In today’s world, intellectual property (IP) rights have become a significant part of overall corporate value as well as a “driver of important market transactions.” Nevertheless, patent commercialization and claims for damages due to patent infringement are often obstructed by parties’ differing positions on the patent value. To improve Vietnam’s legal and practical environment for patent valuation, this paper constructs a comparison of the prevailing frameworks of the United States and the People’s Republic of China with that of Vietnam to make recommendations meeting the stated purpose. An analysis of relevant academic literature suggests that parties should be allowed to choose their preferred valuation technique even when having engaged valuation professionals. Also, valuation service providers should be able to demonstrate the underlying rationale for selecting a particular valuation method. Other valuation techniques, such as forward citation counting, should also be studied to provide private parties, patent valuators and relevant state agencies in Vietnam with more options when facing the need to value a patent.

Internal reference price (IRP) is conceptualized as ‘a dynamic, internal price to which individuals compare the offered price of a product or service’. For this internal price, multiple conceptualizations and operationalizations have been proposed. This study finds heterogeneity in the use of reference price cues when consumers form an IRP and stablishes that seven distinct segments with different approaches can be can be distinguished.

Improvisation is an important firm competence in product innovation as firms increasingly face inherent uncertainty in new product development (NPD) process and frequent jolts in the external environment. While there is some empirical and conceptual work on the value of improvisation for several new product outcomes, there is lack of empirical research on the antecedents of improvisation in innovation studies. We attempt to address this gap by studying the role of team variation and team convergence traits in the occurrence of improvisation in a sample of 118 NPD teams from manufacturing firms.

The emission of off-gas streams from used fuel recycling is a concern in nuclear energy usage as they contain radioactive compounds, such as, 3H, 14C, 85Kr, 131I, and 129I that can be harmful to human health and environment. Radioactive iodine, 129I, is particularly troublesome as it has a half-life of more than 15 million years and is prone to accumulate in human thyroid glands. Organic iodides are hazardous even at very low concentrations, and hence the capture of 129I is extremely important. Dynamic adsorption experiments were conducted to determine the efficiency of sodium mordenite, partially exchanged silver mordenite, and fully exchanged silver mordenite for the removal of methyl iodide present at parts per billion concentrations in a simulated off-gas stream. Kinetic analysis of the system was conducted incorporating the effects of diffusion and mass transfer. The possible reaction mechanism is postulated and the order of the reaction and the values of the rate constants were determined from the experimental data. Adsorbent characterization is performed to investigate the nature of the adsorbent before and after iodine loading. This paper will offer a comprehensive understanding of the methyl iodide behavior when in contact with the mordenites.

층상 반무한체에서의 확률론적 완전파형역산을 위한 Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) 모사 기법을 정식화한다. Thin-layer method를 사용하여 조화 수직 하중이 작용하는 층상 반무한체의 지표면에서 추정된 동적 응답과 관측 데이터와의 차이 및 모델 변수 의 사전 정보와의 차이를 최소화하도록 목적함수와 모델 변수의 사후 확률밀도함수를 정의한다. 목적함수의 기울기에 기반하여 MCMC 표본을 제안하기 위한 분포함수와 이를 수락 또는 거절할지 결정하는 수락함수를 결정한다. 기본 진동모드 뿐만이 아니라 고 차 진동모드가 우세한 경우를 포함하여 다양한 층상 반무한체의 전단파 속도 추정에 제안된 MCMC 모사 기법을 적용하고 그 정확성 을 검증한다. 제안된 확률론적 완전파형역산을 위한 MCMC 모사 기법은 층상 반무한체의 전단파 속도와 같은 재료 특성의 확률적 특 성을 추정하는 데 적합함을 확인할 수 있다.

This study uses first-principles calculations to investigate the mechanical properties and effect of strain on the electronic properties of the 2D material 1H-PbX2 (X: S, Se). Firstly, the stability of the 1H Pb-dichalcogenide structures was evaluated using Born’s criteria. The obtained results show that the 1H-PbS2 material possesses the greatest ideal strength of 3.48 N/m, with 3.68 N/m for 1H-PbSe2 in biaxial strain. In addition, 1H-PbS2 and 1H-PbSe2 are direct semiconductors at equilibrium with band gaps of 2.30 eV and 1.90 eV, respectively. The band gap was investigated and remained almost unchanged under the strain εxx but altered significantly at strains εyy and εbia. At the fracture strain in the biaxial direction (19 %), the band gap of 1H-PbS2 decreases about 60 %, and that of 1H-PbSe2 decreases about 50 %. 1H-PbS2 and 1H-PbSe2 can convert from direct to indirect semiconductor under the strain εyy. Our findings reveal that the two structures have significant potential for application in nanoelectronic devices.

Carbon nanodots (CNDs) are 0D quasi-spherical nanoparticles that are less than 10 nm in size. CNDs that possess surface functional groups such as hydroxyl, amino, and carboxyl groups have been demonstrated to scavenge free radicals efficiently and effectively, resulting in them being beneficial for cosmetic and cosmeceutical applications. In this study, we successfully prepared novel CNDs, namely black VC, using vitamin C (VC) as a promising precursor. Black VC was prepared by a facile one-step method based on short-time microwave irradiation. The properties of black VC were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and UV–vis spectrophotometry. Radical scavenging, cell viability, and anti-pollution activity assays were also conducted to demonstrate the functionalities of black VC. The developed black VC exhibited lower cytotoxicity and better antioxidant, metal chelating ability, and anti-pollution activities than its precursor. These results provide a new approach for developing advanced antioxidants for innovative cosmetic formulations using a simple microwave treatment method. However, black VC retained some problems of its precursor in the form of low stability, which is likely to be a challenge for its cosmeceutical application.

This explorative paper investigates the application of human rights to civil law cases in Indonesia. Human rights are often placed within the realm of public law. Yet, fundamental rights and freedoms also apply to private law cases. The human rights literature, however, does not exist in Indonesian private law. This article explores how human rights are applied in Indonesian civil law cases with reference to the models of human rights application developed by Aharon Barak and Olha Cherednychenko. We found that in Indonesia, judges apply human rights law to civil law cases indirectly, yet this application is inconsistent. The Supreme Court has attempted to increase legal unity by making case law (yurisprudensi) more accessible and by issuing internal regulations that must serve as guidelines for judges-including the application of fundamental rights in civil law cases. Case law and guidelines, however, lack thorough legal reasoning and are, therefore, difficult to apply to complex cases.

대기오염물질과 온실가스 배출량을 저감 시키기 위한 배기 후처리 장치에 대한 연구는 활발히 진행 중이지만 그 중 선박용 입 자상물질/질소산화물(PM/NOx) 동시저감 장치에서는 엔진에 미치는 배압 및 필터 담체 교체에 대한 문제가 발생하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 PM/NOx를 동시저감 할 수 있는 일체형 장치의 최적 설계를 위해 장치 내부 유동과 입·출구 압력을 통한 배압의 변화를 연구하여 적절한 기준을 제시하였다. Ansys Fluent를 활용하여 디젤미립자필터(DPF) 및 선택적촉매환원법(SCR)에 다공성 매체 조건을 적용하였고 공극률은 30 %, 40 %, 50 %, 60 % 및 70 %로 설정하였다. 또한, 엔진 부하에 따른 Inlet 속도를 경계 조건으로 7.4 m/s, 10.3 m/s, 13.1 m/s 및 26.2 m/s로 적 용하여 배압에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. CFD 분석 결과, 장치의 입구 온도 보다 입구 속도에 따른 배압의 변화율이 크고 최대 변화율은 27.4 mbar였다. 그리고 모든 경계 조건에서의 배압이 선급 기준인 68 mbar를 초과하지 않았기 때문에 1800 kW 선박에 적합한 장치로 평가 되었다.