural science and accelerator physics. The use of ion beams for mutagenesis has a number of advantages: the approach has low exposure levels and high survival rates with high mutation rates, and it creates a wide variety of different mutations. Because heavy-ion beams provide a very high amount of energy, even a single ion is enough to significantly damage a gene – in fact, the beams have enough energy to break the double strand of the DNA. The technique is also very useful in producing mutants that lack just a single gene; multiple propagation technology can be used to convert these mutants into new cultivars. Examples of such breeds include ‘Safinia Rose’ (petunia), ‘Temari Bright Pink’ (vervena) and ‘Olivia Pure White’ (dianthus). The development period for producing new varieties is only 2 years. Over last decade, molecular biology has made great advancements through technological innovation. We use high-throughput DNA sequencing techniques such as next-generation sequence instruments and microarray technologies for analysis of gene mutations. Mutants have become more and more useful and important in modern genetic studies, enabling the discovery of genes that control important traits, and revealing the functions and mechanisms underlying their operations. The discovery of genes using mutants may lead to the emergence of a new field in biology, ‘Mutagenomics’.

Mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms are convenient markers for identifying cytoplasmic variation among plants. We have collected 212 wild soybeans (Glycine soja Sieb. et Zucc) from all over Korea, and classified mitochondrial genome types based on hybridization patterns in DNA gel-blot analyses using two mitochondrial DNA clones, cox2 and atp6, as probes. Korean wild soybean was classified with eight-mtDNA types, and some of the mtDNAs showed geographical clines among the regions. The diversity index of the mtDNA was much higher in the western and southern regions than in the eastern and northern regions of Korea, respectively. Dissemination and distributive characteristics of wild soybeans in Korea were discussed