The composition of the upper structure, which can be found in the 3-Dori type buildings in Yang-dong Village, varies significantly from time to time. The upper structure of the Gwan-ga-jeong, known as a house in the mid-Joseon Dynasty, consists of a basic 3-Dori type structure in which a beam is placed under 3-Dori and supported with two flat columns. On the other hand, the upper structure of I-hyang-jeong historic house, built in the 17th century, is different in that it has a stud between the two flat columns. The upper structure of Sa-ho-dang historic house, a 19th-century building is different from the upper structure of the buildings of the previous period in that three flat columns were used. As such, the difference in the composition method of the upper structure according to the construction period is closely related to the introduction of the Toi-maru, which is mainly explained by the boundary space. In addition, it can be expected that the introduction of the Toi-maru originated from the influence of the change in the plan. This study was conducted to examine the correlation between the plan and the composition of the boundary space through various typology of the 3-Dori upper structure distributed intensively in Yang-dong Village.

본 연구의 목적은 북한이탈주민 위기가구 사회보장수급권의 법적 실태 분석 및 개선 방안 도출이다. 내용분석 방법으로 「북한이탈주민법」을 대 상으로 사회보장수급권의 실체적 및 절차적 권리 실태를 분석하였고, 그 분석을 토대로 북한이탈주민 위기가구 사회보장수급권의 개선 방안을 도 출하였다. 분석결과, 북한이탈주민 위기가구를 위한 사회보장수급권은 실 체적 및 절차적 권리 모두에서 부재하였다. 분석결과는 북한이탈주민 위 기가구 사회보장수급권을 보장하기 위한 제도적 개선이 시급함을 시사한 다. 「북한이탈주민법」에 ‘북한이탈주민 취약·위기가구’ 정의 신설, 특별 지원대상에 ‘취약·위기가구’ 추가, 기본계획에 ‘보호대상자 중 취약·위기 상황에 관한 사항’ 신설과 같은 법률 개정, 북한이탈주민 취약·위기가구 발굴체계 개선을 위한 발굴대상의 범위 및 발굴주체의 범위 확대, 북한 이탈주민 취약·위기가구 보호기간 연장 등을 제안하였다.

This study aimed to investigate the dietary changes among adults living alone during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Korea. An online survey was conducted to examine dietary changes before (in 2019) and during (in 2021) the pandemic. The data from 337 adults living alone who responded to the survey were used for analysis. The proportion of the respondents reporting frequent food consumption at convenience stores (≥3 times/week) increased during the pandemic (p=0.024), and the proportion of those frequently eating ready-to-eat and ready-to-cook food (≥3 times/week) was more than doubled (p<0.001). Additionally, the proportion of those frequently consuming delivered food (≥3 times/week) increased by 2.5 times (p<0.001). In conclusion, the dietary habits of adults living alone changed significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic, which may have a negative impact on their health. Therefore, the development of customized nutrition management programs to improve the dietary habits of adults living alone during emergencies like a pandemic is deemed necessary. This study can serve as a foundation for understanding the dietary changes of adults living alone in prolonged crisis.

이 논문은 통계청 가계동향조사 원시자료를 이용하여 가공식품비 지출액 결정요인을 파악하고자 하였다. 가구 특성과 가구주 특성이 가공식품비 지출액에 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 토빗모형을 적용하여 분석하였다. 특히, 총 13개의 가공식품 부류별로 분석함으로써 가구 특성과 가구주 특성이 월평균 1인당 지출액에 미치는 영향을 분석하고, 가공식품 부류별로 비교·분석하였다. 연구 결과에 따르면 도시가구가 농촌가구보다 곡물가공품, 빵 및 떡류, 기타식품, 쥬스 및 기타음료류에 대해 더 많은 지출을 하는 반면, 수산가공품, 유지류, 과일 및 채소 가공품, 조미식품, 커피 및 차류에 대한 지출은 더 적은 것으로 나타났다. 1인 가구의 경우, 2인 이상 가구보다 곡물가공품, 빵 및 떡류, 당류 및 과자류, 기타식품, 커피 및 차류, 쥬스 및 기타음료류에 높은 지출액을 보였지만, 육류가공품, 유지류, 과일 및 채소가공품, 조미식품에는 낮은 지출액을 보였다. 또한 소득수준이 높을수록 대부분의 가공식품 지출액이 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 맞벌이가구의 경우 그렇지 않은 가구와 비교해 많은 부류에서 지출액이 높았다. 남성 가구주인 경우 곡물 및 육류가공품, 기타식품, 커피 및 차, 쥬스 및 음료에 대한 지출액이 여성 가구주일 때보다 높았다. 우리는 가공식품 지출액이 인구사회학적 요인에 따라 크게 달라짐을 보였다. 또한, 가공식품 부류에 따라 그 영향의 정도뿐 아니라 방향도 크게 차이날 수 있음을 밝혔다. 이는 식품제조업계와 유통업계가 가구와 가구주 특성을 고려한 마케팅 전략을 마련해야 함을 시사한다. 더욱이, 정책 입안자들은 식품 부류를 충분히 고려하여 식품산업 정책과 식생활 정책을 설계하길 기대한다.

우리 사회는 1960년대 산업화 이후 경제, 정치 등 다양한 영역에서 급속한 근대화와 압축 성장을 이루었다. 하지만 이러한 성장 속에서 계층 간 소득 격차와 양극화가 심화되는 등 여러 문제가 발생했고, 이는 국토 전체적으로는 물론 도시 내에서도 지역 간 불균형 발전을 야기했다. 본 연구는 소득 수준이 지역 간 불균형 발전에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위해 가구별 연평균 소득과 인프라 접근성 간 관계를 실증적으로 분석한다. 연구에서는 서울시 소득 수준 데이터와 인프라 데이터를 사용하여 소득 수준과 인프라 접근성 간 관계를 다중회귀분석을 사용해 분석하였다. 연구의 공간적 범위는 서울시이며, 시간적 범위는 2017년으로 설정했다. 인프라 시설은 교육, 교통, 문화･여가, 보건, 체육 관련 시설로 구분했으며, 소득 수준과 함께 인구 밀도, 인구 수, 중심업무지구 여부 등이 접근성에 미치는 영향을 분석했다. 분석 결과 소득 수준에 따라 인프라 접근성에 차이가 나타난 것을 확인했고, 교통 인프라를 제외한 모든 분야에서 비교적 높은 상관관계가 도출되었다. 또한, 소득 수준 변화에 민감하게 반응하는 분야와 소득 수준에 따라 나타나는 인프라 접근성의 차이를 확인할 수 있었다.

This study aimed to determine the association between household types and healthy dietary practices among Korean adults. A cross-sectional analysis was performed using nationwide data on 23,488 participants from the 2017-2021 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Based on self-reported data, the participant household types were classified into single- and multi-person households. The adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for healthy dietary practices according to household types were calculated by applying multivariable logistic regression analysis after adjusting for confounders. Of total, 11.21% and 88.79% were single- and multi-person households, respectively. Compared with individuals living in multi-person households, those in single-person households had lower odds of adhering to healthy dietary practices (AOR: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.79-0.98) and consuming adequate saturated fatty acids (<7% of energy) (AOR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.69-0.88). In addition, men and individuals aged 65 years living in single-person households exhibited lower odds of consuming adequate saturated fatty acids and 500 g of fruit and vegetables per day than those in multi-person households. Single-person households often find it a challenge to practice a healthy diet. Hence, nutritional policies and educational support that help individuals living alone consume healthier diets are warranted.

Considering that the number of middle-aged single-person households is increasing, this study investigates dietary behaviors, nutrient intake, and mental health according to household type. Data were procured from the 2015-2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Totally, 5,466 participants aged 50-64 years were classified into 2 groups: a household with one member was defined as a single-person household, and households with two or more members were described as multi-person households. Single-person households comprised 10.63% of the total, with a higher average age, and lower income and economic levels than multi-person households. Compared to multiperson households, single-person households had a higher frequency of skipping breakfast, eating alone, and dining out, the moderately and severely food insecure group was more than 5 times, and nutrient intake and dietary quality were poorer. In the fully adjusted model, the odds ratios (ORs) of depressive symptoms were 2.35 times (95% CI: 1.39-3.96), and suicide ideation was 1.95 times (95% CI: 1.35-2.82) in single-person compared to multi-person households. Our results lead us to conclude that poor dietary intake in middle-aged single-person households affects the mental health, and the above factors should be considered when framing the dietary policy.

본 연구는 중장년층 1인가구의 사회자본이 삶의 만족도에 어떠한 영 향을 미치는지 검증하는 것이다. 이를 위해 한국복지패널의 16차 자료 (2021년도)를 활용하여 40세이상 64세 이하 중장년층 344명을 최종 분 석대상으로 선정하였다. 분석방법은 SPSS 26.0을 활용하여 위계적 회 귀분석 등을 실시하였다. 주요 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 중장년 층 1인가구의 삶의 만족도는 사회자본의 수준에 따라 다르게 나타나는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 둘째, 사회자본의 하위요인 중 네트워크만 중장년층 1인가구의 삶의 만족에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 반 면, 신뢰와 호혜성은 삶의 만족에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났 다. 이상의 연구결과를 바탕으로 중장년층 1인가구의 사회자본 축적과 삶의 만족도 증진을 위한 정책적, 실천적 방안을 제안하였다.

This study was conducted to examine the architectural characteristics of Hak-seong Lee Family's Geun-jae-gong Historic House located in Seok-cheon-ri, Ung-chon-myeon, Ulju-gun, Ulsan. The house is said to have been rebuilt in the early 20th century after it was built in the 18th century, and now there are nine buildings left, including the An-chae, Sa-rang-chae, Sa-dang, storehouses and etc. This house is a large-scale house that is difficult to find similar cases in near region. The division of areas on each building is clear, and it is evaluated that it retains the typical characteristics of the head family in the late Joseon Dynasty in terms of its overall size and layout. In addition, the current wooden structure, which is said to have been rebuilt in the early 20th century, shows the composition method and space utilization method of the 3-Dori type upper structure, which have become more diverse since the late Joseon Dynasty. This has not been dealt with in the previous survey, and should be considered in detail through this paper.

The standards for heavy metal levels in crustaceans are 0.5 mg/kg and 1.0 mg/kg or lower for lead and cadmium, respectively. Further, the contamination levels of arsenic, mercury, methyl mercury, and tin are being continuously investigated, considering their current exposure levels. Shrimps are potentially exposed to heavy metals because they inhabit areas with abundant organic matter, such as sandy or muddy shores, places with a lot of seaweed, and estuaries. This study measured the monetary value of reducing consumer anxiety and increasing consumer confidence if the government prohibits the sale of shrimp species that exceed the threshold for specific heavy metals and of the top shrimp species for which no threshold for heavy metals is specified. We derived consumer willingness-topay (WTP). Combining the estimated WTP with the number of households in the country, the total value of benefits was estimated to be 363.9 billion won. The results of this study will provide an important empirical finding, showing to what extent specific policies regarding heavy metals in seafood can alleviate consumer anxiety and provide psychological reassurance.

본 연구는 경기도 데이터를 바탕으로 청년 1인 가구의 삶의 질에 영향 을 미치는 일자리, 주거 관련 요인이 무엇인지에 대해 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 일자리 관련으로는 직장 만족도가, 주거 관련으로는 주거비에 대한 주관적 부담 수준이 종속변수와 유의미한 관계가 있었다. 보통 직장 만 족도가 높을수록 삶의 질이 높았고, 주거비 부담 수준이 높을수록 삶의 질이 높지 않았다. 정규직 여부나, 근무 기간 등도 부분적으로 종속변수 와 관계가 있었는데, 특히 근무 기간이 길수록 삶의 질이 높지 않았다. 주거 관련해서는 주거 형태, 점유 형태, 주거지 크기 등은 예상만큼 통계 적으로 유의미한 결과를 보여주지 못했다. 경기도 남부와 북부, 성별 차 이에 따라서는 몇몇 변수에 대해서 유의미한 결과가 있었다. 본 연구는 이러한 분석을 통해 청년 1인 가구의 복지 수요가 어느 분야에 많은지에 대한 정책적 시사점을 얻고자 하였다.

This study aimed to investigate the need for dietary education and programs for young Koreans belonging to singleperson households in the metropolitan area. A total of 500 young adults aged 19-34 participated in the study through an online survey. Participants responded to questions on general characteristics, dietary problems, and the need for dietary education and programs. The subjects were divided into three groups as follows: Undergraduate students, employed workers, and others. Among the subjects from single-person households, 20.2, 67, and 12.8% were undergraduate students, employed workers, and others, respectively. When asked for their estimation of an appropriate self-pay when participating in a cooking class, 39.8% of total subjects responded ‘5,000-10,000 won’. The most preferred program for young adults in single-person households was the ‘support food package’. For the preferred method of dietary education, undergraduate students showed a greater preference for classes ‘at campuses’. However, employed workers and others had a higher preference for ‘non-face-to-face online classes’. Undergraduate students tended to generally have a higher preference for dietary education and support programs compared to employed workers and others. This study provides data that will be useful for establishing healthy dietary policies and education programs for young single-person households in Korea.

This study was conducted to provide basic data for product development and marketing strategies for the Thai home meal replacement (HMR) market, to reflect the changing trends in household sizes in Thailand. The results of analyzing the characteristics and differences of HMR consumption behavior between single-person households and multi-person households in Thailand were as follows: It was found that single-person households use HMR to save money and for the convenience in cooking and preparation. In the preference by HMR type, multi-person households showed a higher preference for all types of products than single-person households. Thai consumers, regardless of their household size, mainly use department stores and large shopping malls to purchase HMR, and they most prefer to get information through Internet advertisements. The shelf life, quality, taste, hygiene, and freshness of HMR were the main considerations for their selection. Based on the results of this study, the Thai market requires the development of HMR products that are reasonable in terms of cost and preparation time. In addition, it is necessary to develop products that can satisfy consumer needs, such as nutritional enhancement and therapeutic foods, products that are organic, eco-friendly, cater to various menus, and address the premium segment.

최근 경주, 포항에 연이은 지진 발생으로 인하여 내진설계에 관심이 높아지고 있다. 다가구주택 필로티기둥은 수직 비정형 시스템으로 상,하부층의 강성 차이로 인하여 지진 발생 시 막대한 피해가 예상되기 때문에 다가구주택 필로티기둥의 내 진보강이 필요하다. 그러나 민간 소유인 다가구주택의 경우 막대한 비용과 시간으로 인하여 보강이 어려운 실정이다. 이에 따 라, 복합섬유패널로 에폭시 접착제 미사용으로 건식시공이 가능한 전단보강공법을 제안하고자 한다. 본 연구에서는 복합섬유패 널 보강 유무에 따른 내진보강공법의 전단내력을 실험을 통하여 검증하였고, 에폭시를 사용하지 않아 일체화 거동을 하지는 않 지만 복합섬유패널의 영향으로 전단내력은 1.46∼1.49배 증가하는 것으로 평가되었다. 따라서 다가구주택 필로티기둥의 내진보 강효과가 있을 것으로 판단된다.

다가구주택 필로티기둥은 전이구조 형식으로 되어 있어 지진하중에 대하여 전단파괴가 발생하기 쉽다. 이에 따라 내 진설계기준은 강화되고 있지만 이전에 지어진 건축물의 경우 내진보강이 필요한 실정이다. 하지만 기존 습식 공법의 경우 시간 적, 경제적 부담이 크기 때문에 내진보강이 잘 이루어지지 않는다. 따라서 모서리앵글과 CN복합섬유패널을 활용하여 DIY 시공 이 가능한 전단보강공법을 제안하고자 하며 본 실험에서 CN복합섬유패널의 전단성능을 평가하고자 한다. 볼트 연단거리 및 앵 글의 재질을 변수로 설정하여 실험한 결과, 볼트 연단거리가 가까울수록 각형띠판 래티스기둥의 전단내력이 증진되는 것을 확 인하였으며 슬리브 볼트는 고장력 볼트에 비하여 현저히 내력이 저하되어 CN복합섬유패널을 평가하기가 어려웠다. 또한, 알루 미늄앵글은 강재앵글에 비하여 내력은 낮지만 연성능력이 좋은 것으로 평가되었고, 강재앵글은 상대적으로 강성이 크기 때문에 CN복합섬유패널에 주는 영향이 미미한 것을 확인하였다. 이를 실용화하기 위해서 구체적으로 앵글의 크기와 볼트 연단거리를 변수로 설정하여 실험을 수행해야 할 것으로 판단된다.

This study was conducted to provide basic data for evolving a strategy for the development of Vietnam’s customized HMR program and formulating a marketing strategy by analyzing the characteristics and variations of HMR consumption behavior by household size. The results of the analysis were as follows: The number of single households using HMR as a general meal at home was higher than multiple-person households. Moreover, there was a high preference for ‘ready to heat’ and ‘ready to eat’ products, which are relatively easy to cook and prepare. It was observed that single households preferred department stores, hypermarkets, and convenience stores for purchasing HMR when compared to multiple households, and that single households preferred to acquire information through TV/radio and internet advertisements. Among the HMR selection attributes, single households valued taste, quantity, price, preparation process, preparation time, and ease of storage as important. Reflecting on the results of this study, when developing HMR in Vietnam, it is necessary to develop a product that can nutritionally replace the general meal with a focus on convenience. In addition, there is a need for products that possess various attributes such as convenience, health, and eco-friendliness.

The Chinese and English Instructor, compiled by T‘ong Ting-kü and published in Canton in 1862, is an English teaching material that utilized many newly-created Chinese characters to phonetically express the pronunciations of English words which were difficult to express with pre-existing Cantonese sounds. These characters featured an existing glyph and a pseudo radical ‘mouth’ 口, such as, 呷, composed of 甲 and 口. The explanatory notes at the beginning of this book listed many such characters. This study investigates the phonological effects of the addition of this component, focusing on the newly-created characters with the mid front unrounded vowel /e/ as their main vowel. The results showed that the values of certain parts of the syllable changed by regularly adding the pseudo radical ‘mouth’ to the existing glyph. It was observed that besides the vowel shift occurring in the main vowel in almost all groups, tone alternation occurred in most groups as well.

The Don-am district is a residential area that was supplied in 1936 as a land readjustment project(Tojiguhoekjeongri). The Don-am district was newly supplied with residential areas and urban hanoks were built in large numbers. The Don-am district was influenced by urban planning and legislation at that time. These affected in the layout and plan of urban hanok. Residential block in the Don-am district were developed sequentially from the late 1930s to the 1960s. Residential block were divided by modern construction company and sold by individual lots. The blocks supplied to the Don-am district made uniformly the corner out-off(Ga gak) for creating a vehicle-centered road. So urban hanoks located in the corner plot was transformed in response to the road. Residential blocks in Don-am district was divided into three to four rows. Therefore, alleys were created inside the block. Newly made alleys consist of a privately owned road(Sa-do), a public road(Gong-Do), and open space in the site. And the alleys were used as an entry space for sharing with neighboring. Urban hanoks of Don-am district have had changed and adapted to the formation of these alleys.

This study developed a scenario to understand the reaction rate and operational time according to RTI value of rate of rise detector in each type in case of fire mattress. In the results of analyzing the reaction rate and operational time of detector in each scenario, in case when installing a single detector, the elevated temperature per minute was raised to 8℃/min ~ 9℃/min. In case when installing two detectors, it was raised to 9℃/min ~ 10℃/min. In case when installing three detectors, it was raised to 10℃/min. The horizontal distance between detector and mattress was 1.8m~2.5m. Whenever the number of detectors was increased, the horizontal distance was decreased. The operational time of detector was within maximum 540 seconds and minimum 420 seconds. As the research tasks in the future, there should be the researches on the effects of reaction rate of detector on the evacuation in case of fire through the result value of RSET by setting up the latency until the detector operates, and the researches on the safety by understanding if the operational time of detector is suitable for the evaluation standard of performancecentered design.