We selected lactic acid bacteria to reduce cholesterol levels in vitro and in vivo. Among the 140 strains tested, a strain ID9201 was shown to reduce cholesterol in the spent medium over 30% and to increase cholesterol in cell pellet. A strain ID9201 isolated from breast milk-fed Korean infant feces was identified as Enterococcus faecium on the basis of morphological analysis, biochemical analysis (API kit), and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. A freeze-dried powder of the strain was fed to Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats with high cholesterol diet for 6 wk. In the control group fed cholesterol enriched diet without probiotics, the serum cholesterol increased by 1.9 times in comparison with the initial value. Among the test group, ID9201 group showed the lowest cholesterol increase, 1.5 times of initial serum cholesterol, as in the blank group fed normal diet without probiotics. Based on these data, we assumed that ID9201 inhibited intestinal absorption of dietary cholesterol.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between intake experience of mother’s milk intake/baby food intake, present eating habits, and atopy symptoms in elementary school students in Chungnam province. More frequent intake of mother’s milk was associated with less atopy symptoms. Subjects who had good attitudes for baby food in the past had less unfavorite foods. In addition, subjects that ate fruits and vegetable-baby food had better eating attitudes for a balanced diet. Unbalanced diet was associated with worse behavior characteristics. Frequency of eating breakfast affected behavioral characteristics. As this study had regional and size limitations, it is necessary to further investigate the relationship between past intake experience of mother’s milk/attitude towards baby foods and present eating habits/physical growth. Based on these results, past intake experience of mother’s milk/attitude towards baby foods might affect present physical growth/development and eating habits of subjects.

This study was conducted to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and educational needs regarding breast feeding of women's mothers and mother-in-laws with a grandchild aged less than 24 months. The degree of knowledge regarding breast feeding was 14.84 points out of 25 points, while the attitude toward breast feeding was 83.88 points. Additionally, 16.4% of the respondents reported that education regarding breast feeding was unnecessary. There were significant differences in knowledge regarding breast feeding among individuals of different age (p<0.05), economic status (p<0.05), and with different aged grandchildren (p<0.05). Additionally, there were significant differences in attitude toward breast feeding based on the type of feeding (p<0.05), the practice of breast feeding (p<0.01), and reasons for low breast feeding rate (p<0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between knowledge regarding breast feeding and attitude toward breast feeding. The factors affecting knowledge regarding breast feeding were attitude toward breast feeding and middleclass economic status. In addition, the factors affecting attitude toward breast feeding included knowledge of breast feeding and the practice of breast feeding. Overall, the subjects had high educational needs regarding breast feeding; therefore, women's mothers and mother-in-laws should be given the opportunity for various types of education to improve their breast feeding knowledge.

This study investigated the effect of a health-related lifestyle on knowledge, attitude, control belief and behavior intention toward breast-feeding of male and female university students in order to develop a breast-feeding education program for students of childbearing age. The subjects were 445 university students (125 male and 325 female) residing in eight provinces in Korea. The overall percentage of subjects intending to breast-feed their baby was 80.7% (73.6% of males and 84.2% of females). Overall, 84.2% of the subjects had high concerns about their health status. Scores reflecting a positive attitude, knowledge, and control beliefs toward breast-feeding were significantly higher (p<0.05~p<0.001) in female students, students majoring in medicine, and higher grades. The students who scored high at attitude, knowledge, and control beliefs also had a significantly higher (p<0.001) intention to breast-feed. When we investigated the sub factors of attitudes toward breast-feeding, significantly more students taking nutrient supplements scored high for physiological factors (p<0.05) and health-related factors (p<0.01). Significantly more non-smoking and non-drinking students scored high for health-related factors (p<0.001) and physiological factors (p<0.001), respectively. The intention to breast-feed was found to be significantly higher (p<0.01) in students who did not smoke, but not with other health-related lifestyles. In summary, these results indicate that the majority of university students intend to breast-feed, with students having a positive attitude, higher knowledge, and stronger control beliefs having a higher intention to breast-feed. Although a student's health-related lifestyle affects their attitudes on the physiological and health-related aspects of breast-feeding, only smoking status had an observable connection on the intention to breast-feed. Thus, when developing breast-feeding education programs for students, we recommend efforts to enhance a favorable attitude, knowledge, and control beliefs toward breast-feeding.

The breast feeding habits of 507 college students were evaluated between March 27 to April 26 (2006). Data were collected from self-administered questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS for Windows V.12.0. The study population consisted of 245 (48.3%) male and 262 (51.7%) female college students that answered ‘yes’ when asked whether they had been breast feed. A total of 52.7% of the study population were fed with breast milk (most frequent answer), as opposed to 11.0% that were fed with infant formula (least frequent answer) during their infancy. When asked whether they ever got educated on breast feeding, 78.1% of the college student subjects answered ‘no’. A total of 95.1% of the female college students replied ‘yes’ when asked if they intended to breast feed their child. Moreover, 62.2% of the college student subjects indicated that their parents had an influence on their decision to breast feed. A comparison between male and female college students indicated that female college students had a superior knowledge level of the general characteristics of breast feeding over the male subjects (p<0.05) . Moreover, a comparison of the different levels of college attained suggest that freshman college students had the highest knowledge level, followed by senior, sophomore and junior college students in terms of advantage, BF Tabu (p<0.05). Also, students provided with education on breast feeding had a higher knowledge level than college students with no formal education. In summary, the results suggest that the knowledge on breast feeding in college students were different by general characteristics such as gender, major and school year, and education on breast feeding in advance was appeared to be an important factor, therefore nutritional education course on breast feeding is recommended for the college students.

Infanthood is a crucial period when mental and emotional developments take place along with physical growth. Adequate supply of nutrition is essential during this period and there is an urgent need for proper education and guidance on balanced nutrition. Therefore, this study was designed to assess to current status of lactation and to investigate mothers' perspectives on human milk and formular milk. As random samples for this study, a total of 352 mothers having infant under the age of 4 were surveyed. 27.3% of mother surveyed were breast-feeding, 38.0% were formula-feeding and 34.7% were mixed-feeding. According to the result of this study, the percentage of breast feeding was on the decrease, while the dependence on formular milk was on the rise. The main reason of formula-feeding was insufficient secretion of human milk on mothers part. The major factors that affect to select feeding method were employment status, degree of education, family income and age. Also, the interviewees desired the product fortified with special ingredients that are hot contained in formular milk currently available in the market. The most concerned problem of formula milk was indigestion and the interviewees wanted the formular milk to be improved digestibility.

식이성 항원에 특이적인 IgG 및 IgA가 모유 중에 어느 정도 함유되어 있는지를 측정하고, 모체가 섭취한 식이 내용과 이들 특이 항체가 어떠한 상관성을 갖고 있는지를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같았다. 대상 임산부의 모유에 함유된 식이성 항원에 특이적인 항체 수준은 초유에서 가장 높게 나타났으며, 이행유로부터 성숙유 사이에서의 수준은 거의 변화하지 않았다. 측정된 우유단백질 및 계란단백질에 대해서는 특이 항체가에 커다란 차이는 없었으나 밀단백질인 gliadin에 대해서는 IgG, IgA 모두 높은 항체가를 유지하였다. 한 종류의 식이성 항원에 대해 높은 항체가를 나타내는 경우는 다른 특이 항체도 높은 수준을 나타내었으며 이러한 경향은 IgG에서 더욱 뚜렷하게 나타났다 모유 중에 함유된 특이 항체 수준은 임산부의 열량 및 단백질 섭취량에 의해 영향을 받지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 이들 특이 항체 수준이 모체가 섭취한 식이 단백질에 의해 영향을 받는지를 24시간 회상법 및 식품섭취 빈도 조사에 의해 살펴보았다. 24시간 회상법에 의해서는 특이 항체와 식이내용 중 그 특이항체를 유도할 수 있는 특정 식품 단백질 섭취량 사이에서의 상관성을 살펴볼 수 없었다. 식품섭취 빈도조사에서는 IgG의 성우 우유의 섭취빈도는 우유 유래의 특이 항체가에 영향을 주지 못한 것으로 보이나 알류섭취량과 OVA항체 수준 사이에서는 유의적인 상관관계를 볼 수 있었고, 육류의 섭취빈도는 α-La을 제외한 모든 항체수준과 영향을 준 것으로 나타났다. IgA의 경우는 육류의 섭취빈도가 항-BSA항체의 유도에 매우 유의적으로 작용한 것으로 나타났다.

Concentrations of major minerals(Ca, P, Na, K, Mg) and trace elements(Fe, Zn) were measured in human milk samples collected from 19 selected, healthy lactating women at 2∼5 days, and at 4, 8 and 12 weeks postpartum. Decreases in the contents of major minerals and trace elements were found with the increase of time postpartum. Mean Ca contents of 2∼5 days, 4 week, 8 week and 12 week in human milk were 243.02±50.90㎍/㎖, 295.0±65.70㎍/㎖, 295.0±41.50㎍/㎖, 349.90±83.50㎍/㎖, respectively. And mean P contents of 2∼5 days, 4 week, 8 week and 12 week in human milk were 134.70± 49.40㎍/㎖, 134.90±19.70㎍/㎖, 117.60±18.90㎍/㎖, 130.60±28.20㎍/㎖, respectively. Ca/P of them were 1.81, 2.19, 2.20, 2.68, respectively. Mean Mg contents of them were 22.30±5.60㎍/㎖, 25.70±3.70㎍/㎖, 25.10±3.60㎍/㎖, 32.10±4.50㎍/㎖, respectively. And mean Na contents of them were 171.20±90.50㎍/㎖, 158.70±47.00㎍/㎖, 104.50±24.70㎍/㎖, 115.90±12.50㎍/㎖, respectively. Mean K contents of them were 506.10±156.10㎍/㎖, 520.90±55. 00㎍/㎖, 370.10±29.00㎍/㎖, 468.40±75.70㎍/㎖, respectively. Na/K of them were 0.34, 0.30, 0.28, 0.25, respectively. Mean Fe contents of them were 2.80±1.80㎍/㎖, 2.70±0.40 ㎍/㎖, 2.60±0.40㎍/㎖, 2.10±0.10㎍/㎖, respectively. And mean Zn contents of them were 3.70±1.60㎍/㎖, 2.78±9.70㎍/㎖, 2.70±0.70㎍/㎖, 2.30±0.20㎍/㎖, respectively. These determinations will provide the basic information on the variability of major minerals and trace elements as lactation proceeds and on the composition of components between term and preterm milk.

A diarylheptanoid, (5S)-1,7-bis-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5- hydroxyheptane-3-one-5-O-β-D-xylopyranoside, named oregonin (1), was isolated from the of Alnus japonica (A. japonica), which is a species of the genus Betulaceae, growing throughout Korea, Japan and China. The structure was elucidated by various spectroscopic methods including negative and positive LC/MS, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR techniques or by comparison with authentic samples. In order to evaluate the anti-oxidative activities of oregonin (1) isolated from A. japonica, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and 2,2'-azino-bis[3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid] (ABTS) radical scavenging activity were measured in vitro. Oregonin from A. japonica exhibited potent DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. A. japonica shows not only 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and ABTS radical scavenging activity, but also apoptosis modulative effects. The present results indicate that A. japonica could be a hair-growth-promoting agent for cosmetic products.

코르티코트로핀분비인자(Corticotropin-releasing factor)는 스트레스 반응에 관여하는 호르몬으로, 최근 스트레스가 탈모와 같은 피부질환에 영향을 미친다는 보고들이 많아지고 있다. 보고에 따르면, 사람 모낭 배양에서 코르티코트로핀분비인자는 길이생장을 억제하며, 모낭의 조기퇴행을 유도하고 모기질각질형성세포(hair matrix keratinocyte)의 세포사멸을 촉진시킨다. 본 연구에서는 코르티코트로핀분비인자가 모발성장과 모주기조절에 핵심적으로 역할하는 모유두세포에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보고자 했다. 시상하부-뇌하수체-부신축의 주요 스트레스호르몬들인 코르티코트로핀분비인자, 부신피질자극호르몬, 그리고 코르티솔을 사람 모유두세포에 처리하였다. 흥미롭게도, 코르티코트로핀분비인자가 모발성장과 관련된 사이토카인(KGF, Wnt5a, TGFβ-2, Nexin)의 발현을 변화시키는 것을 관찰하였으며, 세포 내 cAMP의 수준을 증가시켰고, 수용체의 발현을 억제시켰다. 이러한 변화는 수용체의 길항제인 antalarmin과 astressin2B, 또는 PKA 억제제의 전처리로 인해 막을 수 있었다. 코르티코트로핀분비인자는 cAMP/PKA경로를 통해 POMC의 발현을 유도하는데, 사람 모유두세포에서도 이 호르몬의 처리가 POMC mRNA의 발현을 증가시키는 것을 확인할 수 있었으나 부신피질자극호르몬의 변화는 western blot으로는 확인할 수 없었다. 이러한 결과들을 바탕으로, 코르티코트로핀분비인자가 그 수용체를 통해 사람 모유두세포 내 모발성장 관련 사이토카인의 발현을 조절함을 확인하였으며, 이는 코르티코트로핀분비인자의 수용체 길항제가 스트레스성 탈모환자를 위한 치료제 혹은 화장품 소재로써 활용될 수 있음을 보여준다.